The End of Empire

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The End of Empire

• Decolonization
• Source Merrimans A History of Modern Europe

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The End Of Colonization

• 2 world wars expensive
• Economic recovery
• Colonization is no longer appropriate
• Self determination
• Nationalism
• Among the colonized peoples

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The British Empire

• African Independence
• Ghana
• Nigeria
• Kenya
• South Africa
• Established apartheid (minimal human rights for
  black South Africans)

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India

• Largest colony in the world, extremely diverse
• Hindus and Muslims (northern)
• Gandhi and Nehru want complete independence from
  Britain after the war
• PM Clement Atlee (Churchill was gone) said yes

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Transitioning to Independence

• Its all on you
• The Indians needed to transition to an
  independent nation no help from the British
• Your thoughts?

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Indian Independence

• Muslim League
• Want an independent Muslim nation
• Hindus
• No
• Lets Discuss

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The End Result

• India
• Mostly Hindu nation
• Pakistan
• Muslim nation

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Indian and Pakistan

• Hindus and Muslims bitter fighting
• Muslims starved to death in India (same in
  Pakistan)
• Hindu extremist assassinated Gandhi (he had
  agreed to form Pakistan)

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Indian Nationalism

• Mohatma Gandhi
• Passive resistance
• Sent to jail
• Symbol of resistance, independence, nationalism

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Indias Independence

• Worlds Largest Democracy
• Poverty and High birth rate
• Religious rivalries
• 1971 no more Pakistan division and Bangladesh is
  born

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More independence

• Ceylon (Sri Lanka) 1948
• Burma (Myanmar) 1948
• Singapore 1965

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The Middle East

• United Nations 1947
• Create land for new Arab state and Israel
• Arab state land went to Jordan and Egypt and
  Israel

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The Middle East

• May 1948 Egyptian, Syrian, Lebanese and Jordanian
  attacked Israel but were defeated
• Arabs expelled from their lands by Israel
• 700,000 Palestinians fled to Jordan

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The Suez Canal Crisis

• 2/3 of oil from Middle East transported through
  Suez Canal
• Canal was owned by British and French interests

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Suez Canal Crisis

• Nasser (head of Egypt)
• Pan Arab
• Wanted the West out of Egypt
• 1957 Suez under Egyptian control
• British influence in the Middle East - DONE

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The British Empire

• So what is left by the 1980s?
• Falkland Islands
• Hong Kong
• Midnight, June 30, 1997 returned to China

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Belgium

• 1959 nationalist rebellions in Congo
• Belgians withdraw
• Disaster
• Why?

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French Decolonization

• North and West Africa
• Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam
• Syria and Lebanon
• Madagascar

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French Middle East

• Syria and Lebanon independent 1946
• Madagascar 1960

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The French Empire

• Indochina
• 1946 to 1954 fought the Vietnamese to maintain
  possession
• Hopeless against Ho Chi Minh
• 1955 France withdraws
• Geneva Convention divided Vietnam at the 17th
  parallel

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The French Empire

• Algeria
• French Algerians wanted to maintain their rule
• DeGaulle promotes their self-determination
• 1962 independent

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The Third World

• Problems?
• Poor underdeveloped nations
• Economic instability
• Cold War Issues