Kingdom Animalia

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Kingdom Animalia
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General Characteristics

• Eukaryotic
• Multicellular
• No cell walls
• Move to find the following
• Food
• Shelter
• Protection
• Mates

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General Characteristics (continued)

• Heterotrophs eat other organisms for energy
• Omnivore (plants animals)
• Carnivore (animals only)
• Herbivore (plants only)

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General Characteristics (continued)

• Digest their food because food must be broken
  down to fit inside the cells for metabolizing

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Classification 9 major phyla

• Porifera animals have holes throughout their
  body (Ex Sponges)
• Cnidaria animals with soft bodies and
  cnidocytes stinging cells (Ex jellyfish,
  hydra, sea anemone, coral)
• Platyhelminthes flat worms (Ex planarians,
  tapeworms)
• Nematoda round worms (Ex heartworm,
  trichinella, pin worms)
• Mollusca mollusks (Ex snails, slugs, clams,
  oysters, octopus, squid)
• Annelida segmented worms (Ex earthworm
  leeches)
• Arthropoda insects, crustaceans, arachnids
• Echinodermata spiny skinned animals (Ex Sea
  star)
• Chordata animals with a backbone Vertebrates

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Origin of Invertebrates

• Between 610 570 MYA (millions of years ago)
  First eukaryotic, MULTICELLULAR organisms
• Most likely flat, plate-shaped organisms with
  soft bodies that absorbed nutrients from their
  water environments (possibly lived in symbiotic
  relationships with photosynthetic algae)
• Bilateral symmetry and possible segmentation
• Very little cell specialization or body
  organization

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The Cambrian Period

• Explosion of Animals
• Began 544 MYA
• Evolution of shells, skeletons, and other hard
  outer coverings
• More specialized cells, tissue and the beginnings
  of organ systems
• Body symmetry, segmentation, some of type of
  skeleton, anterior posterior ends and
  appendages for specific functions

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Cladogram of Invertebrate Evolution
Phylum Chordata Chordates
Phylum Echinodermata Echinoderms
Phylum Annelida Annelids
Phylum Arthropoda Arthropods
Phylum Mollusca Mollusks
Phylum Nematoda Roundworms
Phylum Platyhelminthes Flatworms
Phylum Cnidaria Cnidarians
RadialSymmetry
Phylum Porifera Sponges
Deuterostome Development
Pseudocoelom
RadialSymmetry
Coelom
Protostome Development
Three Germ LayersBilateral Symmetry
Tissues
Multicellularity
Single-celled ancestor
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Evolutionary Trends

• Specialized Cells, Tissues Organs
• PORIFERA CNIDARIA No tissues, organs nor organ
  systems just specialized cells
• Germ Layers
• Porifera (sponges) 0
• Cnidaria (jellyfish, coral, sea anemone) 2
• WORMS First Appearance of Organs Organ Systems
• Germ Layers 3
• Platyhelminthes (planarians tapeworms)
• Nematoda (hookworm, heartworm, pinworm)
• Annelida (earthworm leeches)
• Mollusca (snails, slugs, clams, squid, octopus)
• Arthropoda (insects, arachnids, centipedes,
  shrimp, lobster)
• Echinodermata (sea star, sand dollar)
• Chordata (vertebrates)
• Body Symmetry
• Asymmetry Porifera
• Radial Cnidaria Echinodermata

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Evolutionary Trends (continued)

• Cephalization
• Concentration of nerve cells at the anterior end
  of the animal
• Evolved with bilateral symmetry
• Began with GANGLIA in WORMS
• Eventually, the evolution of the BRAIN starting
  in MOLLUSKS and ARTHROPODS
• Coelom (BODY CAVITY) Formation
• Evolved with the development of 3 germ layers
• ACOELOMATES no body cavity
• PORIFERA
• CNIDARIA
• PLATYHELMINTHES (flatworms)
• PSEUDOCOELOMATES partial body cavity
• NEMATODA (roundworms)
• COELOMATES true body cavity
• ANNELIDA
• MOLLUSCA
• ARTHROPODA
• ECHINODERMATA

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Body Plans

• Asymmetry no definite shape (sponge)
• Radial Symmetry circle body plan with a central
  point (sea star, jellyfish, sand dollar, hydra)
• Bilateral Symmetry 2 sides of the body are
  arranged in the same way the 2 sides of the body
  are almost mirror images of each other (most
  animals have this type of symmetry)

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Body Directions

• Dorsal side backside of animal (darker)
• Ventral side belly-side of animal
• Lateral left and right side of the animal away
  from the midline
• Medial- Toward the midline
• Anterior end head end (cephalization
  concentration of nerve cells at the anterior end
  of the animal which results in the formation of a
  true brain)
• Posterior end tail end

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Early Development of Animals

• Fertilized egg Zygote
• Zygote ? Embryo
• Embryo continues to divide to become a BLASTULA
  (hollow ball of cells)
• The Blastula folds creating an opening called a
  BLASTOPORE called GASTRULATION
• Blastopore leads to a tube which will become the
  following
• Protostomes mouth- ex. earthworm
• Deuterostomes anus- ex. echinoderms

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Blastulation Gastrulation
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Germ Layers

• Endoderm (innermost germ layer) gives rise to
  the lining of the digestive respiratory tract
• Mesoderm (middle germ layer) gives rise to
  muscles, circulatory, reproductive and excretory
  systems
• Ectoderm (outermost germ layer) gives rise to
  sensory organs, nerves, integumentary system
  (skin, hair, nails, etc.)

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Germ Layers
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Porifera

• Hollow tube body plan ACOELOMATE no coelom
• Contains pores (holes) throughout body
• No tissue, organs and organ systems
• Live in water
• Asymmetry
• As adults sponges are SESSILE attach to one
  place do not move for the rest of its life
• Filter feeders
• Reproduce asexually and sexually HERMAPHRODITES
  (have both male female reproductive organs)
  external fertilization
• Water goes into pores and out the OSCULUM
• Ectoderm (outside) can be made of soft, flexible
  material called spongin or hard, spiky material
  called spicules

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Porifera Chart

• No Germ Layers
• No cephalization
• Acoelomate
• Circulatory Diffusion
• Digestive Filter Feeders
• Nervous System None Produces Toxins
• Excretory System- Diffusion
• Reproductive Sexually/Internal Fertilization or
  Asexually via budding and gemmules
• Respiratory System Diffusion
• Movement Sessile as Adults

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Cnidaria

• Soft bodies
• Tentacles with cnidocytes stinging cells
• Inside each cnidocyte is a nematocyst coiled
  barbed stinger with poison
• Cnidocytes are triggered by touch
• Used to paralyze capture prey
• Radial symmetry
• Contain tissue
• Acoelomates
• Digestive cavity that breaks down food using
  enzymes
• Mouth
• No circulatory/respiratory systems
• Simple nervous system called Nerve Net or Nerve
  Ring
• 2 Body types Medusa (moves) Polyp (sessile)
• Sexually reproduce hermaphrodites external
  fertilization

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Classes of Cnidaria

• Class Hydrozoa hydra, man of war
• Class Scyphozoa jellyfish
• Class Anthozoa sea anemone coral

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Cnidocyte Being Triggered
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Cnidarians Chart

• Germ layers 2
• Symmetry Radial
• No Cephalization
• Acoelomate
• Circulatory Diffusion
• Digestive/ Feeding 1 opening with gastrovascular
  cavity
• Nervous specialized cells- simple system called
  nerve net
• Excretory Diffusion
• Reproductive sexually/ separate sexes/external
  fertilization- asexually via budding
• Respiratory Diffusion
• Movement Medusa (moves with current) or Polyp
  (sessile)

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Worms

• Invertebrates with soft bodies
• Bilateral symmetry
• Tissue, organs, organ systems
• 3 types
• Flat
• Round
• Segmented

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Platyhelminthes

• Platy flat, helminthe worm
• Free-living planarian
• Parasites tapeworm
• Has the first primitive excretory system called
  FLAME BULB CELLS removal of ammonia (urea
  higher forms of animals)
• No circulatory/respiratory system get oxygen
  nutrients thru osmosis diffusion
• Digestive system intestines for digesting food
• Have one opening that serves as both mouth and
  anus
• Sexually reproduction hermaphrodites internal
  fertilization
• Can regenerate

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Examples of FlatwormsTapeworms
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Platyhelminthes Chart

• Germ layers 3
• Symmetry Bilateral
• Cephalization Present
• Acoelomate
• Circulatory Diffusion- No internal transport
  system
• Digestive/ Feeding 1 opening with digestive
  cavity and pharynx
• Nervous ganglia groups of nerve cells and
  eyespots
• Excretory Flame cells that remove excess water
  and metabolize waste (ammonia)
• Reproductive sexually/hermaphrodites asexually
  via fission
• Respiratory Diffusion
• MovementTurbellians use cilia to move while
  parasitic worms rely on the host's circulation

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Nematoda

• Round worms
• Largest phylum of worms (in number)
• Some free-living, some parasitic
• Live in soil, fresh salt water, animals
• Has a tube within a tube body plan
• Has a complete digestive tract with a separate
  mouth and anus (pseudocoelom)
• No circulatory/respiratory system
• Sexual reproduction internal fertilization

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Examples

• Hookworm
• Ascaris (pinworm-live in the intestine of its
  hosts)
• Trichinella (found in the muscles of pigs)
• Filarial Worms (live in blood lymph vessels of
  birds and mammals)
• Heartworm

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PARASITIC ROUNDWORMS
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Nematoda Chart

• Germ layers 3
• Symmetry Bilateral
• Cephalization Present
• Pseudocoelomate
• Circulatory Diffusion- No internal transport
  system
• Digestive/ Feeding 2 openings- complete
• Nervous simple nervous system and several
  ganglia
• Excretory diffusion
• Reproductive sexually/individual sexes/internal
  fertilization
• Respiratory Diffusion
• Movementundulatory nematodes are poor swimmers
  and usually require contact with a substrate to
  move.

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Mollusca

• Soft-bodied invertebrates that usually have
  shells (valves)
• Live on land, fresh salt water
• Bilateral symmetry
• Has a true coelom cavity where all the organs
  are held
• Common body parts
• Mantle thin tissue that covers soft body
• Mantle cavity where the gills are located
• Visceral mass coelom (gut) where all the organs
  are held
• Foot strong muscle used for movement
• 1st group of animals to have a circulatory
  respiratory system (heart gills)
• 2 types of circulatory systems CLOSED (vessels)
  OPEN (no vessels)

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Classes of Mollusks

• Univalves or Gastropods (snails, slugs)
• Bivalves (clams, oysters, mussels, scallops
  adductor muscles of clams)
• Cephalopods (octopus, squid) complex nervous
  system centralized with a true brain, closed
  circulatory system, stream-lined to move quickly,
  very smart

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Mollusca Chart

• Germ layers 3
• Symmetry Bilateral
• Cephalization Present
• True Coelom
• Circulatory Slow Moving- Open and Fast Moving-
  Closed
• Digestive/ Feeding herbivores, omnivores,
  filter-feeders, detritivores, parasites/
  radula?tongue with teeth
• Nervous bivalves simple nervous system
  (eyespots) and octopi?well developed brains and
  intelligent
• Excretorynephridia remove ammonia
• Reproductive sexually/internal or external
  fertilization
• Respiratory Gills (aquatic) and Mantle cavity
  (terrestrial)
• Movement muscular foot that it uses for movement
  or propulsion by pressing water from their
  pallial cavity, squids move backwards through the
  water like a rocket

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Complex Invertebrates

• Phylum Annelida, Arthropoda Phylum Echinodermata

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Annelida

• Segmented worms
• Bilateral symmetry
• Tube shaped bodies
• Has a true coelom
• Ex earthworms leeches
• Complete digestive system
• No respiratory system (oxygen diffuses thru skin)
• Nervous system pair of ganglia and a ventral
  nerve cord
• Circulatory system 5 aortic arches that serve
  as the heart and a dorsal ventral blood vessel
  (closed)
• Excretory system
• Sexually reproduces hermaphrodites external
  fertilization

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Annelida Chart

• Germ layers 3
• Symmetry Bilateral
• Cephalization Present
• True Coelom
• Circulatory Closed/Dorsal and Ventral Blood
  Vessel
• Digestive/ Feeding 2 openings- complete order
  mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard,
  intestine and anus
• Nervous well developed, brain and several nerve
  cords, 2 or more sets of eyes, sensory tentacles,
  statocysts
• Excretory nephridia
• Reproductive sexually/individual sexes/external
  fertilization/ clitellum
• Respiratory Gills (aquatic) and Diffusion across
  skin (terrestrial)
• Movementvarious muscle groups and simple
  appendages. They use setae and parapodia for
  movement

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Arthropods

• Arthro joint Pod foot
• All appendages are jointed
• Largest phylum in the animal kingdom
• Usually has 3 body sections
• Head
• Thorax
• Abdomen

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Arthropoda Chart

• Germ layers 3
• Symmetry Bilateral
• Cephalization Present
• True Coelom
• Circulatory Open System
• Digestive/ Feeding herbivore, carnivore and
  omnivore/mouthparts vary
• Nervous well developed, brain and sense organs
  eyes, taste receptors
• Excretory Malpighian Tubules/ Diffusion in
  aquatic arthropods
• Reproductive sexually/individual sexes/internal
  (terrestrial) and internal or external (aquatic)
• Respiratory Tracheal Tubes- Grasshoppers and
  Book Lungs- Spiders
• Movement Jointed Appendages

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Major Characteristics (continued)

• Has an exoskeleton made of chitin which is shed
  when the arthropod grows process is called
  MOLTING
• Has a coelom gut that holds all the organs
• Have ALL the body systems
• 5 classes
• Arachnids
• Centipedes
• Millipedes
• Crustaceans
• Insects

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Class Insecta

• Able to fly
• Have antennae
• Compound eyes (multiple lenses)
• Open circulatory system
• Blood does not carry oxygen blood is clear
• Respiratory system spiracles book lungs
• Goes through Metamorphosis change in the body
  from the young to adult triggered by hormones

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Metamorphosis

• Complete 4 stages Egg, Larva, Pupa, Adult
• Incomplete 3 stages Egg, Nymph, Adult
• Why go through this life cycle?!
• Adults and young have different homes, food
  sources and predators, therefore, they will not
  compete increasing their chance of survival

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Echinoderms

• Echino spiny derm skin
• Embryos develop like the embryo of vertebrates
  DEUTEROSTOMES
• Internal skeleton (endoskeleton) made of calcium
  plates
• Water vascular system with tube feet that carry
  out its body functions

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Echinodermata Chart

• Germ layers 3
• Symmetry Radial
• No Cephalization
• Deuterostome- Only Invertebrate
• Circulatory Water Vascular System
• Digestive/ Feeding carnivores tube feet
• Nervous no head/not well-developed/ nerve rings
  and radial nerves
• Excretory Feces released through anus and
  ammonia through tube feet or skin gills
• Reproductive sexually/individual sexes/external
• Respiratory Tube feet/ water vascular system and
  skin gills
• Movement The water vascular system of
  echinoderms is responsible for their movement and
  ability to clean to surfaces for long periods of
  time