The World in 1500

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Chapter 1

• The World in 1500

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Crossing to America

• Section 1

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The First People in America

• Scientist believe that the first Americans
  Migrated here from Asia.
• Not sure when this took place
• Move was Across the Land Bridge Beringia
• Other Scientist believe people came to America
  over 30,000 years ago.
• Found artifacts to prove this theory
• Came by many routes over thousands of years
• Came by boat, from island to island

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Agriculture Leads to Civilization

• Culture is a way of life shared by people with
  similar arts, beliefs and customs
• First Americans were believed to be hunters and
  gatherers
• Domestication led to things such as farming and
  allowing a civilization to remain in one place.
• This led to permanent villages .
• Farmers were able to produce large harvests so
  that fewer people needed to farm
• People began different practices such as weaving
  or pot making and some became religious leaders.

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Civilizations

• Civilizations have five features
• Cities that are centers of trade
• Specialized jobs for different people
• Organized forms of government and religion
• A system of record keeping
• Advanced tools

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Early Mesoamerican Civilizations

• The Olmec people first began in 1200 BC in a
  region from Present day Central Mexico to
  Nicaragua.
• Olmec set up a system of trade routes and built
  large mounds shaped like pyramids
• In 400 BC the Olmec abandoned their cities.
  Scientist do not know why to this day.

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Early Mesoamerican Civilizations

• The Maya people had developed a great
  civilization about 650 years after the Olmec
  around A.D. 250
• They too built pyramid mounds topped by temples
• From artifacts it shows that the Maya had a
  calendar system that was yearly.
• They were the first to develop a number system
  using zero and had written language using
  pictures.
• By 900 the Maya had disappeared, scientist
  believe it was because of revolts, disease or
  crop failure that caused the society to fail.

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Hohokam and Anasazi

• Hohokam lived in present day Arizona from 300
  B.C. to about A.D. 1400.
• The Hohokam altered their desert environment by
  building hundreds of miles of canals to carry
  river water to their crops called irrigation.
• Hohokam raised corn, beans and squash. Gathered
  wild plants and hunted.
• They traded with people in Mexico, the southwest
  and California.
• Their pottery and religious practices show
  influence from Mesoamerican culture- learned
  through trade.

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Hohokam and Anasazi

• Anasazi began about A.D. 100 and lived where
  Utah, Arizona, Colorado and New Mexico now meet.
  
• They were mainly farmers and traded widely
• The Anasazi build houses with hundreds of rooms.
• For protection they placed buildings against
  overhanging canyon walls
• Spanish explores called the houses pueblos
  meaning villages
• In 1300, either drought or Warfare caused the
  Anasazi to leave their homes

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Mound Builders

• Mound Builders were early Native Americans who
  built large earthen structures.
• The Adena and the Hopewell are the two oldest.
• Little is known of the Adena
• The Hopewell lived from 400 B.C. to A.D. 400 in
  the midwest. They grew corn like the Hohokam.
• They had a large trade network stretching from
  the Atlantic to the Rocky mountains.
• Their mounds served as burial sites

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Societies of North America

• Section 2

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Native American Diversity

• By 1500 Native Americans had divided into
  hundreds of cultures with 2000 languages.
• Each group adapted to its own environment which
  shaped its economy, technology and religion.
• Environment affected Religion. Native Americans
  believed that certain places were sacred and that
  animals, plants and Natural forces had spiritual
  importance.

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People of North and Northwest Coast.

• The Aleut and Inuit were people from the Far
  North
• Aleut lived on Islands off Alaska and the Inuit
  lived near the coast on Tundra
• Because the Climate was so cold, they were
  hunters of the Icy seas spearing whales, seals
  and walruses.
• The Inuit hunted things such as Caribou and made
  arrow heads from things like bones and antlers.

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People of the West

• People of the west included tribes from
  California, Columbia Plateau and the Great Basin
• The people of the west survived mainly by hunting
  and gathering.
• The men hunted deer and elk while the women
  gathered wild foods, nuts and berries. Western
  groups usually moved with the seasons to collect
  food.
• People of the west were very spiritual and held
  ceremonies for large food supply. Others held
  dances to ask for rain and good hunting.

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People of Mexico

• Aztecs ruled a great civilization of which is now
  Central Mexico.
• Their origin is unclear but they may have been
  hunters and gatherers.
• Around 1100 they migrated into the valley of
  Mexico.
• Around 1325 they began to build their capitol
  city of Tenochititlan.

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People of Mexico

• Things that allowed the Aztecs to become a strong
  empire
• Drained swamps and built an irrigation system
  enabling them to grow food.
• Warlike people who conquered most of their
  neighbors
• They had a class system
• Elaborate religious ceremonies linked to their
  calendar and they studied the sun, moon and stars
• Feeding the Sun God human Blood.

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People of the Southwest

• Pueblo people were ancestors of the Hohokam and
  Anasazi
• Pueblo people used irrigation to alter their
  region for farming.
• Lived in strong adobe houses.
• Raised corn, beans and squash and hunted game and
  raised turkeys for meat.

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People of the Southwest

• The Navajo and the Apache were nomadic people who
  came to the region.
• They were hunters and gathers, relied on game,
  cactus, roots and pinon nuts
• They often traded with the Pueblo for supplies
  they needed.
• Navajo over time adopted farming and other Pueblo
  practices.

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People of the Great Plains

• Plains people were from the Mississippi River to
  the Rocky mountains
• Some plains groups were nomads, those that
  werent lived by rivers that allowed them to farm
  easier.
• They hunted Bison by foot by stampeding the herd
  over a cliff either killing or disabling the
  animals.
• They ate the meat, used the hides for clothes and
  bones for tools
• Spiritual beliefs varied
• Some would hold animals sacred
• Others danced the Sun Dance asking the creator
  for Aid

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People of the Southeast

• Area stretches from east Texas to the Atlantic
  Ocean
• Plentiful rainfall
• Climate led to Chactaw, Chickasaw and other
  groups becoming farmers
• Grew corn, beans, squash and pumpkins
• Women did most of the farming while men hunted
  fished and cleared land
• Gatherings at central squares for meetings and
  religious ceremonies
• Green Corn festival

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People of the Eastern Woodlands

• People living in this area spoke either Iroquoian
  or Algonquian language
• Slash and Burn Agriculture
• Practice of farmers cutting down trees in a
  forest to clear a plot of land. The ashes would
  enrich the soil

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People of the Eastern Woodlands

• Algonquin lived in wigwams or domelike houses
• For protection both the Iroquois and Algonquin
  surrounded their villages with high fences made
  with poles.
• Often need protection not only from enemies but
  from themselves. Other neighboring tribes would
  attack villages for food and captives

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People of the Eastern Woodlands

• Around the 1500s five Iroquois nations took
  advice from Deganawida and formed an alliance
  called the Iroquois league
• Followed the rules of the Great Law of Peace
• The Iroquois were a matrilineal society
• If the leader did something wrong, he could be
  voted out by the women of the society

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Section 3

• Societies of West Africa

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African Geography and World Trade

• Second largest continent behind Asia
• Three quarters of Africa lies within the tropics
• Dense rain forests
• By 1500 A.D. coastal ports had linked Africa with
  the rest of the world
• Ships from the Mediterranean and Red Sea carried
  goods to Arabia and Persia

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Ghana Grows Wealthy

• West Africa was connected to the wider world
  because of camel caravans
• First African nation to become rich through trade
• Became a marketplace for traders going North and
  South looking for salt and gold
• Ghanas king became rich through trade by putting
  a tax on all gold and salt coming through

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Islam enters Ghana

• Muslims are followers of the religion of Islam
• Islam teaches that there is one God named Allah
• Muslim empires of North Africa wanted to convert
  Ghanas people to Islam and control the gold
  trade
• This lessened Ghanas power.

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Mali replaces Ghana

• Mali had taken over most of Ghanas territory
• Because Mali was farther south than Ghana, it was
  better able to control the trade on the upper
  Niger River
• Malis first great ruler was Sundiata who reigned
  from about 1230-1255
• Came to power by crushing a cruel unpopular
  leader
• Mansa Musa- came to power in 1312
• Devout muslim who under his leadership empire
  became one of the largest in the world

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The Empire of Songhai

• Leader was Sunni Ali
• Under Ali, captured city of Timbuktu
• Set up organized system of government
• After Ali, Askia Muhammad came to power and
  governed the empire for 35 years

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Other West African Kingdoms

• Hausa- emerged in 1000
• Thrived on trade
• Yoruba- lived in the forests southwest of the
  Niger River
• Benin- known famous for its art
• In 1400, Portuguese arrive and set up trade
  center near Benin City.

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Section 4

• Societies of Europe

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Feudalism in Europe

• Feudalism is a political system in which a king
  allows nobles or lords to used lands belonging to
  the king. In return, the lords owe the king
  military service and protection for the people on
  the land.
• Manor system- lords dividing up their land into
  manors or large estates that were farmed by serfs

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Revival of Trade

• Trade was revived with a stability to society
• Merchants felt safe to travel again
• Population increased which lead to a demand for
  goods to increase
• The people who were serfs ran away to towns and
  became craftsman and merchants selling different
  things for each other

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Trade with the East

• Italian cities traded with other ports
• War spurred trade
• The Crusades, a series of wars to capture the
  holy land, brought about bringing goods from the
  middle east
• After the crusades, Italians continued trading
  with the Muslim people.

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The Decline of Feudalism

• The growth of trade and towns weakened feudalism
• So many serfs left the manors for town life
  shrinking the power of the lords and fewer people
  to control.
• The Bubonic plague swept across Europe killing
  1/4th of the pop. And reducing the workers

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The Decline of Feudalism

• As lords lost power, kings became stronger.
• They won support of townspeople because they
  could raise large armies to enforce laws.
• The townspeople supported the kings by paying
  taxes

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The Renaissance and Reformation

• Italy- Birthplace of the Renaissance- a time of
  increased interest in art and learning.
• Spread from Italy, all throughout Europe
• Printing press- invented in 1455 by Johannes
  Gutenburg- allowed people to print pages
  mechanically

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The Renaissance and Reformation

• Martin Luther- German monk who publicly
  criticized the church in his 95 statements
• This began the period of Reformation
• A movement to correct the problems in the church.
• Split the church into two groups- Catholics and
  the protestants

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Changes in Trade

• Renaissance period also brought change in trade
• Use more exact ways of keeping records of
  businesss income and costs
• Determined profit
• Italians used military strength to control trade
  on the Med. Sea
• Other European countries found different routes
  to Asia, diff. from Italian routes.

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Section 5

• Early European Explorers

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A Water Route to Asia

• Caravel- a ship with Triangular sails as well as
  square sails
• Caravel was better than other European ships
• Bartholomeu Dias reached the southern tip of
  Africa
• Vasco De Gama- found an alternate route to Asia
• Allowed Portugal to trade with Asia

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Columbuss Plan

• Christopher Columbus thought he had a faster way
  to Asia.
• Columbus thought you could sail west and it would
  be faster
• Listened to Marco Polo and Paolo Toscanelli
• Thought Asia was farther from west to east
• Underestimated the size of the Globe

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Columbuss Plan

• In 1483, Columbus asked the King of Portugal to
  finance a voyage
• Kings advisors opposed the plan
• Reminded the king of the progress they were
  making sailing down coast of Africa
• King was persuaded not to finance the voyage

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Help from Spains Rulers

• King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella liked
  Columbuss plan.
• Wanted a share of the riches from Asian trade
• Three reasons why Spains advisors didnt want to
  finance
• Doubted Columbuss calculations
• Spain was in a costly war
• Columbus wanted a high payment for his services

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Help from Spains Rulers

• Columbus wanted to be Admiral of the ocean and a
  of any wealth he brought from Asia.
• In 1492, the Spanish conquered the Muslim
  stronghold- Had money to finance the trip.
• The King and Queen agreed to finance
• Columbus prepared to set sail

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Setting Sail

• Columbus struggled finding a crew at first
• A respected local shipowner signed on as captain
  of the Pinta, other crew members followed
• 90 men loaded the ships with enough food for one
  year
• Set Sail August 3, 1492
• After 10 weeks, the men were becoming worried,
  not seen land and afraid of starving

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Reaching the Americas

• Columbus had believed he had reached the Indies
• Taino greeted Columbus and his men, Columbus
  called them Indians
• Named the Island San Salvador
• Took possession of the island
• Reached the Island of Hispaniola
• Found gold and other precious objects
• This convinced Columbus he had reached Asia

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Reaching the Americas

• Columbus decided to return home, leaving 39 of
  his men on the Island.
• They already stole from the Taino.
• When Columbus returned, The Taino had killed the
  men.
• Spanish rulers brought him to the royal court to
  report on the voyage
• No Europeans knew he had reached a continent that
  was unknown

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An Expanding Horizon

• Columbus made 3 more trips to the Americas
• Failed to bring riches back to Spain and failed
  to bring Christianity to the new people.
• Died in 1506, still believing he had reached Asia
  and bitter for not receiving fame or fortune
• Columbuss voyage gave Europeans a reason to not
  see the Ocean as a Barrier.
• Columbuss explorations began an era of great
  wealth and power for Spain.