Elements of Music (continued)

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Elements of Music (continued)

• Musical Style

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Musical Style

• Characteristic way of using melody, rhythm, tone,
  color, dynamics, harmony, texture, and form in
  music
• The distinctive or unique sound of
• One composer
• A group of composers
• A country
• A period in history

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Historical Musical Style Periods

• Middle Ages (450-1450)
• Renaissance (1450-1600)
• Baroque (1600-1750)
• Classical (1750-1820)
• Romantic (1820-1900)
• 20th century

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Music of the Middle Ages

• Medieval Music (450-1450)

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Feudal Society

• Three main social classes
• Nobles (Kings, Queens, Knights, etc.)
• Peasants (Serfs)
• Clergy (Church People - priests, monks nuns)

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Knights/Nobility
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Clergy
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Peasants
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Medieval Sacred Music (religious)

• Most music in churches
• Churches centers of learning, culture, and power
• Most important musicians were priests

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Gregorian Chant

• Prayer music for voices performed in churches
  melodies set to sacred Latin texts, sung without
  accompaniment

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Gregorian Chant (continued)

• Gregorian Chant was the official music of the
  Roman Catholic church - the church of Medieval
  Europe
• Named for Pope Gregory (590-604) who was reputed
  to have assembled and standardized all basic
  chants required for church services of the time

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ANONYMOUS - Alleluia Vidimus Stellam (We have
seen the star)

• Latin text
• Music has otherworldly quality
• Not in minor or major, but a church mode
• No beat
• Music has eternal quality
• No catchy tune motives dont seem to repeat as
  expected seems like it will go on forever and
  forever
• Monophony
• Uses melismas

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Melisma (not in textbook glossary)

• Many notes sung to one syllable of text

7 1 3 4 4 3 4 2 2 1 3 4 5 4 71 3 2 3
Al - le- lu- ia
Melismas
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ANONYMOUS - Alleluia Vidimus Stellam (We have
seen the star)

• Beginning - Solo, then Choir
• Alleluia
• Middle (verse) - Choir
• We have seen his star in the east and are come
  with gifts to worship the Lord
• End - Choir sings beginning phrase
• Alleluia

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HILDEGARD OF BINGEN - O successores (You
successors)

• Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179)
• Abbess of Rupertsberg in Germany
• Amazingly talented and influential woman
• Religious mystic and philosopher
• Diplomat
• Wrote poetry, music,
• and musical drama
• Scientist and healer

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HILDEGARD OF BINGEN - O successores (You
successors)

• Latin text
• Music has otherworldly quality
• Not in minor or major, but a church mode
• No beat
• Music has eternal quality
• No catchy tune motives dont seem to repeat as
  expected seems like it will go on forever and
  forever
• Monophony, performed with a drone
• Uses melismas, but less-long that Alleluia chant
• Larger pitch range than older Alleluia chant

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Drone

• Long, sustained note or notes accompanying a
  melody

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HILDEGARD OF BINGEN - O successores (You
successors)

• You successors of the mightiest lion between the
  temple and the altar- You the masters in his
  household- As the the angles sound forth praises
  and are here to help the nations, you are among
  those who accomplish this, forever showing your
  care in the service of the lamb.

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Medieval Secular Music (Non-religious)

• Heard outside church in castles, taverns, and
  town squares
• JONGLEURS
• travelling minstrels who performed music and
  acrobatics for popular entertainment

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ANONYMOUS - Estampie

• Strong, regular BEAT (dance music)
• Fast triple meter
• 3 instruments
• Rebec (bowed string)
• Pipe (wind)
• Psaltery (plucked string)
• Monophony (rebec pipe) with drone (psaltery)
• Repetitive sounding catchy

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Important Musical Development in Middle Ages
around 900 A.D.

• Birth of Polyphony

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Organum (pl. Organa)

• Medieval polyphony that consists of Gregorian
  Chant and one or more additional melodic lines

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Architectural Layers Layers of Chant
or Organum
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Birth of Polyphony
700-900 900-1300 1300-1450
simple organum "School" of Notre Dame (Leonin, Perotin) simple rhythmic notation invented ARS NOVA new system of notating rhythm
monks add a 2nd melody above chant chant stretched out and more lines of organum added above chant used for complex rhythms and syncopation
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Notre Dame Cathedral Paris, France
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GUILLAUME DE MACHAUT - (1377-1377)

• French composer
• Educated as priest
• Mostly worked as court official
• Wrote sacred and secular music

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GUILLAUME DE MACHAUT - Agnus Dei from Notre Dame
Mass

• Agnus Dei part of MASS
• MASS - sacred choral composition made up of five
  sections
• Kyrie (Lord have mercy)
• Gloria (Glory to God in the highest)
• Credo (I believe in one God)
• Sanctus (Holy, holy, holy, Lord of Hosts)
• Agnus Dei (Lamb of God)

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GUILLAUME DE MACHAUT - Agnus Dei from Notre Dame
Mass

• Written for 4 voices
• NON-IMITATIVE POLYPHONY
• 3 sections 3 lines of text each closed by
  cadences
• Agnus Dei qui tollis peccata mundi miserere
  nobis (Lamb of God, who take away the sins of
  the world, have mercy on us)
• Agnus Dei qui tollis peccata mundi miserere
  nobis (Lamb of God, who take away the sins of
  the world, have mercy on us
• Agnus Dei qui tollis peccata mundi dona nobis
  pacem (Lamb of God, who take away the sins of
  the world, grant us peace)
• Chant stretched out in tenor voice
• Upper voices have faster melodies with
  syncopation
• Regular BEAT
• Harmony has dissonant parts

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Musical Style Elements Early and Mid - Middle Ages (Chant) Late Middle Ages (Machaut)
Rhythm no regular beat, free-flowing, creates "floating," "otherworldly" sound has regular beat, more complex, has syncopations
Melody uses melismas, very smooth (legato) uses melismas, more "jumpy" and less smooth
Form sounds non-repetitive sounds non-repetitive
Dynamics no changes, all one level no changes, all one level
Texture monophonic polyphonic (non-imitative) produces heavy, dense, thick sound
Harmony none mixture of consonance and dissonance produces serious sound
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BENART DA VENTADORN - La douza votz (The sweet
voice)

• Troubadour song
• Monophony (voice) with improvised drone
  accompaniment (plucked string)
• I have heard the sweet voice of the woodland
  nightingale and my heart springs up so that all
  the cares and the grievous betrayals love has
  given me are softened and sweetened and I would
  thus be rewarded, in my ordeal, by the joys of
  others

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BENART DA VENTADORN - La douza votz (The sweet
voice)

• In truth, every man leads a base life who does
  not dwell in the land of joy
• One who is false, deceitful, of low breeding, a
  traitress has betrayed me, and betrayed herself