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Chapter 3: Intelligence, Terrorism and Homeland Security

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Title: Chapter 3: Intelligence, Terrorism and Homeland Security


1
Chapter 3 Intelligence, Terrorismand Homeland
Security
2
What Is Terrorism?
  • The FBI defines terrorism as the unlawful use of
    force or violence against persons or property to
    intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian
    population, or any segment thereof, in
    furtherance of political or social objectives

3
Terrorism Is Situationally Defined
  • International Terrorism
  • Transnational Terrorism
  • Domestic Terrorism
  • State Terrorism
  • Terrorism vs. War
  • Terrorism plays to emotion not intellect!

4
The Terrorist Threat
  • Strikes at the American way of life, at our very
    heart.
  • Attacks symbols of freedom
  • Changes security and safety to insecurity and
    fear
  • Breaks down the fabric and
  • social bonds of society

5
The Terrorist Threat (continued)
  • Terrorists attack in many ways
  • Bombings/arson
  • Murders
  • Kidnappings
  • Assassinations
  • Sky-jackings
  • Intimidation

6
The Terrorist Threat (continued)
  • Terrorists also commit other crimes
  • Robbery/burglary
  • Frauds/scams
  • Car thefts
  • Identity theft
  • Weapons violations
  • Drug trafficking and prostitution

7
Ideologies of Terrorism
  • Left-wing ideologies
  • Right-wing ideologies
  • Special-interest/single-issue ideologies
  • International ideologies
  • Religious fundamentalism

8
Domestic Terrorism within the U.S.
  • Left-wing terrorism
  • Right-wing terrorism(antigovernment and hate)
  • Single-issue terrorism

9
Left-Wing TerrorismPro-Socialist/Anti-Capitalist
  • Pro-socialist
  • Anti-capitalist
  • Anti-war
  • Anarchists

10
Left-Wing TerrorismAnarchists
  • Anarchy means without ruler
  • Active in the U.S. in the early 1960s and 1970s
  • After a dormant period, active again in the
    1990s
  • Involved in massive protest marches in U.S. and
    other industrialized countries
  • Black Blocs foster violence during protests
  • Have made inroads into animal and environmental
    movements

11
Right-Wing TerrorismAntigovernment
  • Posse Comitatus
  • Militias
  • Common law courts
  • Sovereign citizens

12
Anti-Government Ideology
  • Christian Patriot A generic term used to
    describe various extreme right organizations and
    individuals. Used interchangeably with
    Patriot, Constitutionalist, and Freeman.
    Christian Patriots believe in a variety of
    anti-Semitic conspiracy theories a literal and
    selective interpretation of the Bible and
    Constitution and racist ideas about
    citizenship.
  • Leaderless Resistance Emphasizes the formation
    of small, independent, paramilitary cell groups,
    not formally connected to any leadership. These
    independent cells choose their own missions,
    participating in a larger movement by reading
    literature, Internet communications, phone
    messages, etc.

13
Right-Wing TerrorismReligious-Oriented
  • Christian Identity
  • Phineas Priesthood
  • Odinism
  • World Church of the Creator

14
Hate Crime
  • Harms inflicted on a victim by an offender whose
    motivation derives primarly from hatred directed
    at a perceived characteristic of the victim (e.g.
    the victims RACE, RELIGION, ETHNICITY, GENDER,
    or SEXUAL ORIENTATION)

15
Religious Hate Ideology
  • A racist North American theological movement.
  • Adherents of Christian Identity believe that
    white, Northern Europeans are the true
    Israelites, descended from the Lost Tribes of
    Israel
  • That Jews are impostors and servants of Satan
    and
  • That people of color are an inferior sub-species
    of humans-- Mud People!

16
Right-Wing TerrorismRacist/Hate
  • Neo-Nazis
  • Skinheads
  • Ku Klux Klan
  • Aryan groups

17
Racist-Hate Ideology
  • KKK Five major movements in U.S. history.
    First after the Civil War to repair and restore
    the South second in the 1920s aimed at limiting
    Jewish and Catholic immigration from Europe
    third in the 1960s to stop the Civil Rights
    movement fourth in the 1970s to support rural
    farmers and fifth in the late 1980s merging
    with other groups (neo-Nazis) to form the
    Populist Party.

18
Merging Ideologies of the Right
  • Jews are literally the Children of the Devil
    and people of color are Pre-Adamic. That is,
    they are inferior, false starts before God made
    a perfect, white Adam and Eve. People of color
    are referred to as Mud People. The U.S.
    Government is slowly being taken over by
    foreigners and Jews (The New World Order).
  • Perverted interpretation of the Bible which
    foretells Armageddon as a race war between whites
    and black fought in the United States.
  • The Holocaust is primarily fictional and without
    basis, the 2nd Amendment to the Constitution
    guarantees citizens the right to arm themselves
    and form militias to oppose government tyranny
    (the New World Order) the 13th and 14th
    Amendments of the Constitution (which officially
    ended slavery and guarantees equal protection
    under the law) should be repealed that the
    Federal Reserve Bank is controlled by Jews and
    hence illegal that federal income taxes are
    illegal that true law comes from English Common
    Law that the only true legal authority is based
    in the elected county sheriff .on and on and on
    .

19
Merging Ideologies of the Right
  • The current Christian Identity and Militia
  • Movement is primarily the result of the
  • merging of three distinct, right-wing and
  • racist groups in the United States
  • Christian Patriot Organizations and
  • Militia Groups (Anti-Government)
  • Ku Klux Klan Organizations and
  • Traditional Hate Groups
  • Neo-Nazis and Skinheads
  • Estes Park Meeting
  • (October 1992)

20
Special-Interest/Single-Issue Terrorism
  • Animal rights
  • Antiabortion
  • Antigenetic
  • Environmental rights

21
Ecoterrorist Groups
  • Earth Liberation Front (ELF)
  • Edward Abby The Monkey Wrench Gang 1975
  • Spiking of Trees to Huntington Sciences Lab
    (ALF)
  • Vail Ski Resort Arson, 2001
  • Animal Liberation Front (ALF)
  • Linked to more passive group PETA
  • Research facilities and universities
  • January 2006 INDICTMENTS

22
Fundamentalism from the Christian Perspective
Anti-Abortion
  • Selective Interpretation of Scriptures and
    Doctrine
  • Misuse of Symbolic Words and Phrases
  • God Speaks to Me
  • Justification for the Use of Violence to Protect
    the Innocent or Our Culture
  • Charismatic Leadership

23
Trends in Middle-Eastern Terrorism
  • Religious and Political

24
(No Transcript)
25
What Is Middle-Eastern Culture?
  • There in no single culture embracing the entire
    Middle East --
  • It is a complex and unique cultural area

26
What Is Middle-Eastern Culture?
  • Depends on perspective
  • To approach suspects, victims, and witnesses in
    Middle-Eastern communities
  • National origin and politics
  • Religious orientation
  • Friendship networks and associations
  • Arab, Bedouin, Mede, Turk, Asian, Pakistani,
    Iranian, North African, Sub-Saharan African?

27
The Stuff of History
  • July 4, 1776
  • Labor Day
  • Christmas
  • New Years Day
  • September 11
  • December 7
  • Thanksgiving
  • Groundhog Day
  • Valentines Day
  • Halloween
  • World Series
  • Super Bowl
  • Americans KNOW these dates and events
  • You cannot be an American without knowing these

28
Everyday Historical Stuff in theMiddle East
  • PalestineIsrael Question
  • 19th century Zionism
  • World War I
  • World War II
  • 1948
  • Conventional Wars
  • Middle Easterners KNOW these events
  • You cannot be a Middle Easterner without knowing
    these

29
Complaints With U.S. Policy
  • We have failed to understand the religion,
    culture, social structure and politics of the
    Middle East
  • Our policies are viewed as exploitive in nature,
    our desire is only oil!
  • We station troops near Mecca and other holy
    locations in the Middle East
  • We have supported puppet governments and regimes
    throughout the region
  • We support Israel and we cannot be trusted

30
The Role of Religion(What you need to know to
talk with Muslims)
  • Monotheistic, not monolithic
  • Islam is as complicated as any religion
  • Peaceful branchesSufism
  • Militant branchesWahhabism, Jihadist-Salafism
  • Islam is a peaceful religion, however
    fundamentalism is alive and well.same as in
    Christianity/Judaism

31
Basic Islam
  • NOT a violent religion
  • Cousin to Judaism and Christianity
  • Equalizes classes through love of God
  • Submission to the will of God
  • Muslim is one who submits
  • Understand the real meaning
  • of jihad

32
Basic Islam (continued)
  • Monotheism
  • The Prophet Mohammed
  • 570/71 to June, 682
  • Driven from Mecca to Medina, where his following
    grew
  • Mohammeds search for religion, died in 632 and
    left growth of Islam to his followers

33
Two Islamic Traditions Sunni and Shiite
  • Sunni True Path of Allah strongly associated
    with Saudi Arabia The majority of Muslims in the
    world
  • Shiite Leaders are descended from Mohammed
    through Fatima (daughter) and Ali (cousin)
    Shiat Ali Leaders are divinely inspired and
    infallible Strongly associated with Iran Only
    about 10 of the Muslim World

34
Pillars of Islam
  • ShahadaConfession of Faith There is no God but
    Allah and Mohammed is his Prophet
  • SelahRitual prayers
  • ZekahAlms for the poor
  • SawmFasting, especially during Ramadan
  • HajjPilgrimage to Mecca

35
Religious Fundamentalism in IslamThe
Purification Movements
  • Wahhabismmovement related to Saudi
    ArabiaMuhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792).
  • Reform movement that believes that absolutely
    every tenant added to Islam after the third
    century of the birth of Islam is corrupted.
  • Keep the original rituals and practices of Islam.

  • Foreign interests and modernity threaten this way
    of life.

36
Religious Fundamentalism in IslamThe
Purification Movements
  • The Muslim Brotherhood --- movement related to
    Egypt and the scholarly tradition of Hasan
    al-Banna (1906-1949), Sayyid Qutb (1906-1966),
    Sheik Omar Rahman, and Ayman al Zawahiri (Sunni).
  • Indigenous political-religious movement against
    European colonial powers that eroded Islamic
    culture.
  • There is no middle ground only good and evil.
  • Implement a new Islamic order through jihad or
    holy war primarily against corrupt Middle
    Eastern regimes and now the
    West.

37
Religious Fundamentalism in IslamThe
Purification Movements
  • Salafism movement related to Egypt and the
    writings of Muhammad Abduh (1849-1905) and
    Rashid Rida
  • Emphasizes the self-sufficiency and expansiveness
    of Islam (much more tolerant than Wahhabism)
  • Modernity has value for Islam (hence, not
    necessarily anti-Western). Recognized the
    exploitation for oil.
  • Today, a broad philosophy of intellectual and
    cultural undertaking, usually not political.

38
Religious Fundamentalism in IslamThe
Purification Movements
  • Jihadist Salafism movement of the second
    generation Salafists, radicalized in the 1980s by
    the Soviet-Afghan War
  • Embraces a strict and literal interpretation of
    Islam
  • Violence (jihad) is the instrument to drive out
    the West and destroy corrupt Middle Eastern
    regimes
  • Charismatic leadership of Usama bin Laden
  • Al-Qaeda now morphing into Southeastern Asia with
    Jemaah Islamiah

39
Religious Fundamentalism in IslamThe Radical
Shia Movement
  • Khomeinismmovement of Shia Islam as the supreme
    force in the Middle East
  • Non-secular, religion and government are the
    same
  • Led by Irans Revolutionary Council
  • Surging as a result of Iraqi War
  • HizbAllah is Iran (The Ismailities Aga Han)
  • Greatly expanded drug (opium) and gun trafficking
    in Turkish and Central Asian Regions

40
Middle-Eastern Arabic Names
  • Ask them to write out their full name
  • Full name has four interchangeable partsHassan
    Ahmad Mohammed Al-(El) Shamzi(Given)
    (Father) (Grandfather) (Family)
  • First child
  • Abu (father of) name of child
  • Um (mother of)
  • Ibn (son of)

41
Middle-Eastern Terrorist Groups
  • Palestinian Groups
  • Post 1982 Groups
  • Jihadist Groups
  • Southeast Asian Groups

42
Middle-Eastern Terrorist GroupsOriginal
Palestinian Groups
  • Al-Fatah (to open) Developers of the PLO
  • Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine -
    PFLP
  • Black September Organization
  • Abu Nidal Group

43
al Fatah
  • Created October 10, 1959
  • Muslim businessman became the military arm of
    the PLO
  • Led by Yasser Arafat and Kahlil Wazir, a.k.a.
    Abu Jihad (killed 1988)
  • Purpose to wage war against Israel
  • Arafat introduced terrorism against civilians as
    a tactic in the plight for Palestine
  • Whos the leader now? Arafat or Abbas? Roadmap
    to Peace?

44
PFLP
  • Founded by George Habash in December 1967 in the
    wake of the Six-Day War
  • Concept of skyjacking by Wadi Haddad and
    Ghassan Khanafani
  • Ideology combines Marxist ideology with
    Palestinian nationalism
  • Goal "liberating all of Palestine and
    establishing a democratic socialist Palestinian
    state"

George Habash April 2000
45
PFLP (continued)
  • Leadership
  • George Habash, 1967-2000
  • Abu Ali Mustafa, 2000-2001 (killed by the
    Israeli Moussad)
  • Ahmed Sadat, 2001-present
  • Will they accept new leadership with the
    Palestinian State?
  • The PFLP is Christian-based

The PFLP protests against the 1993 peace deal
46
Abu Nidal Group
  • Leadership founded in 1974 by Sabri al-Banna
    (Abu Nidal) as a consequence of his split from
    the Fatah organization
  • Organization considers itself (sinceits
    foundation) as the real Fatah, accusing the
    leaders of the original organization of treason
  • Ideology claims that the armed struggle against
    Israel is a sacred principle, the only way to
    achieve the liberation of all of Palestine, and
    nobody can deny it from the Palestinian people
  • Terrorist or Paid Assassin?

47
Abu Nidal Organization
  • AKA
  • Fatah Revolutionary Council
  • Arab Revolutionary Brigades
  • Black September (not the original)
  • Black June
  • Revolutionary Organization of Socialist Muslims
  • Abu Nidal means Father of the Struggle
  • Abu Nidals real name was Sabri al-Banna
  • Committed suicide in Baghdad on August 20, 2002

48
Black September
  • Struck against the Israelis at 1972 Munich
    Olympics with the aid of German leftist allies
  • Operation led by Muhammad Abu Daud, a
    Palestinian guerrilla
  • September 1970Pan Am, Swissair, and TWA blown up
    in Jordanian Desert
  • Led by Leila Khaled
  • World needs to know the strife of the
    Palestinian people
  • BSO most infamous terrorist group of its time
  • It became the model !

Leila Khaled
Munich Olympic Village
49
Post-Invasion of Lebanon (1982)
  • Hamas
  • Islamic Jihad
  • HizbAllah (Hezbollah)

50
Hamas
  • Leadership Sheikh Ahmed Yassin
  • Goal establishment of an Islamic state in all
    of Palestine
  • Immediate means to achieve this goal is the
    escalation of the armed struggle, and ultimately
    all-out jihad, with the participation not only
    of Palestinian Muslims but of the entire Islamic
    world
  • Ideology opposes the Oslo peace process and
    defines the transition to the stage of jihad "for
    the liberation of all of Palestine" as a personal
    religious duty incumbent on every Muslim

Sheikh Ahmed Yassin
51
Hamas (continued)
  • Outgrowth of the Muslim Brotherhood in 1987
  • Mainly located in the Gaza Strip and West Bank
  • Almost all Palestinians
  • Strong Iranian and Syrian connection
  • New Group Connections
  • al Aqsa Martyrs Brigade

52
Compounding Factors of Hamas
  • Can Arafat or Abbas (or any other Palestinian
    Leader), under the new Palestinian Authority,
    control the splinter groups, like Hamas, PFLP,
    PFLP-GC?
  • The image of Hamas is different and unique they
    have built schools, hospitals, mosques, and
    social services in Gaza and West Bank.
  • Linkages with legitimate Islamic groups in the
    US.
  • Responsible for most of the SUICIDE BOMBINGS

53
Deconstructing the Suicide Bomber
  • Profile of the Typical Suicide Bomber
  • Young man between 18 and 24 years
  • Born in poverty with little or no education
  • No real understanding of the outside world
  • A victim of some personal tragedy, usually by
    war
  • Often times, avenging the death of a relative or
    close friend
  • Shahid -- A martyr fulfilling a religious
    command

54
Political Motivations
  • For God, Country and Family
  • A Difference in Might
  • 75 of the U.S. Support to Israel (about 4
    billion per year) goes to military weaponry
  • The Palestinian's have no army and lack any
    legitimate access to arms
  • Suicide Bombings are not a Goal, but rather a
    Means to a Goal

55
Without social or political crisis, there is no
value placed on suicide bombing
  • Hence, suicide bombing is not spawned by
    religion, but rather by social and political
    crisis

56
Suicide Bombing AttacksExamples
57
Hezbollah
  • Means Party of God - HizBAllah
  • Primarily based in Lebanon Iranian and Syrian
    supported, Shiite organization
  • Ideology Basis of Hezbollah is Khomeinism and
    its principle goal is the establishment of a
    Pan-Islamic republic headed by religious
    clerics
  • Destruction of Israel and the liberation of
    Jerusalem is deemed a religious obligation
  • Justifies the use of terror against these enemies
    as a weapon in the hands of the weak and
    oppressed against the strong aggressor

SAYYED HASSAN NASRALLAH
58
Hezbollah (continued)
  • 2000 to presentvery active throughout the
    Middle East and Central Asian Region
  • Understand the differences between Lebanese
    Hezbollah and others.
  • Understand Irans role in the development of
    Hezbollah
  • The Ismailities Northern Alliance Iraqi Shia
    Connectivity
  • Drugs (opium) and Guns
  • Aga Khan

59
Jihadist Groups al Qaeda
  • Key Players
  • Usama bin Laden
  • Ayman al Zawahiri
  • Abu Zubaydah
  • Mohammed Atef
  • Key Concepts
  • Rigid hierarchy
  • Three styles of training
  • Three types of groups
  • Financing

60
al Qaeda Leadership
Usama bin Laden ?
Ayman al Zawahiri ?
Mohammed Atef dead
61
al-Qaeda New Threats
  • Morphing into other groups and areas
  • Capitalizing on Islamic Fundamentalism
  • Social and Political Crisis
  • Drawing on Revolutionary Religious Leaders of the
    Past
  • Major Target Acquisition and Event Planning
  • These People are at War!

62
Egyptian Islamic Jihad
  • Out-growth of
  • The Muslim
  • Brotherhood
  • AKA
  • al-Jihad
  • Islamic Jihad
  • Jihad Group

63
Fundamentalism in Southeast Asia
  • Jemaah Islamiyah
  • Bali Bombing, active in the Philippines w/
    al-Qaeda
  • Leadership under Abu Bakar Bashir (arrested)
  • Goal Establish Islamic state across Southeast
    Asia
  • Linked to Moro Islamic Liberation Front (fighting
    a guerrilla war for 25 years in Mindanao
    (Training camps
  • Poses significant new threat to Western
    interests
  • Abu Sayyaf
  • A bunch of thugs using Islamic Fundamentalism as
    a cover

64
Jemaah Islamiyah
  • Bombed Bali nightclub, killing over 200
  • Leader is Iman Samudra (now in custody)
  • Linked to al Qaeda through Riduan Isamuddin, aka
    Hambali
  • Active in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines,
    and Singapore
  • Note The fastest growing population of Islam is
    in the far east, populations are desperate and
    there is a history of violent, governmental
    suppression!
  • Al-Qaeda morphing into Southeast Asian Groups?

65
Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)
  • Operates in Philippines
  • Smallest, but most radical group
  • Linked with Moro National Liberation Front
  • Linked to al Qaeda, but mainly
  • street thugs and drug dealers
  • Tactics bombings, assassinations, kidnappings,
    extortion
  • Kidnapping draws international attention

66
Jewish Extremism
  • Groups that feel they have a right to reestablish
    the Biblical Kingdom of David

67
Kach (Thus)
  • Founded in New York, New York, by American Rabbi
    Meir Kahane
  • Philosophy non-Jews must be driven from
    Israel
  • Primary activities murder of Palestinians
  • Operations Israel and New York City

68
Kahane Chai (Kahane Lives)
  • Meir Kahane murdered by al Qaeda allies in New
    York
  • Binyamin Kahane founds Kahane Chai
  • Declared terrorists by Israeli government in
    1994
  • Kahane killed in December 2000

69
How have we responded to terrorism since
09/11/2001 ?
70
INTELLIGENCE AND TERRORISM
  • The move to Intelligence-Led Policing
  • Intelligence is data and information that has
    been evaluated, analyzed and produced with
    careful conclusions and recommendations
  • Intelligence is a product

71
NCISP 2003 The Intelligence Cycle
  • Requirements
  • Planning and Direction
  • Collection
  • Processing and Exploitation
  • Analysis and Production
  • Dissemination

72
FUSION CENTERS
  • Supports broad range of activities
  • Tactical vs Strategic
  • Protect critical infrastructure and key resources
    (CI/KRs)
  • Maintain public tip lines
  • Support better decision-making in policing
  • What works in policing? What works in preventing
    crime and terrorism?

73
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