Principle of WarMass

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Principle of War-Mass

• Normandy Invasion
• Cadet King, D.

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The Dimensions of the Invasion

• D-Day operation involved 150,000 armed men from
  the United States, England and Canada, who were
  supported by tens of thousands of Polish, French,
  Czech and other Allied troops.
• To transport these troops to the French beaches,
  around 900 warships were used, as well as 229
  LSTs and 3,372 land crafts.

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The Air Invasion

• The air campaign to disrupt German anti-invasion
  preparations and to serve as a deception
  operation.
• Between April 1 and June 5, 1944, the Allies
  deployed 11,000 aircraft and dropped 195,000 tons
  of bombs on French rails and road networks as
  well as German airfields, military bases, and
  coastal artillery batteries.

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Dimensions Cont.

• The D-Day Operation also contained three airborne
  division, which consist of 16,000 Americans and
  8,000 British troops.

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Buildup of Normandy

• Eisenhower framed proposals for a 1943 invasion
  Operation "Roundup" and Operation "Sledgehammer"
  for 1942 in the event of a Russian collapse or a
  sudden weakening of Germany's position.
  Eventually Roundup was adopted.
• At the last gathering of the inter-Allied
  Conference, Roosevelt and Stalin combined against
  Churchill to insist on the adoption of May 1944
  as the date for the invasion.

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Morgans View

• Lieutenant General Fredrick Morgan was appointed
  over COSSAC. He would then plan Operation
  Overlord, which was based off Roundup. He planned
  for a landing in Normandy between Caen and the
  Cotentin Peninsula with three divisions and two
  brigades to be air-dropped. Another 11 divisions
  would land within next two weeks. Then a force of
  a hundred divisions, were to be assembled in
  France for a final assault.

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Eisenhower in command

• In January 1944 Eisenhower became the Supreme
  Allied Commander, replacing Morgan, and it was
  renamed as SHAEF.
• In January 1944 the Allies also appointed an
  invasion commander, Bernard Montgomery, British.

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Eisenhower and Mongomerys altered plan

• Montgomery had demand to get five divisions to
  make the initial landing and to widen the landing
  area to include the Orne River estuary and the
  base of the Cotentin Peninsula. As finally
  planned, the invasion force was to consist of
  five infantry divisions, instead of the original
  three. This was to prove why Economy of Force
  was important.

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Eisenhower delays Anvil

• Before March of 1944, Montgomery and Smith
  decided that Anvil should be cancelled to gain
  full force with Operation Overlord. Eisenhower
  decided that he would definitely need the LSTs
  for Overlord, so on April 18, he decided to delay
  Anvil. This would cause a greater force to
  operate on D-Day.

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Mobilization efforts

• The tremendous mobilization of resources made the
  Allied victory possible. Mobilization included
  the training of personnel, and the production of
  weapons, ammunition, and equipment.
• The mobilization phase intensified until the
  United States could overwhelm the Axis powers
  with its material resources.

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Cont.

• Automobile factories converted their production
  lines to military vehicles, and other factories
  made similar changes. New factories or shipyards
  were constructed to meet the production
  requirements. As the war progressed, the
  logistical advantages of the U.S. provided a
  crucial edge to the Allies. The Axis powers lost
  war production capabilities due to Allied bombing.

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Conclusion

• The Economy of Force proved to be efficient in
  the D-Day Operations. The mobilization efforts,
  combined with the Allied strategic planning of
  Operation Overlord and the production of LSTs
  proved to be important in aiding an allied
  victory.

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