The Roaring Twenties

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The Roaring Twenties

• 1920 - 1929

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New Roles for Women

• New Opportunities
• The 19th Amendment allowed women to vote.
• Many women had taken jobs during World War I but
  lost them when men came home.
• During the 1920s women joined the workforce in
  large numbers, though mostly in the lowest-paying
  professions.
• Women attended college in greater numbers.
• The basic rules defining female behavior were
  beginning to change.

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Flappers
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FLAPPERS

• Flappers shocked society by cutting their hair,
  raising hemlines, wearing makeup, smoking,
  drinking, and dancing.
• The dress style was popular among young,
  rebellious girls.
• The term flapper suggested an independent, free
  lifestyle.
• Flappers mostly lived in cities, though rural
  people read about them in magazines.

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Urban Rural Population
Los Angeles grew from 50,000 to 1 million in the
1920s
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Effects of Urbanization

• The 1920s was a time of great economic
  opportunities
• The 1920 census
• more Americans lived in cities than in rural
  areas
• 3/4 of all workers worked somewhere other than a
  farm.
• The automobile changed society. Rural people
  were now likely to spend time in town and were
  less isolated.
• Education also increased, and by the 1920s many
  states passed laws requiring children to attend
  school, helping force children out of workplaces

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Effect on Farming

• Farmers did not share in the prosperity of the
  1920s
• Farming took a hard hit after World War I, when
  demand for products went down
• Many workers moved to industrialized cities.

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Conflicts Over Values

• Americans lived in larger communities, which
  produced a shift in values, or a persons key
  beliefs and ideas.
• In the 1920s, many people in urban areas had
  values that differed from those in rural areas.
• Rural America represented the traditional spirit
  of hard work, self-reliance, religion, and
  independence.
• Cities represented changes that threatened those
  values.

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Ku Klux Klan

• The Ku Klux Klan grew dramatically in the 1920s,
  and many of its members were people from rural
  America who saw their status declining.

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The Second Klan 1915-1944

• In the 1920s, the Klan focused on influencing
  politics.
• The Klans membership was mostly in the South,
  but spread nationwide.
• This was a response to the Great Migration of
  African Americans to northern cities

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KKK Anti-Jewish, Anti-Catholic

• Members of the Klan continued to use violence,
  targeting African Americans, Catholics, Jews, and
  all immigrants.
• Leo Frank, a Jewish man accused of the rape and
  murder of a white girl was tried, convicted and
  lynched near Atlanta.

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The Birth of a Nation

• The film The Birth of a Nation was released,
  mythologizing and glorifying the first Klan

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The Peak of the KKK

• The Klans peak membership in 1924 was 6 million,
  many from Indiana, Illinois, and Ohio.
• Membership declined in the late 1920s because of
  a series of scandals affecting Klan leaders.

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The Rise of Fundamentalism Fundamentalism is a
literal translation of the bible.

• Billy Sunday
• A key religious figure of the time was former
  ballplayer and ordained minister Billy Sunday.
• He condemned radicals and criticized the changing
  attitudes of women, reflecting much of white,
  rural Americas ideals.
• Aimee Semple McPherson
• Another leading fundamentalist preacher of the
  time
• She seemed to embrace the glamour and was
  especially well known for healing the sick
  through prayer.

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Evolution

• Charles Darwins theory of evolution holds that
  the human species may have evolved from an
  ape-like species that lived long ago.
• Fundamentalists think this theory is against the
  biblical account of how God created humans and
  that teaching evolution undermine religious
  faith.
• Fundamentalists worked to pass laws preventing
  evolution being taught in schools, and several
  states did, including Tennessee in 1925.

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The Scopes Monkey Trial

• Fundamentalists in Tennessee persuaded a young
  science teacher named John Scopes to violate the
  law, get arrested, and go to trial.
• Scopes was represented by Clarence Darrow.
• William Jennings Bryan, three-time candidate for
  president, represented the prosecution.
• John Scopes was obviously guilty, but the trial
  was about larger issues.
• Scopes was convicted and fined 100
• Darrow never got a chance to appeal because the
  conviction was overturned due to a technical
  violation by the judge.

Darrow Bryan
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Prohibition

• Throughout U.S. history, groups like the Womans
  Christian Temperance Union worked to outlaw
  alcohol, but the drive strengthened in the early
  1900s, as Progressives joined the effort.
• Protestant religious groups and fundamentalists
  favored a liquor ban because they thought alcohol
  contributed to societys evils and sins.
• The Eighteenth Amendment banning alcohol was
  proposed in 1917 and ratified in 1919. The
  Volstead Act enforced the amendment.

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SpeakeasiesIllegal Bars
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BootleggersIllegal alcohol smugglers
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Al Capone - Scarface

• The illegal liquor business was the foundation of
  great criminal empires.
• Chicago gangster Al Capone smashed competition,
  then frightened and bribed police and officials.

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St. Valentine Massacre

• On Saint Valentine's Day in 1929, a shooting took
  place at "Bugs" Morans alcohol warehouse in
  Chicago.
• Seven of Morans men were waiting for coffee when
  a car pulled up and 4 men got out. Two men
  dressed as police officers held sub-machine guns
  and the other two shabbily dressed men carried
  shotguns.
• The 4 men marched the 7 gangsters to the back of
  the garage and lined them up against the far wall
  with their hands up.??
• Someone shouted, "give it to 'em!" From the four
  guns streamed 100 bullets, of which only 8
  reached the wall behind the victims.

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3,000 Prohibition agents nationwide worked to
shut down speakeasies, or illegal bars, and to
capture illegal liquor and stop gangsters.
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The Harlem RenaissanceSection 2
Beginning around 1910, Harlem, New York, became a
favorite destination for black Americans
migrating from the South.
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The Great Migration
Southern life was difficult for African
Americans, many of whom worked as sharecroppers
and often faced racial violence. Many looked to
the North to find freedom and economic
opportunities. During World War I, African
Americans found factory jobs in the
North. African American newspapers spread the
word of opportunities in northern cities, and
African Americans streamed into cities such as
Chicago and Detroit.
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African Americans after World War I

• Tensions
• Many found opportunities in the North but also
  racism.
• Racial tensions were especially severe after WWI,
  when a shortage of jobs created a rift between
  whites and African American workers.
• This tension created a wave of racial violence in
  the summer of 1919.
• The deadliest riot occurred in Chicago, Illinois,
  when a dispute at a public beach led to rioting
  that left 38 people dead and nearly 300 injured.

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Life in Harlem

• New York City was one of the northern cities many
  African Americans moved to during the Great
  Migration, and by the early 1920s, about 200,000
  African Americans lived in the city.
• Most of these people lived in a neighborhood
  known as Harlem, which became the unofficial
  capital of African American culture and activism
  in the United States.
• Harlem in the 1920s was home to tens of thousands
  of African Americans who felt a strong sense of
  racial pride and identity in this new place.
• This spirit attracted a historic influx of
  talented African American writers, thinkers,
  musicians, and artists, resulting in the Harlem
  Renaissance.

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W.E.B. Du Bois

• A key figure in Harlems rise was W.E.B. Du Bois,
  a well-educated, Massachusetts-born African
  American leader.
• In 1909 Du Bois helped found the National
  Association for the Advancement of Colored People
  (NAACP) in New York City.
• Du Bois also served as editor of a magazine
  called The Crisis, a major outlet for African
  American writing and poetry, which helped promote
  the African American arts movement.

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Marcus Garvey

• Garveys Rise
• Formed the Universal Negro Improvement
  Association (UNIA), which promoted self-reliance
  for African Americans without white involvement.
• Garvey created the Back to Africa movement.
• His Black Star Line promoted trade among Africans
  around the world.
• Garvey wanted African Americans to have economic
  success.
• About 2 million mostly poor African Americans
  joined UNIA.

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Conflict between W.E.B. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey

• Garvey thought the NAACP discouraged African
  American self-confidence, and that their goal of
  breaking down barriers between races threatened
  African racial purity.
• Du Bois and the NAACP were suspicious of UNIA
  too, and The Crisis published an investigation of
  UNIA.
• The FBI charged UNIA with mail fraud, and UNIA
  collapsed when Garvey went to prison and then
  left the country upon release.

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Zora Neale Hurston

• A Renaissance Woman
• Famous African American Writer
• Wrote short stories and plays
• Her most famous novel was Their Eyes Were
  Watching God

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Langston Hughes

• Poets wrote of black defiance and hope.
• These poets recorded the distinctive culture of
  Harlem in the 1920s.
• Hughes captured the joys, suffering, and speech
  of the people.
• He had a major impact on American Literature.

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Harlem Performers and Musicians

• Musicians
• Harlem was a vital center for jazz, a musical
  blend of several different forms from the Lower
  South with new innovations in sound.
• Louis Armstrong was a leading performer on the
  Harlem jazz scene.
• Other performers included Bessie Smith, Cab
  Calloway, and composers Duke Ellington and Fats
  Waller.

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JAZZ
Much of jazz was improvised, or composed on the
spot.
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Louis ArmstrongSatchmo

• Armstrong had many hit records including What a
  Wonderful World, When the Saints Go Marching
  In, Dream a Little Dream of Me, Aint
  Misbehavin, and "Stompin' at the Savoy".

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Cab CallowayThe Cotton Club Orchestra
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Bessie Smith Duke Ellington
Famous Blues Singer
Famous Composer
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A New Popular Culture is BornSection 3
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RADIO

• In 1920, a radio hobbyist near Pittsburgh started
  playing records over his radio, and people
  started listening.
• The growing popularity of those simple broadcasts
  caught the attention of Westinghouse, a radio
  manufacturer.
• In October 1920, Westinghouse started KDKA, the
  first radio station.
• By 1922 the U.S. had 570 stations

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Movies

• Movies exploded in popularity during the 1920s
• In early years movies were short, simple pieces.
• The movies were Silent Films
• By the end of the 1920s, Americans bought 100
  million movie tickets a week, though the entire
  U.S. population was about 123 million people.

Valentino in The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse
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TalkiesThe Introduction of Sound to Movies
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Steamboat WillieThe Original Mickey Mouse
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Charlie Chaplin
One of the brightest stars of the 1920s was
Charlie Chaplin, a comedian whose signature
character was a tramp in a derby hat and ragged
clothes.
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Rudolph ValentinoThe Latin Lover in The Sheik
Rudolph Valentino, a dashing leading man of
romantic films, was such a big star that his
unexpected death in 1926 drew tens of thousands
of women to the funeral home where his body lay.
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Mary Pickford Douglas Fairbanks
Americas Sweetheart
Robin Hood
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Charles Lindbergh

• Charles Lindbergh was a daredevil pilot.
• Lindbergh heard about a 25,000 prize for the
  first aviator to fly a nonstop transatlantic
  flight.
• He developed a very light single-engine craft
  with room for only one pilot.
• On May 21, 1927, Lindbergh succeeded by touching
  down in Paris, France after a thirty-three-and-a-h
  alf-hour flight from New York.
• Lindbergh earned the name Lucky Lindy and
  became the most beloved American hero of the time.

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Amelia Earhart

• A year after Lindberghs flight, Amelia Earhart
  became the first woman to fly across the
  Atlantic, returning to the U.S. as a hero.
• She went on to set numerous speed and distance
  records as a pilot.
• In 1937 she was most of the way through a
  record-breaking flight around the world when she
  disappeared over the Pacific Ocean.

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Sports Heroes Radio helped inflame the public
passion for sports, and millions of Americans
tuned in to broadcasts of ballgames and prize
fights featuring their favorite athletes.

• Helen Wills
• Played powerful tennis, winning 31 major
  tournaments and two Olympic gold medals. Her
  nerves of steel earned her the nickname Little
  Miss Poker Face.
• Bobby Jones
• Jones won golfs first Grand Slam, meaning he
  won the games four major tournaments, and
  remains the only golfer to get a Grand Slam for
  matches in one calendar year.

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Babe Ruth
Known as the Sultan of Swat, Ruth was legendary
on the baseball field for his home runs. His
legend lives on today in baseball circles and
popular culture.
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Red Grange

• College football player who earned the nickname
  the Galloping Ghost for his speed. He turned
  professional after college, which was shocking at
  the time.

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F. Scott Fitzgerald

• F. Scott Fitzgerald helped create the flapper
  image, coined the term the Jazz Age, and
  explored the lives of the wealthy in The Great
  Gatsby and other novels and stories.

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George Gershwin

• George Gershwin was a composer best known for
  Rhapsody in Bluewhich showed the impact of
  jazzas well as popular songs written with his
  brother Ira.