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The Second Industrial Revolution

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Title: The Second Industrial Revolution


1
The Second Industrial Revolution
  • Article written by
  • Ray Kurzweil

2
1st Industrial Revolution
  • Started with John Kays invention of flying
    shuttle, 1733
  • James Watts steam engine (1769) should be
    mentioned
  • Characteristics Mechanization.
  • Impact on industry shifted from cottage industry
    with craft to mass production with machine tools.

3
Products of 1st Industrial Revolution
  • Steam engine
  • Internal combustion engine
  • Electricity, and its use -
  • Train, automobile, airplane, ocean vessel
  • Bulldozer, excavator
  • Refrigerator, air-conditioner
  • Skyscraper
  • Weapon -

4
1st Industrial Revolution a two-edge sword?
  • So many benefits and advantages it has brought to
    us.
  • Any negativity?

5
Luddite Movement
  • Founded in 1811.
  • Central issue Workers job security threatened
    by mechanization and automation.
  • Automation vs. job has been a pain issue in the
    process of industrial revolution, even up to now.

6
Automation vs. Jobs
  • Technological progress eliminates some current
    jobs.
  • Does new tech create more new jobs than those
    displaced?
  • Do the new jobs pay more of less than the older
    ones?
  • What about the workers who are displaced?

7
New Jobs Created with 1st Industrial Revolution
  • In 1870, 31 of Americans, or 12 millions, had
    jobs
  • In 1985, 48 of Americans, or 116 millions, had
    jobs.

8
Productivity Growth
  • GNP per capita was 530 in 1870, and 3,500 in
    1970 (in 1958 dollars), which increase 6 times.
  • Percent of American workforce that involved in
    food production
  • In 1900, 34
  • In 1990, only 3.

9
2nd Industrial Revolution
  • It is now in progress.
  • It is led and inspired by computers.
  • It extends and multiplies our mental abilities,
    comparing to the 1st industrial revolution that
    extends and multiplies our physical capabilities.

10
Products of 2nd Industrial Revolution
  • Computers (PCs, )
  • Internet
  • Cell phones
  • CD, DVD, MP3, digital camera,
  • GPS
  • Gene engineering
  • Embedded in most modern machines

11
Potential Dangers
  • Humans are increasingly relying on machines whose
    intelligence may be as flawed as our own.
  • Technology can be, and is already, a powerful
    ally of the totalitarians and terrorists. This
    danger is real, not potential.

12
Product Values Less Visible
  • Computers use almost no natural resources.
  • Value of a high tech product lies primarily in
    the knowledge (rather than materials) it
    contains.

13
Value of Knowledge and Technology
  • The value of knowledge and technology reflects
    the cost of research and development (RD) of the
    products hardware and software, as well as the
    cost to maintain the ability of continuing to
    advance and further the RD.

14
Computing Speed Doubled Every 2 Years
  • The power of computer technology (the ratio of
    speed over cost) has doubled every 18 to 24
    months.
  • This is called the Moores Law.

15
A Unprecedented Challenge to Our Superiority of
Intelligence
  • The 1st industrial revolution has helped human
    become superior in physical capability.
  • The 2nd industrial revolution is helping machines
    achieve intelligence, which may become superior
    in mental capability on top of us.
  • Is our intelligence unique and insuperable?

16
Copernicus Sun-Centered Theory
  • It is the earth that circles the sun, rather than
    the sun circles our earth.
  • Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish, 1473 1543,
    published his theory in book ltOn the Revolutions
    of Heavenly Spheresgt in 1543.

17
An Inexorable Advent
  • Machines that are getting smarter are a sword of
    two edges. It is looming large no matter whether
    we like it or not.
  • It cannot be stopped.
  • We need to comprehend it, live with it, harness
    it constructively, and turn threats into
    challenges.

18
How Far Can 2nd Revolution Go?
  • The machines of 1st revolution have over
    performed our muscles.
  • Do you think the machines of 2nd revolution will
    over perform our brains?

19
A Sustained and Divergent Process
  • Comparing to the 1st one, the 2nd industrial
    revolution is a continued process which will last
    long and whose impacts on human beings are
    divergent, boundless, and beyond estimation.

20
What do you think?
  • While the first industrial revolution increased
    the demand for and the value of natural
    resources, the second industrial revolution is
    doing the opposite. (Bottom of page 8,
    paragraph 18)
  • Do you agree? Why or why not?
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