Agroterrorism/Bioterrorism: Potential Occurrences and Emergency Management of Foreign and Emerging Animal Diseases

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Agroterrorism/Bioterrorism Potential
Occurrences and Emergency Management of Foreign
and Emerging Animal Diseases

• Floron C. Faries, Jr., DVM, MS
• Professor and Extension Program Leader
• for Veterinary Medicine
• Texas Cooperative Extension
• Texas AM University System

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US Threatened by Potential Occurrences of FEADs

• Foreign animal diseases
• Not currently present in US
• Accidental and intentional risks for entry
• Travelers
• Meat products
• Garbage
• Bioterrorists

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• Emerging animal diseases
• A new disease or a new form of an old endemic
  disease
• Natural, accidental and intentional risks of
  emergence
• Zoonotic diseases
• Diseases shared by animals and people
• Various FEADs

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Types of Occurrences of FEADs

• Natural
• Accidental
• Intentional (Bioterrorist Act)

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Devastating Impacts of Animal Disease Outbreaks

• Economic impacts
• Sociologic impacts
• Emotional impacts
• Political impacts

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Foot and Mouth Disease

• Not in U.S.
• A reportable disease
• Viral disease
• Domestic and wild cloven-hoofed livestock
• Blisters and sores in mouth and on feet
• TAHC ban
• Meat garbage feeding to swine

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Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE)Mad Cow
Disease

• Not in U.S.
• A reportable disease
• Prion disease
• Cattle
• People (vCJD) zoonotic disease
• Brain disease in cattle rabies symptoms

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• Not contagious
• Reduced risks of entry and spread
• USDA bans
• Feed bans
• Slaughter bans
• Import bans

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Cervid Spongiform EncephalopathyChronic Wasting
Disease (CWD)

• In U.S.
• A reportable disease
• Colorado, Wyoming, Nebraska, S. Dakota, Utah, New
  Mexico, Wisconsin, Illinois, New York, W.
  Virginia, Montana, Oklahoma, Kansas

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• Prion disease?
• Deer and elk
• Brain disease rabies symptoms
• Chronic emaciation disease
• Restricted importation into States
• Voluntary CWD Monitoring Program
• Hunter-Killed Testing Program

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Deer with CWD
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Elk with CWD
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Anthrax

• In U.S.
• A reportable disease
• Bacterial disease
• Domestic and wild livestock
• People zoonotic disease
• Endemic Southwest Texas
• IH-10 X IH-35 Triangle

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West Nile Encephalitis

• In US
• A reportable disease
• Viral bird disease gt100 species
• Blue jays, crows, hawks
• Encephalitis death

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• Transmission
• Virus in bird blood
• Mosquito (gt75 species) bite bird
• Mosquito bite mammal virus not in blood (dead
  end)
• Horse rabies symptoms
• People zoonotic disease

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Bovine Tuberculosis

• In US
• A reportable disease
• Bacterial disease
• Cattle
• Chronic emaciation, respiratory distress
• Tumor abscesses of lungs and lymph nodes

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Bovine ParatuberculosisJohnes Disease

• In US
• Not a reportable disease
• Bacterial disease
• Cattle
• Chronic emaciation
• Maldigestive enteritis diarrhea

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Avian InfluenzaAvian Flu Bird Flu

• Viral disease
• Migratory waterfowl
• Domestic poultry
• Virus in intestines
• Virus shed in feces
• A reportable disease

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• Two classifications disease symptoms
• Low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI)
• Little risk to poultry industry
• In US
• Endemic disease
• Most common class
• High-pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI)
• Serious damage to poultry industry
• Not in US
• Epidemic disease
• Zoonotic disease (rare)

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First Line of Defense in Emergency Management of
FEADs

• Education of first defenders is key
• Animal owners
• County Extension agents
• Private veterinarians

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Emergency Management of FEADs

• Biosecurity is key
• Early detection is key
• Unusual signs
• Rapid reporting is key
• Rapid response is key
• Prompt quarantine is key

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• Quick diagnosis is key
• Disease surveillance is key
• Regulatory agencies and animal industries working
  together is key

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Biosecurity Measures

• Wash hands
• Wash disinfect boots
• Wash disinfect trailer
• Wash disinfect tires
• Wash disinfect borrowed equipment
• Proper garbage disposal

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• Lock gates
• Stranger alert
• International visitor gt48 hours wait
• Purchased livestock gt2 weeks isolation, tests
• Routine observations

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State Emergency Management

• Texas State Emergency Management Plan
• Annex O
• Agriculture Production and Companion Animals
• Appendix 3
• Foreign and Emerging Animal Diseases (FEAD)
  Response Plan
• State jurisdiction
• Texas Animal Health Commission

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• Five state FEAD committees assess mitigation,
  preparedness, response and recovery issues
• Impact assessment committee
• Security and containment committee
• Environmental committee
• Public information committee
• Community impact committee

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• Identified incident command system
• Incident command post(s)
• Incident commanders TAHC and DPS

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• First Assessment and Sampling Team (FAST)
• Joint Information Center (JIC)
• Texas Emergency Response Team (TERT)
• To support field deployed ICP(s)

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• Quarantine animals
• Several mile radius containment zone
• Months to years
• Depopulate animals
• Surveillance of animals
• Control or eradicate options

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Local Emergency Management

• Texas Local Emergency Management Plan
• Annex N
• Direction and Control
• Appendix 4
• Animal Issues Plan
• Local jurisdiction
• County Judge or City Mayor
• Local Emergency Coordinator (EMC)

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• Animal disease disasters
• TAHC is lead agency (top down authority)
• TAHC activates Texas FEAD Response Plan
• TAHC activates Local EM Plan

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Available Resources

• http//extensionvetmed.tamu.edu
• http//tcebookstore.tamu.org
• http//fazd.tamu.edu
• http//www.tahc.state.tx.us
• http//www.tdh.state.tx.us/zoonosis
• http//www.aphis.usda.gov/lpa/pubs/factsheets.html
  
• http//www.cdc.gov

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