NEW%20WORLD%20ENCOUNTERS

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NEW WORLD ENCOUNTERS

• America Past and Present
• Chapter 1

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Native American Histories before Conquest

• 20,000 B.C.--Siberian hunters become first
  American inhabitants
• 8,000 B.C.--Humans reach tip of South America.
• 5,000 B.C.--Agricultural Revolution
• Crops include maize, squash, and beans
• Shift from nomadic hunting and gathering to
  permanent villages or large cities

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Mysterious Disappearances

• Anasazi CultureChaco Canyon
• Sophisticated irrigation
• Well-built roads for transportation
• Adena and Hopewell PeoplesOhio Valley
• Large ceremonial mounds
• Extensive trade network
• CahokiaMississippi Valley
• Large ceremonial mounds
• Far-flung trade network

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Aztec Dominance

• Aztecs settle valley of Mexico
• Center of large, powerful empire
• Highly organized social structure
• Rule through fear and force

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Eastern Woodland Cultures

• Atlantic Coast of North America
• Native Americans lived in smaller bands
• Agriculture supplemented by hunting and gathering

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Cultural Characteristics

• Diversity of language groups, ethnicities
• Define place in society through kinship
• Communal, charismatic, sociopolitical formation
• Diplomacy, trade, war organized around reciprocal
  relationships

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Confederacies of Eastern North America

• Hurons--Southern Ontario near Lakes Ontario and
  Erie
• Iroquois--Central New York
• Powhattans--Chesapeake

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Indians Discover a New World

• Native Americans eager for European trade
• Reject notions of European superiority
• European efforts to convert or "civilize" Indians
• Frequent contact makes native men receptive to
  Christianity
• Determination to preserve power leads native
  women to resist conversion
• Native disease, dependence erodes resistance to
  conversion among women and men

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Disease and Dependency

• Contact brings population decline among American
  Indians
• Cause Lack of resistance to epidemic disease
• smallpox
• measles
• influenza
• Rate as high as ninety-five percent

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Consequences of Epidemic Disease
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West Africa Ancient and Complex Societies

• Diversity of sub-Saharan Cultures
• Islam
• Strong traditional beliefs
• A history of empires
• Mali
• Ghana
• Daily life centered on elder-ruled clans

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Beginnings of theSlave Trade

• 15th-century Portuguese chart sea lanes from
  Europe to sub-Saharan Africa
• Native rulers sell prisoners of war to Portuguese
  as slaves

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How Many Slaves?

• 17th century--ca. 1,000 Africans per year
• 18th century--5.5 million transported to the
  Americas
• By 1860--ca. 11 million
• Before 1831, more Africans than Europeans came to
  the Americas.

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European Colonization

• 10th Century --Leif Ericson settles Vinland
• Late 15th-century--preconditions for overseas
  settlement attained
• rise of nation-states
• spread of new technologies
• spread of old knowledge.
• 1492--Columbus initiates large-scale European
  colonization

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Building New Nation-States

• Population growth after 1450
• New Monarchs forge nations from scattered
  provinces
• Spain
• France
• England
• Middle class a new source of revenue
• Powerful military forces deployed

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Making Sense of a New World

• Spain the first European nation to achieve
  conditions for successful colonization
• Unified under Ferdinand and Isabella
• 1492--Jews and Muslims expelled
• Conquest of Canary Islands provides rehearsal for
  colonization

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Calculating Risks and Rewards

• Columbus persuades Queen Isabella to finance
  westward expedition to Cathay
• 1492--Initial voyage
• Three subsequent voyages to find cities of China
• 1506--died clinging to belief he had reached the
  Orient
• Made possible Spanish dominion in America

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The Conquistadores

• Independent adventurers commissioned by Spanish
  crown to subdue new lands
• By 1512--Major Caribbean islands decimated
• By 1521--Cortés destroys Aztec Empire
• 1539-42--de Soto explores Southeast
• 1540-42--Coronado explores Southwest

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From Plunder to Settlement

• Encomienda System rewards Conquistadors
• Large land grants
• Indian inhabitants provide labor or tribute
• Appointed officials answer only to Crown
• Catholic Church
• Protects Indian rights
• Performs mass conversions
• By 1650, 1/2 million Spaniards in New World
• Unmarried males intermarry
• Mixed-blood population emerges

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The French Claim Canada

• 1608--Samuel de Champlain founds Quebec
• French Empire eventually includes St. Lawrence
  River, Great Lakes, Mississippi
• French Crown makes little effort to foster
  settlement
• Fur trade underpins economy
• Indians become valued trading partners

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England in the New World

• Claims New World territory under Henry VIII (r.
  1509-1547)
• Achieves preconditions for colonization under
  Elizabeth I

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Birth of English Protestantism

• English rise influenced by Protestant Reformation
• 1517--Martin Luther sparks reform in Germany
• 1536--John Calvins Institutes published in
  Geneva
• Reformation pits European Protestants against
  Catholics

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The English Reformation

• Tudor monarchs bring political unity
• Reformation under Henry Vlll (r. 1509-1547)
  strengthens Crown
• Protestant reform accelerated under Edward VI (r.
  1547-1553)
• Death of Mary I (r. 1553-1558) cuts short English
  Catholic Counterreformation
• Elizabeth I (r. 1558-1603) consolidates English
  Reformation

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Englands Tudor Monarchs
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Militant Protestantism

• Lutheran Reformation
• God speaks through Bible, not Pope or priests
• Justification by faith alone for salvation
• Calvinist Reformation
• John Calvin stresses Gods omnipotence
• Predestinationsome persons chosen by God for
  salvation
• Calvinist Christianity expands in northern Europe
• FranceHuguenots
• ScotlandPresbyterians
• EnglandPuritans

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Woman in Power

• Elizabeth I (1558-1603) a very capable monarch
• Elizabeth introduces Via Media
• Protestant Doctrine
• Catholic Ritual
• Ends religious turmoil in England
• Elizabeths excommunication by Pope prompts
  Spanish crusade against England
• England aligned with Protestant nations against
  Catholic powers

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Religion, War, and Nationalism

• Spanish hostility makes Elizabeth the symbol of
  English, Protestant nationhood
• Sea Dogs seizure of Spanish treasure makes them
  English heroes
• Elizabeth's subjects raid Spain's American empire
• 1588-- Spanish Armada defeated

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Irish Background for American Settlement

• Ireland a laboratory for English colonization
• Irish viewed as backward
• English under Elizabeth seize Irish land
• English Brutality
• English ethnocentrism benign when Irish docile
• English brutally crush frequent Irish resistance
  such as massacre of women and children
• English adventurers compare Native Americans
  with wild Irish

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Early English Efforts in America

• Sir Walter Raleighs Roanoke colony of 1584 fails
• By 1600 no English settlements in New World
• Richard Hakluyt advertises benefits of American
  colonization