AGE OF IMPERIALISM

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AGE OF IMPERIALISM
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IMPERIALISM

• Imperialism is the quest for colonial empires
• It can include the use of economic, political, or
  military power
  

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EXAMPLES

• Roman Empire- force
• France, Spain, England- trade
• Great Britain- The sun never sets on the British
  Empire

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REASONS

• Increase trade by providing market for
  manufactured goods
  
• Gain sources for raw materials
• Secure military advantages
• Increase prestige
• Share religious and cultural beliefs

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FAMOUS PEOPLE

• Frederick Jackson Turner- Frontier thesis
• Alfred Thayer Mahan- The Influence of Sea Power
  Upon History
  
• Josiah Strong- Our Country
  Anglo-Saxon dominance

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SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR

• Cuba- series of revolts against Spanish rule
• 1868- beginning of revolts
• Cuban leaders exiled
• Jose Marti- poet
• 1895- revolt in which Marti is killed
• 1896- Spanish send Gen. Valeriano Weyler to crush
  revolt- the Butcher

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Unites States Reaction

• U.S. Press wants war with Spain
• Hearst and Pulitzer very vocal
• Pres. McKinley wants to avoid war

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Events leading to war

• Feb. 9, 1898- Hearsts journal prints comment of
  Spanish official concerning McKinley- weak, and
  a bidder for the admiration of the crowd
  
• Feb. 15, 1898- The Maine explodes in Havana,
  Cuba. Spain is blamed.
  
• Apr. 20, 1898- Congress recognizes Cuban
  independence and votes for military force

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Teller Amendment

• States that the United States claimed no
  sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over
  Cuba
  
• After defeating Spain, control would rest with
  Cuban people

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FAMOUS BATTLES

• Philippine Islands- Spanish-controlled
• May 1, 1898- Battle of Manila Bay
• Commodore George Dewey defeats Spanish fleet
• Filipino rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo supports
  U.S. forces

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• Cuba and Puerto Rico- Spanish-controlled
• July 1, 1898- U.S. begins assault on Santiago
• El Caney and San Juan Hill
• Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders
• July 3, 1898- U.S. defeats Spanish fleet off
  coast of Cuba
  
• Troops defeat Spanish in Puerto Rico

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RESULTS OF WAR

• Spain grants Cuba its independence
• Spain gives Puerto Rico and Guam to U.S.
• Spain gives up control of the Philippines
• United States gains prestige as world power

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ANNEXATION DEBATE

• Expansionists argue in favor based upon
  commercial reasons, naval concerns, the belief
  that the U.S. would bring democratic government
  to the Philippines, and that European powers
  would be kept away
• Anti-Imperialist League formed in June 1898
  argues that U.S. should not become imperial power
  and annexation of Philippines would violate
  American principles

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WAR IN PHILIPPINES

• Aguinaldo sets up provisional government and
  proclaims himself President
  
• Filipino rebels fight 3-year war against U.S.
• 1902- Congress passes Philippine Government Act
• Act states that Philippines would be ruled by a
  governor and two-house legislature

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• The United States would appoint the governor and
  Upper House
  
• After order is restored, the Filipinos would
  elect the Lower House
  
• William Howard Taft became the first governor of
  the Philippines

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• Jones Act of 1916- allows the Filipinos to elect
  both houses of their legislature
  
• Total independence will not come until U.S.
  concludes that a stable government has been
  established
  
• Philippines get independence in 1946

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ACQUISITION OF HAWAII

• U.S. interest in Hawaii was because of 2 major
  reasons strategic location along trade routes
  to China and fertile soil
  
• During the 1820s, New England Protestant
  missionaries travel to Hawaii
  
• By 1870s, their descendents had become major
  landowners in Hawaii

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• In 1886, Hawaiian king Kalakaua attempts to
  restrict American influence.
  
• Hawaiian League is formed to overthrow the
  monarchy and persuade U.S. annexation
  
• 1887- League forces Kalakaua to sign a new
  constitution that limited his power
  
• U.S. gets rights to use Pearl Harbor as naval
  base

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• 1891- Kalakaua is succeeded by his sister,
  Liliuokalani
  
• Queen Liliuokalani tries to encourage Hawaiian
  nationalism
  
• U.S. oversees end to monarchy
• Does not annex until 1898

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CHINA

• United States trade with China began in 1784 when
  Empress of China (trading ship) sailed for
  Guangzhou
  
• 1843- China opens 5 ports to trade from U.S. and
  Europe
  
• 1894- Japanese invasion leads to loss of
  territory- Taiwan, Liaotung peninsula and control
  of Korea

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• Chinas weakness leads to European powers (Great
  Britain, France, Germany, Russia) making China to
  divide into spheres of influence
  
• Spheres of Influence- where a foreign nation has
  exclusive rights over trade, mines, and railroads

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OPEN DOOR POLICY

• Proposed in 1899 by Secretary of State John Hay
• Called for European nations and Japan to accept
  policy change

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OPEN DOOR POLICY

• Keep all ports in their spheres open to all
  nations for trade
  
• Allow Chinese officials to collect all tariffs
  and duties
  
• Guarantee equal railroad, harbor, and tariff rates

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BOXER REBELLION

• Caused by Chinese resentment of foreigners
• Fists of Righteous Harmony begins rebellion
• In 1900, they attacked Western missionaries and
  traders in northern China, killing 300
  
• Laid siege to foreign settlement in Beijing
• Rebellion ends as international force enters

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JAPAN

• Japan becomes imperial power as a result of 1894
  invasion of China
  
• Japan had been very isolated for most of its
  history
  
• From 1639-1850s, Japan had only allowed one Dutch
  trading ship a year
  
• 1853- Commodore Matthew Perry had sailed into
  Tokyo Bay

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• President Millard Fillmore had encouraged Perry
  to persuade Japan to open itself up to trade with
  the West
  
• Japan becomes industrialized and builds a strong
  army and navy
  
• 1894- invades China
• 1904- attacks Russia in Manchuria

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RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR

• Japanese victory might lead to strong competitor
  in Asia
  
• Russian victory might lead to end of U.S. trade
  with Manchuria
  
• May,1905- Japan wins crucial battles and asks for
  U.S. mediation
  
• Pres. Roosevelt negotiates end to war and wins
  Nobel Peace Prize

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GREAT WHITE FLEET

• 1907- President Roosevelt sends 4 destroyers and
  16 battleships on world cruise
  
• Roosevelt- the Pacific was as much our home
  waters as the Atlantic

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CUBA

• 1899- Pres. McKinley appoints Leonard Wood as
  governor of Cuba
  
• Changes are made such as construction of schools
  and a sanitation system
  
• Dr. Carlos Finlay discovered mosquitoes cause
  yellow fever
  
• Cubans want independence

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PLATT AMENDMENT

• Limits Cubas right to make treaties with other
  countries
  
• Allowed U.S. to intervene in Cuban affairs if
  necessary
  
• Made Cuba to sell or lease land for U.S. naval or
  fueling stations (Guantanamo Bay)
  
• Made Cuba a protectorate

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PUERTO RICO

• Made a territory like Samoa
• Foraker Act- governor and upper house to be
  appointed by U.S. and lower house to be elected
  by Puerto Ricans
  
• Jones Act of 1917- made Puerto Ricans American
  citizens and they can elect both houses of their
  legislature
  
• 1952- Becomes a commonwealth

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PANAMA CANAL

• The United States had long wanted a shortcut from
  the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean
  
• The route around Cape Horn was long and
  dangerous
  
• Proposals had been made to build a canal across
  Nicaragua

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HISTORY OF CANAL

• 1517- Balboa had proposed a canal be dug across
  Panama
  
• 1850- U.S. and Great Britain sign the
  Clayton-Bulwer Treaty that agrees to an equal
  partnership to build a canal across Panama
  
• 1880s- French company begins construction, but
  does not complete

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ROOSEVELTS ACTIONS

• 1901- Pres. Roosevelt instructs Secretary of
  State John Hay to negotiate with Great Britain to
  end partnership
  
• Hay-Pauncefote Treaty- Britain agrees to allow
  U.S. to build canal on its own, and in return,
  U.S. agrees to allow all countries vessels to use
  the canal

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Hay begins negotiations with Colombia- which
owned Panama

• 1903- Hay-Herran Treaty is drafted-
  99-year lease over 6-mile stretch across Panama
  in exchange for 10 million and 250,000 yearly
  rental
• Colombian Senate does not ratify treaty

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• Philippe Bunau-Varilla, former chief engineer for
  French effort, asks for U.S. support of
  Panamanian revolution
  
• Oct. 9, 1903- Bunau-Varilla meets privately with
  Pres. Roosevelt
  
• Nov. 2, 1903- U.S. gunboat arrives in Panama

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• Nov. 3, 1903- Panamanian rebels begin revolution
• Nov. 4, 1903- rebels win and declare Panama an
  independent nation
  
• Nov. 6, 1903- U.S. recognizes Panama and Hay
  begins negotiation

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• Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty gives U.S. complete and
  unending sovereignty over a 10-mile wide canal
  zone
  
• Roosevelt later said- I took the Canal Zone and
  let Congress debate

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ROOSEVELT COROLLARY

• 1823- Monroe Doctrine
• Raw materials and trade possibilities garnered
  European and American interest in Latin America
  in late 1800s
  
• Europeans gave high-interest loans
• 1902- Great Britain, Germany, and Italy blockade
  and attack Venezuelan shipping

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• Roosevelt warns the three nations not to take any
  land and encourages arbitration to settle
  dispute
  
• 1904- Dominican Republic unable to pay loans,
  Roosevelt issues his corollary to the Monroe
  Doctrine

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• Roosevelt states that not only will U.S. keep
  European powers out of the hemisphere, but that
  the U.S. will directly intervene in Latin
  American nations if necessary
• Speak softly, but carry a big stick
• Accused of gunboat diplomacy

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DOLLAR DIPLOMACY

• Following Roosevelt as President, Taft promotes
  the use of economic power rather than military
  force
  
• Suggest replacing European loans with American
• U.S. invests in railroads, mines,and banana and
  sugar plantations

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WILSON

• Wanted democratic governments in Latin America to
  discourage European involvement
  
• Sent troops to Caribbean nations to put down
  revolts and establish constitutional governments
  

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MEXICAN REVOLUTION

• President Porfirio Diaz ruled for more than 30
  years
  
• In 1910 election, Diaz uses force and fraud to
  defeat opposition candidate Francisco Madero
  
• Maderos supporters begin revolution in November
  of 1910

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• 1911- Diaz is forced into exile in Paris
• In new election, Madero wins
• Maderos policies are opposed by fellow
  revolutionaries who did not think his plans went
  far enough in returning land to the peasants and
  by military officers and landowners who thought
  it went too far

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• U.S. Ambassador Henry Wilson did not believe that
  Maderos government could protect U.S. interests
  and met with those opposed to Madero to discuss
  an overthrow
• 1913- General Victoriano Huerta takes control of
  the government and puts Madero in jail, who is
  then shot attempting escape

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• U.S. President Wilson is outraged by events
• Civil War erupts in Mexico
• Four major leaders emerge to confront Huerta-
  Venustiano Carranza, Francisco Pancho Villa,
  Emiliano Zapata, and Alvaro Obregon
  
• Wilson doubts they can defeat Huerta

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American Response

• April 9, 1914- Huertas forces arrest American
  sailors
  
• Wilson demands apology
• German ship with arms heads to Veracruz
• Wilson orders U.S. Navy to land Marines and stop
  shipment

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ABC POWERS

• Argentina, Brazil, and Chile organize a
  conference at Niagara Falls, Ontario to resolve
  the crisis
  
• Huerta is urged to resign and he goes to Spain
• Aug. 1914- Carranza enters Mexico City
• 1915- Carranza becomes President

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• March 1916- Pancho Villa retaliates against U.S.
  by raiding Columbus, New Mexico
  
• Pres. Wilson sends Gen. John Blackjack Pershing
  to find Villa
  
• June, 1916- U.S. and Mexico are on the brink of
  war
  
• U.S. does not want war because of events in
  Europe

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• Crisis is avoided and Wilson withdraws troops in
  Jan. 1917
  
• 1920- Carranza is killed by forces of Alvaro
  Obregon