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HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION CHAPTER 7

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CHAPTER 7 & 8 Beginnings of ... ROLE OF EDUCATION IN AMERICA ... to meet needs of wider variety of students Consolidation of schools one-room schools eliminated more ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION CHAPTER 7


1
HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION CHAPTER 7 8
2
Beginnings of Education
  • Prehistoric cultures used oral lang. to educate
    children
  • Written lang. developed from need for more
    complex means of passing on knowledge from one
    generation to another
  • 2000 BCE earliest evidence of schools in Sumeria
    and China
  • Remember to see the chart for the influence of
    the Hindu, Hebrew, Chinese, and Egyptian
    influence on education

3
WESTERN EDUCATIONin Greece
  • The Age of Pericles created a concern for formal
    education
  • What were the differences between Athens and
    Sparta?
  • The 3 great Greek philosophers were ____, ____,
    and ____.
  • Remember females and slaves were not considered
    intelligent enough to warrant an education

4
WESTERN EDUCATIONin Rome
  • Rome conquered Greece in 146 BCE adopted many
    Greek ideas about education
  • Latin Grammar Schools taught Latin, literature,
    history, mathematics, music, dialetics
  • Institutions of higher learning were also
    available (law, medicine, math, mechanics)
  • Many people united with common language,
    religion, government
  • Education was still limited to wealthy boys

5
THE MIDDLE AGES476-1300 CE
  • 476 Fall of Roman Empire
  • Catholic Church became more powerful in
    government and in education
  • Dark Ages 400-1000
  • Human knowledge regressed
  • Some progess evident especially under reign of
    Charlemagne who used his position to establish
    schools encourage scholarly activity
  • Alcuin Charlemagnes educational advisor

6
THE MIDDLE AGES476-1300 CE
  • Revival of Learning 1000-1300 people began to
    thirst for knowledge
  • Thomas Aquinas helped influence education
  • Medieval Universities began
  • Bologna law
  • Paris theology
  • Oxford
  • Salerno
  • By 1492 about 80
  • Influenced by Arab scholars (esp. in math and
    science)

7
THE RENAISSANCEBEGAN IN 1300
  • People began protesting the power the church had
    over social and intellectual life.
  • Common people rebelled against the control of the
    wealthy and the Church.
  • Humanism began a revival of classical learning
  • Da Feltre believed people could be educated and
    be Christians
  • Erasmus also lived during this period.

8
THE REFORMATION BEGAN IN 1517
  • Began when Luther released his 95 Theses
  • Melanchthon worked with Luther they believed
    education should be available to all children
  • Loyola also an influence
  • Comenius produced textbooks esp. in science
    made easier because of printing press
  • De La Salle founded an order of teachers that
    focused on elementary school he was one of the
    first to use student teaching

9
AGE OF REASONBEGAN IN EARLY 1700s
  • Revolt against superstition and ignorance
  • Rationalism believed in rational power of
    humans and human ability to reason based on
    ideas of Descartes and led by Voltaire
  • Frederick the Great leader of Prussia
    supported education by opening schools and
    creating teacher training and licensing laws
  • Emergence of Common Man thinkers like Rousseau
    began to argue that common people deserved a
    better life Pestalozzi, Herbart, and Froebel
    applied this to education

10
ROLE OF EDUCATION IN AMERICA
  • SOUTHERN COLONIES
  • VA, Carolinas, MD, GA
  • Plantation culture
  • Widely dispersed population
  • No public schools private tutors
  • MIDDLE COLONIES
  • NY, NJ, PA, DEL
  • Wide variety of national religious backgrounds
  • Each group provided education
  • NEW ENGLAND COLONIES
  • Puritans were main group
  • More densely populated
  • Towns cities became centers of culture,
    economics, politics
  • Led the way in education

11
IMPORTANT DATES IN EARLY AMERICAN EDUCATION
  • 1635 1st Latin Grammar school est. in Boston
    college prep. school
  • 1642 Mass. law requiring parents masters to
    teach children to read
  • 1647 Old Deluder Satan Law (also Mass.) towns
    with 50 families or more required to establish
    schools so they could read scripture
  • 1787 Northwest Ordinance divided NW terr.
    into townships with 36 sections (16th for educ.)
  • 1789 Constitution ratified does not mention
    educ.
  • 1795 Conn. 1st state to use sale of public
    lands to finance schools
  • First schools were dame schools, writing
    schools,, or charity schools

12
Early American Colleges
  • 1636 Harvard (MA)
  • 1693 William Mary (VA)
  • 1701 Yale (Conn)
  • 1746 Princeton (NJ)
  • 1754 Kings College (PA)
  • 1764 College of Philadelphia
  • 1764 Brown (RI)
  • 1769 Dartmouth (NH)
  • 1770 Queens College (?)
  • 1770 College of Charleston (SC)
  • All taught a traditional curriculum that focused
    on theology the classics.

13
IMPORTANT PEOPLE IN AMERICAN EDUCATION
  • Benjamin Franklin opened the American Academy
    in Phil. In 1751 had a more practical focus
    than Lat. Grammar schools
  • Thomas Jefferson wrote a plan for a public
    school system in VA founded the University of
    Virginia
  • Noah Webster favored the creation of an
    American curriculum wrote textbooks created
    the American Dictionary of the English Language

14
The Common SchoolMovement
  • Forces in the growth of public schools
  • Larger more urban population
  • Demands of larger working class
  • Social control
  • Needs of the frontier
  • Increased suffrage
  • Educational journals organizations
  • People involved
  • Horace Mann Sec. of Board of Ed. in Mass.
  • helped begin educational awakening in US
  • helped establish common schools in Mass
  • est. 1st professional journal for educ.
  • Henry Barnard 1st US Comm. Of Ed.
  • founded the American Journal of Ed.
  • supporter of elem. ed. for all children

15
Development of Universal Elementary Education
  • Early schools focused on religion (until late
    1800s)
  • Became more secular as states passed compulsory
    ed. laws
  • Harsh discipline
  • Formal impersonal
  • Teachers generally poorly prepared
  • Basic curriculum reading, writing, arithmetic
  • Lancasterian (monitor) schools
  • used in many places
  • large no. of students taught at same time by one
    teacher
  • more advanced students taught others
  • relied on rote memorization
  • popularity ended in mid-1800

16
EVOLUTION OF TEACHING MATERIALS
  • Hornbook most common device in colonial schools
  • New England Primer
  • Used as early as 1690
  • Basic reading skills with heavy religious motive
  • Blue Backed Speller
  • used as early as 1800
  • Spelling, reading, speaking, and moral advice
  • Slates used from 1820-1900 mini chalkboard
  • McGuffeys reader graded reading books used
    until 1900 also taught morals
  • Pestalozzi, Dewey, and others influenced the
    development of better teaching materials

17
EDUCATION FOR FEMALES
  • Limited availability in colonial period
  • Catherine Beecher was an early advocate of
    womens education
  • 1821 Joseph Emerson and Emma Willard opened
    seminaries for women
  • Age of academies (mid 1800s) opened up more
    opportunities for women
  • Mount Holyoke established by Mary Lyon (a
    student of Emerson)
  • Womens rights movement began in the mid 1800s
    led to the 19th amend.

18
EDUCATION FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS
  • 1619 1st slaves to colonies
  • Churches led way in educating slaves and freedmen
  • 1704 school opened in NY city
  • Southern states made it illegal to educate slaves
    fear of uprisings
  • Benjamin Banneker inventor educated in MD
  • Frederick Douglass escaped from slavery
    advocated vocational ed.
  • Prudence Crandall admitted a black girl to her
    boarding school in Conn. was arrested
  • Early colleges
  • 1854 Lincoln University (PA)
  • 1856 Wilberforce (OH)
  • 1867 Howard (Wash DC)
  • 1866 Fisk (TN)
  • Some colleges admitted black students (Harvard)

19
WASHINGTON DUBOISDEBATE
  • Booker T. Washington
  • Founded Tuskegee Institute in 1880 (AL)
  • Felt former slaves needed training so they could
    get jobs
  • Tuskegee provided basic education industrial
    training (students built buildings did work)
  • W.E.B. DuBois
  • Harvard educated - raised in Massachusetts
  • Felt African-Amer. should get the highest educ.
    possible then go back and teach others
  • Presented the idea of the Talented Tenth

20
MORE STUDENTS LED TO MORE SCHOOLS
  • Population growth and higher percentage of popul.
    attending school leads to need for more schools
  • Curriculum broadened to meet needs of wider
    variety of students
  • Consolidation of schools
  • one-room schools eliminated
  • more programs available
  • led to growth of busing
  • increased school budgets

21
CHANGES IN TEACHER TRAINING
  • Colonial Teachers
  • little education or training
  • poorly paid - some were indentured servants or
    apprentices
  • Normal schools
  • 2 year program
  • did not require high school degree
  • sometimes had model schools for practice teaching
  • State Teachers Colleges
  • were normal schools
  • 4 year program
  • growth of high school led to need for more
    teachers

22
CHANGES IN TEACHER TRAINING
  • Growth of Academies in 1850s led to better educ.
    for teachers
  • Teacher training programs began in the late 19th
    c.
  • Universities began to offer teacher ed. in 1900
  • 1950s - state teachers colleges became state
    colleges
  • 1960s - state colleges became universities

23
SCHOOL REFORMS
  • 1892 - Committee of Ten (NEA)
  • sorted out academies and colleges
  • started accreditation program
  • created the Carnegie Unit and the basic high
    school curriculum
  • 1918 - Seven Cardinal Principles (NEA) - every
    student shoud receive and education in seven main
    areas
  • 1940s - US at war - govt set up programs to
    train workers
  • Cold War - Russia launched Sputnik - led to US
    National Defense Education Act (1958) - greater
    emphasis on math and science in school curriculum
  • War on Poverty in the 1960s - Vocational
    Education Act, Head Start, National Teacher Corps
  • Civil Rights Movement led to push for equal
    treatment for students
  • 1954 - Brown v. Board of Education
  • 1965 - Elementary and Secondary Education Act
  • 1972 - Title IX
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