Music: An Appreciation 8th Edition by Roger Kamien

1
Music An Appreciation8th Editionby Roger
Kamien

• Unit VIII
• ???

Presentation Development Robert
Elliott University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff
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Jazz

• Developed in the United States
• Began around 1900 in New Orleans
• Originally music for bars and brothels
• Early practitioners primarily African-American

• Main characteristics

• Improvisation
• Syncopated rhythm
• Steady beat
• Call and response

• Originally performance musicnot notated

• Tremendous impact on pop art music

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Jazz in Society

• Geographical center has moved around

• Originally music for dancing

• Listening forms later developed

• No longer associated with unfashionable lifestyle

• Colleges now offer bachelor graduate degrees in
  jazz

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Chpt 1??????1900-1950?

• ??????
• ???????
• West African emphasis on improvisation,
  percussion call-and-response techniques
• American brass band influence on instrumentation
• European harmonic structural practice
• Blues ragtime were immediate sources

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Chpt. 1-Jazz Styles 1900-1950
??????

• ??

• Usually performed by combo of 3-8 players

• Backbone is rhythm section

• Similar to Baroque basso continuo

• Main solo instruments trumpet, trombone,
  saxophone, clarinet, vibraphone, piano

• Bends, smears, shakes, scoops, falls

????

• Created performed simultaneously

• Each performance is different

• Usually in theme and variations form

• Most commonly 32-bar structure A A B A format

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Chpt. 1-Jazz Styles 1900-1950
Elements of Jazz

• ????????

• Syncopation rhythmic swing are features

• Rhythmic accent on beats 2 and 4

• Syncopation often occurs when performer accents
  note between the regular rhythmic accents

• Swing result of uneven 8th notes (triplet feel)

• Melodies flexible in pitch

• 3rd, 5th, 7th scale steps often lowered
  (flatted)

• Called blue notes, these pitches come from
  vocal blues

• Chord progressions similar to tonal system

• As jazz evolved, harmony grew more complex

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?????(?? Ragtime)

• Dance hall and saloon music

• Piano music w/ left hand oom-pah part

• Usually in duple meter at moderate march tempo
• Right hand part highly syncopated
• Left hand keeps steady beat

• ???? (Scott Joplin,1868-1917)

Listening Joplins Maple Leaf Rag Basic set
CD 842
?? Blues

• Vocal and instrumental form

• 12 measure (bar) musical structure

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
I
IV
I
V
I

• 3 part vocal structure a a b

• Statement/repeat of statement/counterstatement

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Listening

• Bessie Smith(??????, 1894-1937), ?????(Lost
  Your Head Blues,1926)
• (Smith known as Empress of the Blues)
• Listening Guide p. 526
• Brief Set, CD 455
• Note Strophic
• 12 bar blues form
• 3 part (a a b) vocal structure
• Trumpet answers vocalist
• Call and response

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Chpt 4??????

• Also called Dixieland

• New Orleans was center of jazz 1900-1917

• Front line of horns supported by rhythm section

• Songs frequently based on march or church melody,
  ragtime piece, pop song, or blues

• Characteristics

• Improvised arrangements

• Multiple instruments improvising simultaneously

• Scat singing

• Theme and variation form predominates

• Many notable performers

• Most famous was trumpeter Louis Armstrong

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Listening
Chpt. 4-New Orleans Style

• Louis Armstrong and his Hot-Five, ???? (Hotter
  Than That,1927)
• Based on tune by Lillian Hardin Armstrong, his
  wife and pianist
• Listening Guide p. 530
• Basic Set, CD 848
• Note Interplay of front line instruments
• Call and response
• Scat singing
• Also Dippermouth Blues Basic Set, CD 847

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Chpt 5???

• Popular 1935-45 (Swing era)

• Written music

• Primarily for dancing

• The popular music of the time

• The music of WWII

• Large bands (usually 15-20 players)

• Saxophones, trumpets, trombones, rhythm section

• Melody usually performed by groups of instruments
  rather than by soloists

• Other instruments accompany w/ background riffs

• Theme and variations form common

• Usually included improvisation by soloists
  (singly)

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Listening
Chpt. 5-Swing

• Duke Ellington ???????, C-Jam??(1942)
• Listening Guide p. 533
• Brief set, CD 15
• Listen for 12-bar blues format
• Contrast
• Repetition
• Improvisation
• Muted brass instruments

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Chpt 6 ?? (Bebop)????

• Bebop???

• 1940s and early 1950s

• Meant for listeningnot dancing

• Combo was preferred ensemble

• Role of each instrument changed from earlier jazz

• Melodic phrases varied in length

• Chords built w/ 6 or 7 notes, not earlier 4 or 5

• Theme and variations form still dominant

• Melodies derived from pop songs or 12-bar blues
• Initial melody by soloist or 2 soloists in unison

• Many notable performers including

• Trumpet Dizzy Gillespie, piano Thelonious Monk
• Most famous/influential alto sax Charlie Parker

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Listening
Chpt. 6-Bebop

• Charlie Parker(??),Bloomdido (1950)
• Performed by Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie,
  Curly Russell, Thelonious Monk, and Buddy Rich
• Listening Guide p. 537 Basic Set, CD 854
• Note Based on 12-bar blues format
• Fast tempo
• Lots of notes
• Extended improvisation

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Chpt 7 1950???????

• Cool Jazz???

• 1950s

• More calm and relaxed than Bebop

• Relied more upon arrangements

??????????????

• 1960s

• Similar to Chance Music

• Solos sections of indeterminate length

• Improvisation by multiple players at once

????(???)

• In late 1960s, rock became potent influence

• Style combined improvisation w/ rock rhythms

• Combined acoustic electric instruments

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Listening

• Miles Davis(???),( Miles???? Miles Runs the
  Voodoo Down,1969)
• froms Bitches Brew (1969)
• Miles Davis, Wayne Shorter, Bennie Maupin, Lenny
  White, Jack De Johnette, Charles Alias, Jim
  Riley, Chick Corea, Larry Young, Harvey Brooks,
  Dave Holland, John McLaughlin
• Listening Guide p. 540
• Basic Set, CD 855
• Note Electric and acoustic instruments
• Mixture of jazz and rock elements