AECT 2006

1
AECT 2006
Developing
Learning Content Markup Language
(LCML)
Personalized Instruction
for
the Adaptive Learning System
in
Jongpil Cheon Michael Grant
THE UNIVERSITY OF MEMPHIS
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CONTENTS
Introduction
Theoretical framework
Prototype of the system
Learning Content Metadata
Learning Content Package
Future work
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Introduction
Determination of individual differences or
preference of learners can be helpful to reach
learning goals
Various learning objects in terms of small units
can be joined together to perform an orchestrated
instructional unit
CBR techniques can increase accuracy in adaptive
instruction

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Introduction
The flow of the adaptive instruction with the
Case-based reasoning
The MLOID system is designed to determine the
individual differences of a learner and by using
case-based reasoning offer appropriate learning
contents to a student in accordance with his
learning preference
Learning Objects
CBR
ID
Learning Objects
Learning Objects
Learning Objects
Matching Learning Objects to Individual
Differences (MLOID) system
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Theoretical Framework
Individual differences
Individual differences are primary points to
decide how to adapt instruction
Classifications Cognitive style, Learning style,
Prior Knowledge, Motivation
Learning objects
Any digital resource that can be reused to
support learning (Wiley, 2000)
Metadata a resource description about learning
objects
Many consortia are working on actual
implementation of metadata and standards. SCORM
(Sharable Content Object Reference Model) is
well-known.
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Theoretical Framework
Case-based Reasoning (CBR)
CBR is based on human intuition in which new
problems are often similar to previously
encountered problems
Process model of CBR

• retrieve the most similar case
• reuse the case to attempt to solve the problem
• revise the proposed solution if necessary
• retain the solution as part of a new case

Adaptive methods in Web-based instruction

• adaptive presentation content, layout,
  interface
• adaptive navigation different types of
  structure for navigation
• adaptive control level from full
  system-control to full student-control
• adaptive interaction feedback, contact with
  instructor or each other

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Prototype of the adaptive learning system
Architecture of the adaptive learning system
(MLOID)
AssessmentEvaluation
Customized Instruction
ID Inventory
Students
Learning Objects Repository
Diagnosis
Retrieve
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Sample instruction
The example of the personalized instruction in
the MLOID system
Learning style
Prior Knowledge
Customized Instructions
Visual High PK
Visual
Visual Low PK
High PK
Assessment
Evaluation
Auditory High PK
Individual differences Inventory
Auditory
Auditory Low PK
Low PK
R/W High PK
R/W
R/W Low PK
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Prototype of Learning Content Metadata
The learning content adaptation model (the 1st
Edition)
Personalized Learning Unit
Learning Content
Learning Content
Learning Content
Learning Content
Adaptation
Case-Based Reasoner
Learning Content using LCML
Learning Model Database
Students profiles Individual differences,
Learning objects used Assessment, Evaluation
Links
Learning Objects Repository
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Learning Content Metadata
Learning Content Markup Language (LCML)
It was modified from the Educational Category of
the nine categories of the SCORM Content Model
Component.
Sample XML file
The Elements of the LCML ltinstructionalStrategygt
ltinstructionalStep (stepname, stepnumber)gt
ltinteractivityLevelgt ltlearningResourceTypegt
ltindividualDifferences (idtype, idname)gt
ltdifficultygt ltdescriptiongt
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Prototype of the Learning Content Package
The learning content package adaptation model
(the 2nd Edition)
Personalized Instruction
Learning Content Package
Learning Content Package
Case-Based Reasoner
Adaptation
Learning Management DB
Organization
Pre-test
Learning Content Package
Students profiles Individual differences
Learning content Info Time to
completion Performance, Mental effort Interface
Instruction

• - Reusable
• Modifiable
• Authoring
• tool

Evaluation
Post-test
LCP Metadata

• - Instructional strategy
• Sequence
• Navigation
• - Properties of adaptation
• - Difficulty
• - Links to media files

Learning Objects Repository
Instructional Plan Repository
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Learning Content Package Tool
The features of the Learning Content Package (LCP)
Following the SCORM 2004 3rd Edition reference

• SCORM Content Aggregation Model
• SCORM Sequencing and Navigation model

Three types of the output from the LCP

• Instructional plan and unit
• Metadata file several XML files (for new
  learning object lesson plan)
• New Learning Objects will be saved the Learning
  Objects repository

The existing instructional plan and unit can be
modified
Instruction is made based on pedagogical
perspectives
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Learning Content Package Tool
The features of the Learning Content Package
(LCP) continued
Authoring Tool

• It should provide both a curriculum map mode and
  a table mode

LCPT Prototype
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Future work
Consideration additional XML elements for
adaptive learning system
Implementing the Learning Content Packaging Tool
(LCPT)
Designing the Learning Management Database schema
CBR algorithms to use cases in order to provide
effective instruction
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The End
Jongpil Cheon jpcheon_at_memphis.edu Michael
Grant mgrant2_at_memphis.edu The University of
Memphis
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Demo system
Prototype of MLOID