Chapter 23 Southwest Asia

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Chapter 23Southwest Asia
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History of the Region

• Characterized by conflict between Christians,
  Jews, and Muslims.
• Roman Empire 200 B.C. to 106 A.D. Removed
  Christians from Palestine.
• Byzantine Empire 400 A.D. after Western Roman
  Empire collapsed. Capital in Constantinople.
  Eastern Orthodox Church.
• Muslims took over Palestine, Mesopotamia, Persia
  in 600.

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• 5. Crusades 1095 and 1200s
• a. Arabs invaded Jerusalem and got close to
  Constantinople.
• b. Arabs kept control of Jerusalem
• 6. Ottoman Empire in 1300s
• a. Muslim
• b. Held Middle East until World War I
• c. former Ottoman territories controlled as
  mandates, territories placed under another
  countrys rule, by Britain and France.

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• 7. British divided Palestine, then pulled out.
• 8. Israel created in 1947 by the U.N. Jews
  voted to form their own government.
• 9. U.S. recognition in 1948.
• 10. Egypt, Syria, Jordan, attacked Israel, but
  beaten. Israel gained more territory.
• 11. 800,000 Palestinian refugees.
• 12. 1967 War
• a. non-violent aggression towards Israel,
  which struck preemptively.
• b. Israel won the West Bank, Golan
  Heights, Gaza Strip, and Sinai Peninsula.

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• c. Jerusalem in West Bank video of
  Israeli troops praying at Western Wall.
• 13. 1973 War
• a. Egypt and Syria achieved a surprise
  attack, but failed.
• b. Egypt did get back eastern side of Suez
  Canal

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• Palestine and Israel
• 1. Israel used to be the area of Palestine.
• Palestine is important to three religions
  Jewish, Christianity, Islam.
• Zionismmovement in late 1800s for Jewish
  homeland in Palestine.
• Jews faced discrimination because some thought
  they were responsible for crucifixion of Christ
  and money-lending.
• 5. Jews fled to Palestine during World War I and
  during the Holocaust.

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• 6. Camp David Accords
• a. Egypt recognized Israel, got back
  Sinai Peninsula.
• b. lead to assassination of Sadat
• 6. Peace Process and Current Issues
• a. Palestinian Liberation Organization
  (PLO). Yasser Arafatdied 2004.
• Independent Palestinian State
• b. Settlement and territorial issues over
  West Bank and Gaza Strip.
• Gaza Strip given back in 2006

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• c. West Bank provides 40 of Israels
  water. Palestinians are forced to use less
  water. Sea of Galilee in Golan Heights provides
  water.
• d. Israel attacked Lebanon in July
  2006.Hezbollah.
• e. Hamas

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Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, IraqSection 3

• Jordan
• 1. Independence in 1946
• 2. Gained West Bank in 1946
• a. Provided water for irrigation
• b. 1/3 of GDP by 1966.
• 3. Economy hurt by Palestinian refugees.
• 4. King Hussein and son introduced successful
  reforms, but

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Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, IraqSection 3

• 5. smallest economy in Middle East
• 6. high poverty
• 7. rely on foreign assistance
• Lebanon
• 1. Paris of the Middle East
• 2. Civil War began in 1975 and lasted 16 years
• a. Muslims demanded bigger stake in the
  government
• b. Economic inequality

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Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, IraqSection 3

• 3. Attempting to regain stability
• 4. Economy
• a. Infrastructure rebuilt after civil war,
  then damaged in 2006 by Israeli invasion.
• b. Substantial debt
• c. Government interference hampers
  investment.

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Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, IraqSection 3

• Syria
• 1. Bashar Assad attempting to modernize economy.
• 2. However, government still has tight control.
• 3. Money to farmers to modernize farming.
• 4. Water shortages because of irrigation, and
  dispute with Turkey over a dam.

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Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, IraqSection 3

• Iraq
• 1. Mesopotamiabetween Tigris and Euphrates
  Rivers
• Aka Fertile Crescent
• 2. Oil discovered in 1920s oil money used to
  develop the country.
• 3. War with Iran in 1980
• a. Fought to a draw
• b. Destroyed its economy

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Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, IraqSection 3

• 4. Gulf War I
• a. Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990.
• b. Pushed out by U.S. lead forces in
• 1991.
• c. Embargo placed on Iraq after the war.
• -severe restriction on trade
• -slashed oil income

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Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, IraqSection 3

• 5. Second Gulf War
• -U.S. and British invasion in 2003
• -supposed possession of weapons of mass
  destruction
• -bombing by insurgents
• -Elections were held in 2004 and
• 2005.
• - but Sunni minority refused to participate

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Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, IraqSection 3

• -New constitution in October 2005
• -Fighting between Sunni and Shia Muslims.
  Sectarian violence vs. civil war.
• -Shia outnumber Sunnis two to one.
• -2007 troop surge reduced violence.

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Section 4The Arabian Peninsula

• 1. Oil
• a. Saudi Arabia has 20 of known reserves.
• b. OPECOrganization of Petroleum Exporting
  Countries. -Controls prices by
  controlling supply. Having trouble keeping up
  right now.

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Section 4The Arabian Peninsula

• -Created in 1960
• Original members Iran, Iraq, Kuwait,
  
• Saudi Arabia, Venezuela.
• -Membership expanded to countries
• in Southwest Asia, Africa, Latin
• America, and Southeast Asia.
• c. Oil supplies expected to dry up
• sooner than later.

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Section 4The Arabian Peninsula

• d. Oil paid for modernization of
• infrastructure.
• e. Saudi Arabia spent billions on
• desalinization.
• 2. Expanding economies
• a. Too dependent on oil
• b. Bahraininternational banking
• c. Saudi Arabia, Qatar, UAEsteel and
• petrochemicals
• 3. No single body of water, making it scarce.
  

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Section 4The Arabian Peninsula

• 3. Saudi Arabia
• a. Mountains on western edge of Arabian
• Peninsula.
• b. Rubal Khali desert
• -250,000 square miles
• -size of Texas

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Section 4The Arabian Peninsula

• c. Balancing modernization with
• traditional Islam.
• -No public entertainment
• -Women only allowed in professions
• where there are no men.
• -Conservative Muslims angered at
• U.S. troop presence after first Gulf
• War.

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Section 4The Arabian Peninsula

• -home to Islams holiest cities, Mecca
• and Medina.
• -2 million pilgrims a year to Mecca to
• the Kaaba.
• d. Unskilled labor force hurts
• diversification efforts.
• e. However, Saudi Arabias per capita
• GDP is 20,000.

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Section 4The Arabian Peninsula

• 4. Yemen and Oman
• a. Yemen is the poorest country on the
• Arabian Peninsula.
• b. 25 of GDP is oil, but revenues are
• declining.
• c. Essentially a failed state with terrorist
  
• training camps.
• d. Formed in 1990 when North and South
• Yemen merged.

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Section 4The Arabian Peninsula

• Bahrain
• 1. Most diverse economy in the Middle East.
• 2. Oil still accounts for 11 of GDP.

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Turkey and Iran

• Turkey
• 1. Turks not Arab even though theyre
• Islamic.
• 2. Ottoman Empire was last empire of the
• Middle East
• Finished after WWI.
• 3. Mustafa Kemal
• a. Father of the Turks
• b. Lead a revolution against the Sultan in
  1923.
• c. Established a secular government.
• d. Laws based on European legal system.

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Turkey and Iran

• e. Outlawed use of veil and fez.
• 4. Modern Turkey
• a. Multiparty democracy since Kemal,
  sometimes unstablemilitary coups in 1960, 1971,
  and 1980.
• b. Problems with debt and inflation since
  1960s.
• c. Modern industrial economy, yet 25 still
  agriculture
• d. Becoming a conduit for oil from the
  Caspian Sea.
• e. Associates more with Europe.

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Turkey and Iran

• Iran
• 1. Known as Persia until 1935.
• 2. Persian Empire controlled territory as far
  west as Libya and east as Pakistan.
• 3. Iranians Persians, not Arabs, even though
  theyre Islamic.
• 4. Shahs
• a. Reza Khan and Reza Pahlavi

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Turkey and Iran

• b. Oil profits used to modernize
  infrastructure, agriculture, and education.
• c. Adopted Westernization
• d. Ayatollah opposition
• - stricter observance of Islam
• - criticized extravagance of the Shah
  while poverty existed.
• e. Shah Pahlavi ousted by Islamic clerics
  in 1979, lead by Ayatollah Khomeni

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Turkey and Iran

• 5. The Revolution brought a theocracy, a
  government based on religion.
• 6. Western practices banned. Alcohol banned.
• 7. Iran Today
• a. Since 2000, effort to seek
  liberalization of Islamic law.
• b. Clerics resisted

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Turkey and Iran

• c. 2005 election of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad as
  presidentconservative.
• d. Nuclear development
• -Iran claims for energy.
• -U.S. and others claim for weapons.
• e. Deemed a state sponsor of terrorism.
• f. Strong government control over the
  economy.
• g. Brain drainyounger people leaving the
  country to find work.

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Misc. Physical

• 1. Tectonic Activity frequent earthquakes, Red
  Sea is getting wider
• 2. Exotic Riversbegin in humid areas, travel
  thru dry areas
• 3. Iran is mountainous with large plateau in the
  centerPlateau of Iran
• 4. Hindu Kush Mountains in Afghanistan

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Misc. Physical

• 5. More humid climates found in the mountains
  because of orgographic effect from Caspian Sea
• 6. Arabian lowlands are hotsubtropical high
  pressure
• 7. Vegetation highlandsgrasslands
• trees in mountains

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Misc. Physical

• 8. Turkey is in Europe and Asia. Anatolia
  Peninsula is Asia, Dardanelles area is Europe.
• 9. Rift Valley in Israel, in which lies the
  Jordan River. Jordan River runs through the Dead
  Sea minus 1,312ft.