Perma

1
Perma

• We specialise in innovative housing design based
  on sustainable, ecological, permaculture,
  environmental and social principles

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An Introduction to Sustainable Development

• Sustainable Development is development which
  meets the needs of the present without
  compromising the ability of future generations to
  meet their own needs.
• The principles are sighting, materials,
  environmental construction, techniques, future
  proofing, community involvement and local
  sourcing.
• Micro-generation facilities which use renewable
  energy and energy efficiency measures should be
  built into new homes to make them more
  sustainable.

3
Ecohomes 2006 and The Code for Sustainable
Housing.

• From April 2007 the Ecohomes 2006 guide lines
  will make way for the governments new Code for
  Sustainable Housing in new dwellings.
• Lifetime Home Criteria
• Mandatory Fields Code contains 6 Elements all
  with minimum levels
• Optional Fields Will give developers home
  owners chance to improve the sustainability of
  their Houses

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Mandatory Fields

• Essential Elements required as follows

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Increasing the Sustainability Rating

• Obtaining a rating of 2star or above will
• Provide environmental benefits
• Provide benefits to house builders, owners and
  suppliers
• Maximum Rating of 6 stars in all 9 elements
  will produce a totally carbon neutral home.
• The rating for the dwelling will be calculated
  from points accumulated over all the individual
  elements
• Creating more sustainable homes will help in the
  fight against climate change.

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Wind Power
Affordable, Clean Energy for Homes

• One of wind energy's important environmental
  benefits is its minimal
• impact on wildlife and natural habitat. It
  involves converting the power within a moving air
  mass into rotating shaft power which in turn
  generates electricity.

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Why Wind Power?

• Gain energy independence
• Ease demand on the power grid
• Cost Effective a small wind energy system can
  reduce a customers electricity bill by 50 to
  90
• Reduce air pollution
• Renewable Energy Source
• Green Power

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How Small Wind Turbines Work
Wind turbines convert the kinetic energy in the
wind into mechanical power that runs a generator
to produce clean, nonpolluting electricity
Small wind turbines are flexible and modular.
Their rotors consist of two or three blades that
are aerodynamically designed to capture the
maximum energy from the wind. The wind turns the
blades, which spin a shaft connected to a
generator that makes electricity. A mainframe
supports the rotor, generator, and tail that
aligns the rotor into the wind.
Wind Turbine (400 W-100 kW)
Guyed or Tilt-Up Tower (60-120 ft)
Cumulative Production Meter
Safety Switch
AC Load Center
Power Processing Unit (Inverter)
?For Further Reading http//www.awea.org
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Wind Turbine Systems i

• Size Typical home uses about 9,360 kWh per year
• ?wind turbine rated in the range of 5 15
  kilowatts is required varies depending on the
  average wind speed in the area.
• Cost cost anywhere from 4,000 to 16,000
  installed, depending upon size, application and
  service agreements with the manufacturer
• Performance The performance of a particular wind
  turbine can be estimated using the following
  formula
• 
  
  EO 0.01328 D V
• Where
• EO yearly energy output (kilowatt-hours
  kWh/year)
• D Rotor diameter, feet
• V Annual average wind speed, miles-per hour
  (mph), at your site
• Formula taken from http//www.eere.energy.gov

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Wind Turbine Systems ii

• Benefits
• -Environmental reduce pollution , Clean
  renewable energy source
• -Economics cost effective in long term, lower
  electricity bills
• -Social more sustainable society
• Risks
• -Environmental Noise , harmful impacts on birds
• -Economics Not effective in short term
• Maintenance
• Most small turbines have very few moving parts(3
  to 4 parts) and do not require any regular
  maintenance. They are designed for a long life
  (up to 20 years) and operate completely
  automatically.

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SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV)

Sanyo HIT 215 solar PV module. Courtesy of
Unlimited-Power.co.uk
Complete solar roof panels disguised as
conventional tiles. Courtesy of Solarcentury.
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SOLAR PV ASPECTS

• ENVIRONMENTAL
• Generate no greenhouse gases.
• Save approx. 325kg of CO2 emissions per year.
• ECONOMIC
• Costs from around 4000 to 9000 per kWp
  installed. Most domestic systems usually between
  1.5 2 kWp.
• Grid connected systems require less maintenance
  than stand alone systems.
• Grants available from the DTI.
• Can increase value of property.

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SOLAR PV ASPECTS

• SOCIAL
• Planning permission may be required from some
  local authorities before installation.
• VERDICT
• Highly recommended.

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SOLAR WATER HEATER (SWH)

TYPICAL SEALED SWH SYSTEM
DIAGRAM COURTESY OF ECOLOCAL http//www.thecei.org
.uk/solarHeating/default.htm
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SWH ASPECTS

• ENVIRONMENTAL
• Average domestic system can reduce CO2 emissions
  by approx. 400kg per year.
• Reduced depletion of natural resources for power
  generation.
• ECONOMIC
• Costs from 2000 to 4500 depending on type.
• Usually 10 year warranty.
• Require very little maintenance post
  installation.
• Grants available from the DTI

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SWH ASPECTS

• SOCIAL
• Possible resistance from those concerned with
  aesthetics.
• VERDICT
• Highly recommended.

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Ground Heat Pumps

• Not to be confused with geothermal energy.
• Uses the earth's constant ground temperature to
  provide heating and hot water in a range of
  shapes and sizes of properties.

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Ground Heat Pumps

• A ground heat pump extracts heat from the ground
  by pumping coolant around a system of pipes which
  are berried in the ground out side the house.

They then abstract the heat out from the coolant
by means of a compressor in the home. This heat
can then be feed in to the homes heating system
or hot water tank.
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Ground Heat Pumps

• Size
• In the home a unit similar in size to a gas
  boiler is installed. This runs off electricity to
  retrieve the heat from the ground and into the
  home. Non intrusive, once installed it cannot be
  seen on the exterior of the property.
• Cost
• From 3,000 upwards. Around 6,000 installed,
  for a average new build three bed detached house
  with a large sized garden.
• Performance
• The performance of a GHP can be adequate to
  fulfill the entire heating and hot water demand
  of a home, even in winter. So eliminating the
  need for burning of fossil fuels in the home. Can
  save unto 66 of heating bill .

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Ground Heat Pumps

• Benefits
• Environmental Reduction in burning of fossil
  fuels.
• Economics Long term cost effective, lower
  heating bills.
• Consumer System can be used in reverse to cool
  the home in summer months,
  eliminating the need for air conditioning.
• Risks
• Environmental Coolant toxic so harmful if
  underground pipe breached.
• Economics Not effective in short term
• Maintenance
• Only the compressor within the home needs
  servicing, just as dose a gas boiler, so no added
  expenditure. Systems are designed for a long life
  and operate completely automatically, just as a
  conventional gas heating system does.

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Combined Heat and Power (CHP)

• CHP combines power generation and heating into
  one unit
• Provides all household heating and hot water
  requirements
• Provides part of electricity requirement
• Excess electricity can be sold back to the grid,
  providing income.

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Traditional Energy Wastage

• Large amount of energy wasted as heat
• Only between 30 - 40 efficient
• Heat occasionally used to heat surrounding
  industry or homes, but not common

Image from www.climate-energy.com/micro-chp.asp
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House Using CHP

• Total system now between 83 - 93 efficient
• Produces less CO2 than a single gas burner on a
  stove
• Savings from electricity generation can pay for
  additional expenditure in 4 5 years

Image from www.climate-energy.com/micro-chp.asp
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Hydroelectric Power

• Hydroelectric power is a clean, renewable source
  of domestic energy. Approximately 75 of the
  Earths surface is water. Why not harness this
  abundant source of electricity?

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How it works Domestic Hydroelectricity

• Potential energy of water, is converted to
  kinetic energy. Water is fed via a channel to a
  turbine, where it strikes the turbine blades and
  causes the shaft to rotate.
• The amount of electricity generated can be
  calculated
• P H x Q x g x e
• If civil works are not required the typical costs
  of instillation are 10,000 and 2000 per kW
  after that. If the system is connected to the
  grid, payback for a small scale hydro system can
  be 7 to 8 years.

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Advantages and Disadvantages

• Advantages Utilizes a continuous renewable
  resource, which is essentially non-polluting.
• The technology is well-developed and proven.
  Hydroelectric systems have high efficiency
  ratings, coupeled with long life spans.
• Disadvantages High start up costs.
• Environmental effects damage to habitats and
  fish migratory systems.
• Need to be close to river to use technology.

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Rainharvesting Systems -Typical System
Filter and downpipe
Pressure pump
GRP tank
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Benefits and Risks of Rainharvesting
Systems-environmental, social economic

• BENEFITS
• Accounts for 50 of water usage of the average
  household.
• Simple concept
• Provides water for utilities such as the toilet
  and washing machine as well garden watering
• Bulk of system is underground so no obtrusive
  technology.
• Environmentally friendly
• Reclaimed water quality is of a high standard

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RISKS

• Few fully tested examples
• Consumers not familiar energy saving method
• Initial cost is high 2000.00 i.e. will user
  see return on money within the design life of the
  system.
• No grants available at present for domestic
  rainwater harvesting.
• Systems known to be unpredictable
• Only really viable for new builds.

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Garden System-alternative

• Basic system
• Low cost
• Specific to garden use
• Beats hose pipe ban as
• system does not incorporate
• a mains back-up system.
• All but finest particles are
• excluded

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Other Options

• Double glazing
• Insulation
• Thermostatic radiator valves
• Low energy light bulbs
• Over bath showers
• Dual flush WCs
• Wind skirts
• Passive stack ventilation
• South facing
• Green roofs

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Annotated notes for other options

• There is a wide range of simple and things which
  can be done in order to improve the
  sustainability of a house.
• Even thought the savings from these are very
  little, the cost to install them is also very
  little and so they still result in a long-term
  financial saving.
• As well as reducing costs they can also increase
  comfort and reduce atmospheric pollution.

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Thank You For Listening

• Any Questions?

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References

• http//www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/renewable_ener
  gy/wind/index.cfm/mytopic11010?print
• http//www.awea.org/faq/smsyslst.html
• http//www.entegritywind.com/wpbasics.html
• http//www.awea.org/resources/financing/
• www.rainharvesting.co.uk
• MEQ pre-reading document exercise 4
• www.greenenergycentre.org.uk/hydr.asp
• http//projects.edte.utwente.nl/ism/online96/proje
  ct/kiosk/team8/advhydro.htm