Chapter 1 Synthesis Gas and Methanol

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Chapter 1Synthesis Gas and Methanol

• Synthesis Gas
• CO
• H2
• Methanol

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Petrochemical Products

• 95 based upon oil or natural gas

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Synthesis Gas(various mixtures of CO/H2)

• Some ( about 16) made from coal, but most from
  natural gas and oil in the presence of steam.
• -CH2- 0.5 O2 ? CO H2
• ?H -22 kcal/mol
• -CH2- H2O ? CO 2H2
• ?H 36 kcal/mol
• CO/H2 ratio adjusted by varying the amount of O2
  and H2O

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Syn Gas - Uses(various mixtures of CO/H2)

• Chemical feedstock - source of CO and H2
• Production of methanol
• Synthesis of aldehydes/alcohols from olefins via
  hydroformylation
• Manufacture of hydrocarbons

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CO separated from Syn Gas

• One of three ways
• Low temperature separation
• CuCl solution
• Semipermeable membranes

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Carbon MonoxideSeparated from Syn Gas

• By low temperature separation
• CO2 removed to 50 ppm by scrubbing with
  ethanolamine
• CO2 and H2O removed by molecular sieve adsorbents
• Condense to separate CH4 and CO from mixture (
  -180C, pressure)
• Depressurize to distill the CO overhead

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Carbon MonoxideSeparated from Syn Gas

• By CO absorption in CuCl solution under pressure
  followed by desorption under reduced pressure.
• By semipermeable membranes

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Uses of pure CO

• Carbonylation of methanol to acetic acid
• Carbonylaton of methyl acetate to acetic
  anhydride
• Reaction with Cl2 to produce phosgene.

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Uses of pure CO
10
H2

• About 50 million tons manufactured worldwide

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H2

• About 50 million tons manufactured worldwide
• Think about this!!!

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H2

• About 50 million tons manufactured worldwide
• Think about this!!!
• At a U.S. population of 285 million, that is as
  if every man, woman and child in the U.S. each
  produced about 400 pounds each year.

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H2

• About 50 million tons manufactured worldwide
• From syn gas by any of
• Low temperature fractional condensation
• Pressure swing absorption of impurities on
  zeolite
• Separation with semipermeable membranes

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Hydrogen is used in petroleum refining and in the
following chemical processes
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C1 units

• Methanol
• Formaldehyde
• Formic Acid
• Hydrocyanic Acid
• Methylamines
• Chloromethanes/ Chlorofluoromethanes

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Methanol

• CO 2 H2 CH3OH
• Uses catalysis
• ZnO Cr2O3 typical
• CuO ZnO Al2O3 used by BASF
• Celanese process involves oxidation of a propane
  butane mixture followed by distillation to
  produce methanol, acetic acid, formaldehyde and
  acetaldehyde

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Methanol

• 2.8 billion gallons per year produced in the U.S.
• http//www.the-innovation-group.com/chemprofile.ht
  m
• Check out this web site!

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Methanol Uses

• MTBE, 37 formaldehyde, 23
• acetic acid, 12 chloromethanes, 6
• methyl methacrylate,3
• methylamines, 2
• dimethyl terephthalate, 2
• miscellaneous, including solvents, antifreeze
  and fuels, 15