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Essentials of Physical Anthropology

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Subfields: Paleoanthropology - human evolution Anthropometry - measurement of body parts Primatology: study of nonhuman primates Osteology: ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Essentials of Physical Anthropology


1
Essentials of Physical Anthropology
  • Sixth Edition

2
Chapter 1
  • Introduction

3
Chapter Outline
  • What is Anthropology?
  • Cultural Anthropology
  • Archaeology
  • Linguistic Anthropology

4
Chapter Outline
  • Physical Anthropology
  • Physical Anthropology and the Scientific Method
  • The Anthropological Perspective

5
Hominids
  • Humans are hominids, belonging to the taxonomic
    family Hominidae.
  • Bipedalism, walking on two legs, is a critical
    feature of the hominids.
  • Humans are members of the Order Primates, the
    group of mammals that includes prosimians,
    monkeys and apes.

6
Issues for Physical Anthropologists
  • Evolution
  • A change in the genetic structure of a
    population.
  • Adaptation
  • Functional response of organisms or populations
    to the environment.
  • Adaptation results from evolutionary change.

7
Evolution
  • Microevolution
  • Small genetic changes that occur within a
    species.
  • Macroevolution
  • Changes that occur only after many generations,
    such as the appearance of a new species
    (speciation).

8
Culture
  • Strategies humans use to adapt to their
    environment
  • technologies
  • subsistence patterns
  • housing types
  • clothing
  • religion
  • marriage and family
  • values
  • gender roles

9
Culture
  • Culture is learned, and the process of learning
    ones culture begins at birth.
  • Even though culture isnt genetically determined,
    the human predisposition to assimilate culture is
    influenced by genetics.
  • Over time, culture and biology interacted in such
    a way that humans are said to be the result of
    biocultural evolution.

10
What Is Anthropology?
  • The study of humankind.
  • Integrates sociology, economics, history,
    psychology, and biology.
  • Comprises three subfields
  • cultural anthropology
  • archaeology
  • physical (or biological) anthropology

11
Cultural Anthropology
  • Studies all aspects of human behavior.
  • Subfields
  • Urban anthropology deals with issues of inner
    cities.
  • Medical anthropology explores relationship
    between culture and health.

12
Archaeology
  • Study and interpretation of material remains
    recovered from earlier cultures.
  • Information about culture comes from artifacts
    and material culture left by early hominids.

13
Linguistic Anthropology
  • Study of the origin of language and speech.
  • The use of language is a unique human
    characteristic.
  • Relationship between culture and language
  • How do members of a society perceive phenomena?
  • How does the use of language shape perceptions?

14
Physical Anthropology
  • Study of human biology in the framework of
    evolution.
  • Subfields
  • Paleoanthropology - human evolution
  • Anthropometry - measurement of body parts
  • Primatology study of nonhuman primates
  • Osteology study of skeletons

15
Physical Anthropologyand the Scientific Method
  • State the research problem.
  • Develop a hypothesis.
  • Test the hypothesis through data collection and
    analysis.
  • If the hypothesis is verified, it becomes a
    theory.

16
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17
Anthropological Perspective
  • A broad perspective that helps us understand the
    diversity of the human experience within the
    context of biological and behavioral continuity
    with other species.
  • By learning about cultures other than our own, we
    can avoid an ethnocentric view of other cultures.
  • By recognizing that we have similarities with
    other animals, we may recognize that they have a
    place in nature just as we do.

18
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19
Quick Quiz
20
  • 1. The mammalian group that humans belong to is
    the Order
  • Carnivora.
  • Rodentia.
  • Primates.
  • Chiroptera.

21
Answer c
  • The mammalian group that humans belong to is the
    Order Primates.

22
  • 2. Culture is
  • inherited by a simple genetic transmission.
  • a biological trait of our species.
  • learned.
  • the strategy by which many mammals adapt to their
    environment.

23
Answer c
  • Culture is learned.

24
  • 3. Anthropologists who conduct excavations in
    order to recover artifacts are
  • archaeologists
  • ethnologists
  • linguists
  • medical anthropologists

25
Answer a
  • Anthropologists who conduct excavations in order
    to recover artifacts are archaeologists.

26
  • 4. Physical anthropologists developed techniques
    for measuring the human body. These type of
    measurements are called
  • calibration
  • dermatoglyphics
  • genetics
  • anthropometrics

27
Answer d
  • Physical anthropologists developed techniques for
    measuring the human body. These type of
    measurements are called anthropometrics.
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