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SoftwareCourseware design influences of behaviorism

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PLATO. Designed by Donald Bitzer, 1960. Tutor language used for programming ... PLATO V, CRT monitor with touch screen and Intel 8080, 8-bit microprocessor ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: SoftwareCourseware design influences of behaviorism


1
Software/Courseware design influences of
behaviorism
  • content atomized (small, discrete pieces)
  • behavior required of learner (overt response)
  • evaluation of input, and provision of feedback
  • provision of positive reinforcement (secondary,
    schedule)
  • sequencing of instruction (according to plan and
    error analysis)

2
Assumptions of behaviorism
  • Exhibited behavior equals evidence of learning
  • motivation and behavior are largely externally
    generated initially.
  • what is learned in one context is transferable
    to a similar context (principle of transfer of
    learning)

3
Gagnés Instructional Theory
  • Robert M. Gagné psychological/military background
    in WW II
  • Agreed with main tenets of behaviorism, but
    believed that it was not easily put into
    practice, especially with instructional devices.
  • Developed a hierarchical instructional theory and
    practical model.
  • Incorporated cognitive elements later on.

4
Gagnés Instructional Steps
1. Gain attention of the learner (reception) 2.
Inform learners of objectives (expectancy) 3.
Stimulate recall of prior knowledge
(retrieval) 4. Present relevant stimuli
(selective perception prepotency) 5. Provide
guidance (semantic encoding) 6. Elicit
performance (learner response) 7. Provide
constructive feedback (reinforcement) 8.
Assess/compare performance (retrieval and
reflection) 9. Enhance retention and transfer of
learning (generalization)
5
Example Equilateral triangles
1. Gain attention - animation of computer
generated triangles 2. Identify objective "What
is an equilateral triangle?" 3. Recall prior
learning - review definitions/lessons of
triangles 4. Present stimulus - give definition
of equilateral triangle 5. Guide learning-
example of how to create equilateral 6. Elicit
performance - ask student to create 5 different
examples 7. Provide feedback - check all
examples as correct/incorrect 8. Assess
performance- provide remediation and scores 9.
Enhance retention/transfer - show pictures of
objects and ask students to identify equilaterals
6
Problem with Gagnés approach
Most instruction via technology omits elements of
reality, especially simulations. Question How
much can a simulator deviate from reality before
transfer of learning does not occur?
7
Link Trainer, Edmonton 1943
8
  • Proprioceptive cues essential for psychomotor
    activities
  • key elements must be the same
  • Trick is to identify what the key elements are

9
Bucks Simulation Model
10
Educational Computing Systemsthat did not make
it(but parts of them did)
PLATO
Programmed
Logic
And
Teaching
Operations
11
PLATO
  • Designed by Donald Bitzer, 1960
  • Tutor language used for programming
  • PLATO I, ILLIAC mainframe (2 terminals)
  • PLATO II, Video CRT monitor
  • PLATO III, Plasma display (monochrome)
  • PLATO IV, Digital air motors
  • PLATO V, CRT monitor with touch screen and Intel
    8080, 8-bit microprocessor
  • PLATO software, ran on PCs

12
PLATO IV Terminal
13
ICON (a Canadian invention)
  • Developed by Robert MacLean and others, OISE,
    University of Toronto in the late 1970s
  • Commercial consortium (Canadian Educational
    Microcomputer Corporation) designed the hardware
  • QNX operating system was an iconic-based system
    (recall cognitive hierarchy)

14
  • Fixed trackball used as pointing device
  • CPU Intel APX 186, 16-bit, running at 7.8 MHz
    clock pulse
  • Monitors were either a 12 amber monochrome, or
    13 colour monitor, both CRT, and 320 X 240 pixel
    resolution
  • Early ICONs had no disk drives
  • Lexicon unit served as a storage bay and network
    server
  • Government of Ontario funded much of ICONs
    development
  • Introduced in schools in 1983, mainly in Ontario
  • Some schools in Maritimes used ICONs
  • Apple Macintosh appeared in 1984, with faster
    processor, integral floppy drive, and
    considerably more software

15
ICON and Lexicon unit
16
Paperts LOGO
  • Instructional programming language and hardware
    system designed to enable young children to
    discover principles of computer programming and
    operation
  • Brainchild of Seymour Papert of Massachusetts
    Institute of Technology
  • Computing Scientist and professed educational
    expert

17
Seymour Papert
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