IMPACTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS ON WATER, WASTE-WATER, AND WATER-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

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IMPACTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS ONWATER,
WASTE-WATER, AND WATER-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster
Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA
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2012 7 BILLION PEOPLE DEPEND ON THE AVAILABILITY
OF WATER
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(No Transcript)
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IN 2020, AS NOW, THE GLOBAL WATER SUPPLY

• Should be available, without interruption, in
  sufficient QUANTITY to meet the primary needs of
  the people
• Should be of good QUALITY (i.e., CLEAN) to
  sustain life

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KEY FACTORS

• WATER, WASTE- WATER, AND WATER DISTRUBUTION
  SYSTEMS

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WATER, WASTE- WATER, AND WATER DISTRUBUTION
SYSTEMS

• Have POINT-SENSITIVE and AREA-SENSITIVE
  components,
• Have varying vulnerabilities in their exposure
  to the TIME and SPACE- DEPENDENT potential
  disaster agents of natural hazards.

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WATER, WASTE-WATER, AND WATER-DISTRUBUTION
SYSTEMS

• Above-ground siting makes water- and waste-water
  systems more vulnerable to earthquake ground
  shaking inundation during, tsunamis, floods,
  and severe windstorms and permanent deformation
  during landslides.

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WATER, WASTE- WATER, AND WATER DISTRUBUTION
SYSTEMS

• Below-ground siting makes water distribution
  systems more nvulnerable to permanent deformation
  caused by earthquake-induced liquefaction.

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WATER, WASTE- WATER, AND WATER DISTRUBUTION
SYSTEMS

• Vulnerability is a function of materials, age,
  maintenance, and the systems exposure as a
  site-specific, or a spatially- distributed
  above-or-below-ground system.

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OVERVIEW OF RISK

• WATER, WASTE-WATER, AND WATER DISTRIBUTION
  SYSTEMS FACE DIFFERENT RISKS FROM DIFFERENT
  NATURAL HAZARDS

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ELEMENTS OF RISK
RISK
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WATER, WASTE WATER, AD DUSTRIBION SYSTEMS
DATA BASES AND INFORMATION
HAZARDS GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE
SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN
UP AFTERSHOCKS
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ELEMENTS OF UNACCEPTABLE RISK
RISK
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RISK MODELING
RISK NAT. HAZARD x EXPOSURE NOTE X
CONVOLUTION SPECIFIC HAZARD EXPOSURE
PEOPLE BUILDING STOCK WATER
SYSTEMS GOVERNMENT BUSINESSES
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INSURERS MODEL THE RISK DISTRIBUTION FOR ALL
EXPOSURES AND ALL EVENTS
Total Area Under Curve EAL for Entire
Portfolio of Risks Layers Slices Retentions
and Transferred Amounts
Individual Modeled Events
Event Probability
Individual Modeled Events
1 Tail of the Distribution
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Dollars of Loss
1/100 Threshold Event
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DISASTER RISK LABORATORIES

• CONSIDER ALL PAST LOCAL-SCALE AND
  REGIONAL-SCALE EVENTS AS DISASTER RISK
  LABORATORIES

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EARTHQUAKES
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An Earthquake Can Cause A Disaster (Japan 2011)
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CAUSES OF DAMAGE
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING,
LIQUE-FACTION LANDSLIDES)
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN, AND ROUTE
EARTHQUAKES
TSUNAMI IMPACTS
DISASTER LABORATORIES
POOR DETAILING AND WEAK CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
FRAGILITY OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
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TSUNAMIS
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A TSUNAMI CAN CAUSE A DISASTER(Thailand 2004)
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CAUSES OF DAMAGE
HIGH VELOCITY IMPACT OF INCOMING WAVES
INLAND DISTANCE OF WAVE RUNUP
VERTICAL HEIGHT OF WAVE RUNUP
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE OF BUILDINGS
TSUNAMIS
INUNDATION
DISASTER LABORATORIES
INADEQUATE HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL EVACUATION
PROXIMITY TO SOURCE OF TSUNAMI
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FLOODS
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A FLOOD CAN CAUSE A DISASTER (China 2007)
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CAUSES OF RISK
LOSS OF FUNCTION OF STRUCTURES IN FLOODPLAIN
INUNDATION
INTERACTION WITH HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
STRUCTURE CONTENTS DAMAGED BY WATER
FLOODS
WATER BORNE DISEASES (HEALTH PROBLEMS)
DISASTER LABORATORIES
EROSION AND MUDFLOWS
CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER
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SEVERE WINDSTORMS
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A SEVERE WINDSTORM CAN CAUSE A DISASTER
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CAUSES OF DAMAGE
WIND PENETRATING BUILDING ENVELOPE
UPLIFT OF ROOF SYSTEM
INUNDATION AND MUDFLOWS
STORM SURGE
SEVERE WINDSTORMS
IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN
DISASTER LABORATORIES
SITING PROBLEMS
FLYING DEBRIS
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DATA BASES AND INFORMATION
Gradient Wind
Ocean
COMMUNITY
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LANDSLIDES
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A MAJOR LANDSLIDE CAN CAUSE A DISASTER
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CAUSES OF DAMAGE
SITING AND BUILDING ON UNSTABLE SLOPES
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO FALLS
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO TOPPLES
SOIL AND ROCK SUCEPTIBLE TO SPREADS
LANDSLIDES
SOIL AND ROCK SUSCEPTIBLE TO FLOWS
DISASTER LABORATORIES
PRECIPITATION THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE
SHAKING
GROUND SHAKING THAT TRIGGERS SLOPE FAILURE
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DISASTER RESILEINCEA GLOBAL GOAL FOR WATER-,
WASTE-WATER, AND WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
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TOWARDS DISASTER RESILIENCE
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DISASTERS OCCUR WHEN--- WATER-, WASTE-WATER,
AND WATER-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS ARE LEFT

• UNPROTECTED
• AGAINST THE POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS OF NATURAL
  HAZARDS

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TOWARDS DISASTER RESILIENCE
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EARTHQUAKES
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CAUSES OF DAMAGE/DISASTER
INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING
SOIL AMPLIFICATION
PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SOIL FAILURE AND SURFACE
FAULTING )
IRREGULARITIES IN MASS, STRENGTH, AND STIFFNESS
EARTHQUAKES
FLOODING FROM TSUNAMI WAVE RUNUP AND SEICHE
CASE HISTORIES
POOR DETAILING OF STRUCTURALSYSTEM
FAILURE OF NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
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INADEQUATE SEISMIC DESIGN PROVISIONS
(I.E., BUILDING CODES AND LIFELINE STANDARDS)

• MEAN
• 1) INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND
  SHAKING
• 2) COLLAPSE OF BUILDINGS AND LOSS OF FUNCTION OF
  LIFELINES

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SICHUAN, CHINA BUILDINGS NEED PROTECTION IN AN
EARTHQUAKE
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HAITI BUILDINGS NEED PROTECTION IN AN
EARTHQUAKE
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TURKEY BUILDINGS NEED PROTECTION IN AN EARTHQUAKE
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CHINA DAMS NEED PROTECTION IN AN EARTHQUAKE
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JAPAN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS NEED PROTECION IN AN
EARTHQUAKE
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UNDERGROUND UTILITIES NEED PROTECTION IN AN
EARTHQUAKE

• A UTILITY CORRIDOR IS VULNERABLE TO LOSS OF
  FUNCTION WHEN ROUTED THROUGH SOILS THAT ARE
  SUSCEPTIBLE TO LIQUEFACTION.