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World War I

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Title: World War I


1
World War I
  • By David Brienza

2
Orientation
  • This lesson is designed to teach you about World
    War I at your own pace. It is broken up into
    four different sections
  • Causes of the War
  • Major Battles and Turning Points
  • An End to War
  • Quiz.
  • You can access any section you want though the
    main menu and go back and forth between slides or
    go back to the main menu to go to a different
    section. Go at your own pace and pay attention
    so you get a 100 on the Quiz!

Continue
3
Objectives
  • By the end of this lesson students will be able
    to state the causes of World War I, identify the
    countries involved and will be able to identify
    key battles and turning points that led to the
    end of the War with 100 accuracy.

4
Target Audience
  • This lesson is intended for high school students
    grades 9-12. High School students with basic
    computer skills can go through this lesson and
    learn at their own pace

5
Learning Environment
  • Students can use this lesson anywhere as long as
    they have a computer.

6
Introduction
  • World War I was a war that changed the landscape
    of the world and the art of war forever. Modern
    weapons brought about death tolls that were
    unthinkable and the use of outdated tactics
    against these new modern weapons led to the
    deaths of millions. In this lesson you will
    learn the causes of the war, the key countries
    involved and why they were involved, the key
    battles and turning points of the war and how the
    war came to an end and the effects it had on the
    world.

7
Main Menu
  • Causes and the Outbreak of War
  • Major Battles and Turning Points
  • Peace
  • Quiz

8
Causes
  • Leading up to World War I the major powers of
    Europe had become entangled in a dangerous set of
    alliances that would be one of the major reasons
    for war. These alliances were dangerous because
    it a war could very quickly turn into a
    multinational conflict.
  • The two key existing alliances were the Triple
    Alliance and the Triple Entente

If one nation went to war it expected the other
signatories of its alliance to lend support
Go to the Main Menu
9
The Triple Alliance
  • Signed in 1882 by Austria-Hungary, Germany and
    Italy
  • Had originally been a Dual Alliance signed by
    Austria Hungary and Germany in 1879
  • Was a defensive treaty and renewed at five year
    intervals
  • The three nations agreed to support each other if
    any nation was attacked by France or Russia - or
    if one of the signatories was attacked by more
    than one nation
  • The signatories werent required to lend support
    if one of the nations started an offensive war

Go to the Main Menu
10
The Triple Alliance
  • Italy declined to support Austria-Hungary and
    Germany stating that the Triple Alliance didnt
    require them to give support if one of the
    signatories was the aggressor. Italy would enter
    the war on the side of the Allies declaring war
    on Austria-Hungary on May 23,1915
  • Turkey would enter the war on the side of
    Austria-Hungary and Germany on October 29,1914
    and these allies would then be referred to as the
    Central Powers

Go to the Main Menu
11
The Triple Entente
  • Signed by Great Britain, France and Russia in
    1907 the triple entente was a less formal treaty
    than the Triple Alliance. At the time of the
    treaty France was worried by the signing of the
    Triple Alliance, Great Britain was concerned
    about Germanys growing Navy, and Russia feared
    the growth of the German Army and the threat of
    Austria-Hungary expanding its empire
  • Russia which had strong ties to the Slavic people
    living in the Balkans had pledged their support
    to Serbia if Serbia was attacked

12
Problems in the Balkans
  • Austria-Hungary had annexed the provinces of
    Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1908- Serbia had hoped
    to control Bosnia and Herzegovina
  • Austria-Hungary was an empire with many different
    nationalities which made ruling difficult
  • The rulers of Bosnia had been traditionally
    Muslim
  • Bosnia also had a large population of
    ethnic-Serbs that wished to see Bosnia become
    part of a larger Serbia

13
Serbia A nation on the rise
  • In the Balkan War of 1912-1913 Serbia doubled
    both its population to 4.4 million people and its
    territory to 34,000 square miles
  • Serbia wanted to create a unified Greater Serbia
  • There were 7.3 million South Slavic peoples of
    varying religions living within the
    Austria-Hungary Empire
  • Serbia was viewed as an aggressor by Austria
    Hungary

14
The Shot Heard Round the World

On June 28,1914 the heir to the Austria-Hungarian
throne Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife
Sophie visited Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovenia on
an official state visit Two attempts were made
on the archdukes life There were seven conspirat
ors involved in the assassination attempt
Weapons for the assassination attempt had been
supplied by a radical Serbian nationalist group
called the Black Hand While driving through the c
ity their car was separated from the Archdukes
motorcade and Gavrilo Princip a 19 year old
Bosnian Serb got alongside their car and shot the
archduke and his wife killing both of them
Austria-Hungary believed Serbia was behind the
assassination
15
Gavrilo Princip- A willing Assassin
  • Gavrilo Princip was a 19 year old Bosnian Serb
    who was religiously Christian.
  • Princip came from a poor family with a farming
    background but had moved to Sarajevo to live with
    his older brother where he joined Young Bosnia an
    organization for young men that wanted to see
    Bosnia absorbed into a larger Serbia.

16
The Ultimatum
  • On July 23, 1914 Austria-Hungary issued an
    ultimatum to Serbia and demanded a response
    within two days
  • The ultimatum called for Serbia to comply with
    all of Austria-Hungarys demands
  • Austria-Hungary, which prior to the assasination
    of the archduke had viewed Serbia as a problem,
    had been itching to go to war with Serbia
  • The ultimatum that Austria-Hungary presented to
    Serbia was very strict and when Serbia refused to
    agree to every clause Austria-Hungary declared
    war on Serbia

17
Austria-Hungarys Demands to Serbia
  • (1) To suppress any publication which incites to
    hatred and contempt of the Austro-Hungarian
    Monarchy and the general tendency of which is
    directed against its territorial integrity
  • (2) To dissolve immediately the society styled
    "Narodna Odbrana," to confiscate all its means of
    propaganda, and to proceed in the same manner
    against other societies and their branches in
    Serbia which engage in propaganda against the
    Austro-Hungarian Monarchy.  The Royal Government
    shall take the necessary measures to prevent the
    societies dissolved from continuing their
    activity under another name and form
  • (3) To eliminate without delay from public
    instruction in Serbia, both as regards the
    teaching body and also as regards the methods of
    instruction, everything that serves, or might
    serve, to foment the propaganda against
    Austria-Hungary
  • (4) To remove from the military service, and from
    the administration in general, all officers and
    functionaries guilty of propaganda against the
    Austro-Hungarian Monarchy whose names and deeds
    the Austro-Hungarian Government reserve to
    themselves the right of communicating to the
    Royal Government
  • (5) To accept the collaboration in Serbia of
    representatives of the Austro-Hungarian
    Government for the suppression of the subversive
    movement directed against the territorial
    integrity of the Monarchy

18
Austria-Hungarys Demands to Serbia (continued)
  • (6) To take judicial proceedings against
    accessories to the plot of the 28th of June who
    are on Serbian territory delegates of the
    Austro-Hungarian Government will take part in the
    investigation relating thereto
  • (7) To proceed without delay to the arrest of
    Major Voija Tankositch and of the individual
    named Milan Ciganovitch, a Serbian State
    employee, who have been compromised by the
    results of the magisterial inquiry at Sarajevo
  • (8) To prevent by effective measures the
    cooperation of the Serbian authorities in the
    illicit traffic in arms and explosives across the
    frontier, to dismiss and punish severely the
    officials of the frontier service at Shabatz
    Loznica guilty of having assisted the
    perpetrators of the Sarajevo crime by
    facilitating their passage across the frontier
  • (9) To furnish the Imperial and Royal Government
    with explanations regarding the unjustifiable
    utterances of high Serbian officials, both in
    Serbia and abroad, who, notwithstanding their
    official position, have not hesitated since the
    crime of the 28th of June to express themselves
    in interviews in terms of hostility to the
    Austro-Hungarian Government and, finally,
  • (10) To notify the Imperial and Royal Government
    without delay of the execution of the measures
    comprised under the preceding heads. The
    Austro-Hungarian Government expect the reply of
    the Royal Government at the latest by 5 o'clock
    on Saturday evening the 25th of July.  (See Note
    1)

19
Serbias Reply to Austria-Hungary
  • (Preamble) ...Serbia cannot be held responsible
    for manifestations of a private character, such
    as articles in the press and the peaceable work
    of societies ... The Serbian government have
    been pained and surprised at the statements,
    according to which members of the Kingdom of
    Serbia are supposed to have participated in the
    preparations of the crime...
  • However, Serbia is prepared to hand over for
    trial any Serbian subject . .of whose complicity
    in the crime of Sarajevo proofs are forthcoming
    as well as officially condemn all propaganda
    against A-H.
  • Serbia will introduce ... a provision into the
    press law providing for the most severe
    punishment of incitement to hatred and contempt
    of the A-H Monarchy... 
  • The Serbian govt. possesses no proof ... that
    the Narodna Odbrana and other similar societies
    have committed up to the present any criminal act
    of this nature ... Nevertheless, Serbia will
    ... dissolve the Narodna Obrana and every other
    society which... 
  • Serbia will eliminate without delay from public
    instruction ... everything that serves or might
    serve to foment the propaganda against A-H,
    whenever Austria furnish them with facts and
    proofs... 
  • Serbia also agree to remove from the military
    service all such persons as the judicial inquiry
    may have proved to be guilty of acts directed
    against the integrity of the territory of A-H,
    and they expect Austria to communicate ... the
    names and acts of these officers for the purpose
    of the proceedings which are to be taken against
    them. 

20
Serbias Reply to Austria-Hungary
  • The Serbian govt. does not clearly grasp the
    meaning or the scope of the demand ... that
    Serbia shall undertake to accept the
    collaboration of the representatives of A-H,
    but they declare that they will admit such
    collaboration as agrees with the principle of
    international law, with criminal procedure, and
    with good neighborly relations. 
  • ...As regards the participation in this inquiry
    which Serbia intends to hold of
    Austro-Hungarian agents... Serbia cannot accept
    such an arrangement, as it would be a violation
    of the Constitution... 
  • States it has not yet been possible to arrest
    one of the persons named request proofs of guilt
    from Austria 

21
Serbias Reply to Austria-Hungary
  • agrees to reinforce measures against illegal
    trafficking of arms and explosives across the
    frontier with Bosnia-Herzegovina 
  • offers explanations of anti-Austrian comments by
    Serb officials if Austria sends examples of their
    actually having been made 
  • Serbia will duly notify the measures taken, but
    if Austria is not satisfied with the reply the
    Serbian government . . are ready . . to accept a
    pacific understanding, either by referring this
    question to the decision of the International
    Tribunal of the Hague i.e., the World Court, or
    to the Great Powers...

22
War is Declared
  • Before sending the ultimatum to Serbia,
    Austria-Hungary wanted to make sure they had
    military backing from Germany
  • Austria-Hungary was worried Russia would join the
    fight on Serbias side so before sending the
    ultimatum the Austria-Hungarian government wanted
    to be assured of Germanys backing
  • Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany had promised
    Austria-Hungary unconditional support from
    Germany on July 6,1914
  • On July 28,1914 Austria-Hungary with the
    assurance of German backing declared war on
    Serbia
  • August 1,1914 Germany declares war on Russia
  • August 3,1914 Germany declares war on France
  • August 4, 1914 Germany invades Belgium
  • August 4, 1914 Great Britain declares war on
    Germany

23
Germany Breaches Belgian Neutrality
  • Germanys plan for fighting a two front war was
    called the Schlieffen Plan
  • The Schlieffen Plan was created by General Alfred
    von Schlieffen in 1906
  • The plan called for an invasion of France through
    Belgium
  • Belgium had good terrain for an invasion
  • The problem Belgium was a nation that had gained
    its independence in 1839 and been guaranteed
    neutrality
  • Great Britain in the 1839 Treaty of London
    pledged to defend Belgian neutrality
  • Great Britain didnt declare war on Germany until
    they actually invaded Belgium and violated
    Belgian neutrality
  • The Schlieffen Plan called for a quick victory in
    the west against France and then Germany could
    turn all of its resources against Russia
  • Germany thought that if they could end the war on
    the Western Front in six weeks they would have
    time to turn on Russia which was a bit of a
    backwards nation
  • Helmuth von Moltke the head of the German Army
    felt that it would take Russia about a month to
    fully mobilize, thus giving Germany a sort amount
    of time to annihalte the French Army

24
The Schlieffen Plan
  • The Schlieffen Plan called for Germany to invade
    France through Belgium with four major armies-
    the 1st Army commanded by Gen. von Kluck the 2nd
    Army commanded by Gen. von Bulow and the 3rd Army
    commanded by Gen. con Hausen.

25
The French Plan
  • At the beginning of the war until 1916 the French
    were commanded by Joseph Joffre
  • The French Plan for World War I was Plan 17 which
    first called for French forces to drive into and
    recapture the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine
    and another army would drive into France through
    the Ardennes Forests
  • Joffre was obsessed with being on the offensive
    and decided that France would attack Germany
    through Alsace and Lorraine

26
Major Battles and Turning Points
  • Western Front
  • Battle of Liege
  • First Battle of the Marne
  • First Battle of Ypres
  • Gallipoli
  • Verdun
  • The Somme
  • U.S enters the War
  • Amiens Offensive
  • Eastern Front
  • Battle of Tannenberg
  • The Brusilov Offensive
  • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

27
Battle of Liege August 5-16, 1914
  • Liege was a fortified city in Belgium that sat on
    the Meuse River
  • Was initially a failure for Germany
  • Germany then called in 2 huge artillery guns, Big
    Bertha which was 420mm and an Austrian 305mm
    Howitzer
  • Big Bertha could fire shells about 9 miles
  • The guns arrived on August 12th
  • By August 14th all forts to the north and to the
    east of Liege were destroyed
  • By August 16th all the forts at Liege were
    destroyed and Germany rolled through Belgium into
    France

28
Big Bertha
Was a 420mm artillery gun that had to be brought
in by train and took a 200 man crew to operate
29
First Battle of the Marne Sept 6-12
  • Ever since the Germans rolled through Belgium
    into France the French had been on the retreat.
    The French had been expecting the Germans to use
    40-42 divisions the Germans overwhelmed the
    French and brought 68 divisions. The French
    offensive into Alsace and Lorraine was
    ineffective and the Germans pushed the French
    Army back to within 30 miles of Paris where the
    French Army made a stand at the Marne River.

Map of the First Battle of The Marne
30
First Battle of the Marne
  • The French Government had abandoned Paris and the
    city of Paris was preparing for a siege. The
    French were able to stop the Germans at the Marne
    and push them back. The French army may have
    been saved by reservists brought up to the front
    by taxicab drivers from Paris. From September
    9-13 the Germans pulled back to the Aisne River.
    The Schlieffen Plan was dead and the Germans
    didnt have any alternative plans. They had
    failed to annihilate the French Army and now
    faced a two front war

31
First Battle of Ypres October 14-November 22
  • Ypres was a town strategically located on the
    roads leading to English channel ports in Belgian
    Flanders
  • Both sides were in a race to the sea to obtain
    ports that would be key to have in a prolonged
    war
  • At Ypres Germany suffered 135,000 casualties
  • The British Expeditionary Force suffered 75,000
    casualties and was destroyed as a professional
    army- for the rest of the war Great Britain would
    rely on a volunteer army, followed by a conscript
    army
  • Following the Battle at Ypres the lines on the
    Western Front stabilized and both sides dug in
  • The front lines would not change much on the
    Western Front after Ypres until 1918 when the
    Allies made a push
  • Following Ypres, the Western Front turned into a
    stalemate and trench warfare followed

32
Gallipoli April 1915
  • The Allies not being able to achieve a
    breakthrough on the Western Front attempted a
    campaign in the Dardenelles
  • Tsar Nicholas of Russia had been pleading with
    the Allies to open up another front to relieve
    some of the pressure on his forces
  • On April 25, 1915 the British and ANZAC
    (Australian and New Zealand) forces established 2
    beachheads at Helles and Gaba Tepe
  • The Gallipoli Campaign was a failure for the
    Allies
  • The Allies were able to establish beachheads but
    couldnt gain any ground- Gallipoli turned into
    another Western Front, a stalemate with trench
    warfare
  • The British and ANZAC forces 489,000 troops to
    Gallipoli and suffered 250,000 casualties

33
Verdun February 21,1915- December 18 1915
  • Was a German offensive that German commander
    Erich von Falkenhayn hoped would bleed the
    French Army.
  • von Falkenhayn was interested in killing as many
    Frenchmen as possible- he picked Verdun as the
    site of the offensive because it was a city very
    close to the hearts of the French people and they
    would sacrifice every last man to defend it
  • Verdun was a fortified city like Liege
  • The French Army stays alive and holds Verdun by
    running a supply line into Verdun 24 hours a day

34
Verdun
  • Petain the French commander states they shall
    not pass
  • 70 of all soldiers in the French Army served at
    Verdun

The French had 542,000 casualties at Verdun
The Germans had 424,000 casualties at Verdun
von Falkenhayn didnt achieve the victory he
wanted at Verdun- he almost destroyed the French
Army but nearly destroyed his own Army in the
process
35
The Battle of the Somme July 1916
  • Was a British Offensive to take some pressure off
    of the French at Verdun
  • The British artillery hammered the German
    positions for an entire week, 24 hours a day
  • British Commanders told their soldiers that when
    they arrived at the enemy trenches they wouldnt
    need their rifles- all the Germans would be dead
  • The Germans had strong fortified trenches and
    simply waited out the artillery bombardment in
    their dugouts that were 40-50 feet below the
    surface
  • At 730a.m. on July 1, 1916 the British soldiers
    went over the top and advanced on the German
    trenches- What ensued was the worst slaughter in
    British military history
  • The British suffered 30,000 casualties in the
    first hour 21,000 KIA
  • The British used 120,000 troops at the Battle of
    the Somme and suffered 60,000 casualties

36
Battle of the Somme
  • Why was the Battle of the Somme such a
    slaughter?
  • The British werent aware how well dug-in the
    Germans were
  • The Germans held the high ground
  • Germany only suffered 6,000 casualties
  • The British defeat at the Battle of the Somme
    strengthened
  • British resolve to win the war

37
The United States Enters The War
  • The United States remained neutral in World War I
    until
  • April 6,1917 when they declared war on
    Germany
  • President Woodrow Wilson had tried to keep the
    United States out of the war but Germanys use of
    un-restricted submarine warfare and the Zimmerman
    Telegram drove the U.S. to war
  • The Zimmerman Telegram was a telegram sent by
    Germanys Foreign Minister to Mexico offering
    them a chance to enter the war on Germanys side
    against the U.S.
  • Germany hoped that Mexico would keep the United
    States too busy to send an Army to Europe or
    worry about Germanys un-restricted submarine
    warfare
  • In return for their support Germany promised
    Mexico lost territory in Texas, New Mexico and
    Arizona
  • With the United States entering the war France
    and Great Britain now had at its hands the full
    resources of the United States

38
Amiens Offensive August 8, 1918
  • This offensive was an Allied success that after
    years of stalemate the Allies were able to push
    the Germans back 12 kilometers
  • One of the keys to this battle was the British
    use of tanks followed by infantry

39
Battle of Tannenberg
  • On August 17, 1914 the Russians invaded Eastern
    Prussia and met the Germans in several places
  • The Battle of Tannenberg which occurred from
    August 28-31, 1914 was a failure for the Russian
    Army
  • The Russians were commanded by General Alexander
    Samsonov became surrounded and attempted to
    retreat however they were encircled by the
    Germans and of 150,000 Russian soldiers at
    Tannenberg only 10,000 escaped
  • General Samsonov committed suicide due to the
    shock of the complete destruction of his Army
  • Germany captured 92,000 Russian prisoners

40
The Brusilov Offensive June 4, 1916
  • Was one of the few bright spots for the Russians
    during
  • World War I
  • Named after General Alexei Brusilov

41
The Brusilov Offensive
  • Brusilov employed new tactics in the South part
    of the Eastern Front
  • Brusilov de-emphasized artillery bombardments and
    stressed attacking over a larger space
  • Brusilov quickly achieved success and almost
    knocked Austria-Hungary out of the war
  • Germany however realized saw the success Brusilov
    was having and sent German commanders to take
    over command
  • The Russians were able to capture 350,000
    Austrian prisoners
  • Brusilov Offensive ground to a halt in October,
    1916

42
An end to War
  • On October 4, 1918 the German government asked
    for a cease-fire
  • On November 11, 1918 an armistice was struck
    between the Allied and Central Powers and signed
    in Compiegne, France
  • All territory gained by the Central Powers had to
    be relinquished so, Russia got back all the land
    it gave up in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
  • Following the armistice a peace treaty was signed
    at the Paris Peace Conference from January 12-20,
    1919
  • The treaty of Versailles forced the breakup of
    Austria-Hungary, and imposed harsh reparations on
    Germany and forced Germany to give up Alsace and
    Lorraine to France, land to Belgium, part of East
    Prussia and the Sudetenland

43
Russia Is Knocked Out of The War
  • The Russian people were unhappy with Tsar
    Nicholas, and the war
  • In 1917 Russia was thrown into a state of
    Revolution led by a group who called themselves
    the Bolsheviks
  • The Tsar, his wife and their children were all
    executed
  • Treaty talks began with the Germans in December
    1917 but the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk which
    officially knocked Russia out of the war was
    signed on March 3, 1918
  • The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk resulted in Russia
    giving up the Ukraine, Finland, the Baltic
    provinces the Caucasus and Poland
  • With the Russians out of the war Germany could
    throw all its might against the Allies on the
    Western Front and the Bolsheviks in Russia could
    start to build Russia in their own vision

44
An end to War-The Treaty of Versailles
  • The Treaty of Versailles also restricted the
    German military to 100,000 men and Germany was
    also banned from the use of heavy artillery, gas,
    tanks, and aircraft
  • Germany was also banned from having submarines
    and its Navy was restricted to shipping under
    10,000 tons

45
1. The Triple Alliance was signed by
A. Germany, Italy, Japan
B. New Zealand, Germany, Turkey
C. Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
SORRY,TRY AGAIN!
SORRY,TRY AGAIN!
RIGHT!
46
2. The Triple Entente was signed by
A. United States, Iran, Iraq
B. Great Britain, France, and Russia
C. United States, USSR, Great Britain
SORRY,TRY AGAIN!
SORRY,TRY AGAIN!
RIGHT!
47
3. This person assassinated Archduke Francis
Ferdinand
A. John Wilkes-Booth
B. Lee Harvey Oswald
C. Gavrilo Princip
SORRY,TRY AGAIN!
SORRY,TRY AGAIN!
RIGHT!
48
4. Germany breached this countries neutrality
A. Switzerland
B. Belgium
C. Russia
SORRY,TRY AGAIN!
SORRY,TRY AGAIN!
RIGHT!
49
5. Frances Commander-in-Chief from 1914-1916,
Joffre was obsessed with being on.
A. TV
B. The offensive
C. Neither
SORRY,TRY AGAIN!
SORRY,TRY AGAIN!
RIGHT!
50
6. The Gallipoli Campaign was a success for the
allies
True
SORRY,TRY AGAIN!
False
RIGHT!
51
7. The British broke through the German Lines in
the Battle of the Somme in July, 1916
True
SORRY,TRY AGAIN!
False
RIGHT!
52
8. Why did Italy not fight with Austria-Hungary
and Germany even though it had signed the Triple
Alliance
A. They didnt like either country
B. Italy was in the midst of a revolution
C. Italy said that because Austria-Hungary was
the aggressor, they didnt have to honor the
Triple Alliance
RIGHT!
SORRY,TRY AGAIN!
SORRY,TRY AGAIN!
53
9. The United States declared war on Germany on
A. September 1, 1914
B. December 8, 1914
C. April 6, 1917
RIGHT!
SORRY,TRY AGAIN!
SORRY,TRY AGAIN!
54
10. Russia knocked Germany out of the war
True
SORRY,TRY AGAIN!
False
RIGHT!
55
References
  • 1. http//www.firstworldwar.com/
  • 2.http//www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWW.htm
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