Global History and Geography

1
Global History and Geography

• May 17, 2003
• Susan Hamilton, New Hartford H.S.

2
Important Themes

• Impact of Geography
• Global Concerns
• Belief Systems
• Economic Systems
• Major Revolutions
• Key People
• Political Systems
• Human Rights

• Chronology
• Effects of Technology
• Cultural Contributions
• Kingdoms Empires
• Groups and Organizations
• Nationalism/Imperialism
• Conflict

3
Geography Its Effects

• Natural resources iron ore and coal in Great
  Britain - Industrial Revolution
• Rivers early civilizations emerge Nile River,
  Indus River, Huang He
• Island status Japans limited natural resources
  - imperialism industrialization, Great Britain-
  strength of navy, trade
• Harsh winter Russias General Winter helped
  defeat Napoleon and Hitler

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Geography Its Effects

• Monsoons feast or famine of South Asia, Green
  Revolution
• Irregular coastline Italy has many natural
  ports, inviting trade Renaissance
• Land Bridge Korea serves as a cultural bridge
  for cultural diffusion between Japan and China
• Great Eurasian Plain allowed easy invasions of
  Poland and Soviet Union (WWII)

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Global Concern

• Desertification arable land turning to desert
• Sahel region of Sahara Desert in Africa
• Causes overgrazing, cutting down forests
• Effects Sahara Desert grows 50 miles/yr, famine
• Solutions education, planting trees to reduce
  soil erosion, crop rotation, international aid

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Global Concern

• Deforestation destruction of forests
• Brazil, India, Indonesia
• Cause developing nations looking to sell lumber
  or clear land to grow crops, graze cattle or
  build homes
• Effects Losing 50 million acres of tropic forest
  each year, greenhouse effect, soil erosion,
  extinction of certain plants and animals
• Solutions education, planting trees, population
  control, economic development

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Global Concern

• Overpopulation (too many people for the available
  resources)
• Causes traditional values, laborers, lack of
  birth control
• China, India, Bangladesh
• Effects World population of 6.2 billion and
  growing, drain on resources (including energy,
  education, food, farmland and water)
• Solutions education, family planning, Chinas
  one-child policy

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Religion Philosophies

• Judaism
• Israel, created in 1948
• Holy Book Torah
• Three beliefs monotheistic, God gave Hebrews the
  land of Canaan (Israel), 10 Commandments
• Spread throughout world as a result of Diaspora
• Impact Zionism (Jewish nationalism), conflict in
  the Middle East, anti-Semitism during Middle
  Ages, Holocaust, Russian pogroms, creation of
  Israel as a Jewish homeland

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Religion Philosophies

• Christianity
• Western Europe, Latin America (Catholic)
• Holy Book Bible
• Three beliefs monotheistic, Jesus Christ as
  savior, 10 Commandments
• Spread through Age of Imperialism (White Mans
  Burden)
• Impact Crusades, dominant institution during the
  Middle Ages, Protestant Reformation (Martin
  Luther)

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Religion Philosophies

• Islam
• Middle East (except Israel), Indonesia
• Holy Book Quran (Koran)
• Three beliefs monotheistic, Five Pillars (faith,
  prayer, charity, fasting, pilgrimage to Mecca),
  Sharia (Islamic laws)
• Spread through trade and conquest
• Impact unites most of Middle East, Islamic
  fundamentalism in Iran (1979), Crusades (Jihad),
  creation of Pakistan after the partitioning of
  India in 1947

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Religion Philosophies

• Hinduism
• India
• Sacred text Vedas Upanishads
• Basic beliefs several gods, caste system,
  reincarnation, karma, dharma, sacred cow, Ganges
  River is sacred
• Impact caste system remains strong in rural
  areas but is weakening in cities, many Hindus are
  vegetarians (Sepoy Mutiny), partitioning of India
  in 1947

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Religions Philosophies

• Buddhism
• Southeast Asia, China (spread from India - an
  example of cultural diffusion)
• Basic beliefs reincarnation, nirvana, Four Nobel
  Truths
• life is full of suffering
• suffering is caused by a desire for things
• suffering can be eliminated by eliminating desire
• following the Eightfold Path will help overcome
  desire (right thinking and action)

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Religions Philosophies

• Confucianism
• China
• Basic beliefs Five Basic Human Relationships,
  education should be the road to advancement,
  filial piety (respect for family), Mandate of
  Heaven (rule must benefit people or may be lost -
  unlike divine right)
• Impact provides social order and encourages
  education

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Economic Systems

• Traditional based on subsistence farming
• Manorialism based on feudal manor (little
  trade)
• Mercantilism nations sought to export more than
  import/ favorable balance of trade (led to
  imperialism)
• Free market/ Laissez-faire capitalism based on
  profit, private ownership, little govt
  interference
• Command/ communism/ Marxist socialism govt
  makes all economic decisions, no private
  ownership, proletariat (workers) control means of
  production

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Revolutions

• Revolutionoverthrow of a pre-existing way
• Neolithic Revolution FROM nomadic tribes TO
  domestication of animals and farming gave rise to
  early civilizations (food surplus)
• Commercial Revolution FROM limited trade TO
  urban centers, new middle class and changes in
  business practices(mercantilism capitalism)
• Scientific Revolution FROM medieval thinking
  based on Churchs teachings TO use of observation
  and reason

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Revolutions

• Glorious Revolution FROM absolutist policies of
  James II TO signing of Bill of Rights limiting
  power of the monarchy in Great Britain
• French Revolution FROM absolute monarchy of
  Louis XVI TO democratic ideals of Enlightenment,
  end of estate system
• Industrial Revolution FROM cottage industry
  (goods made at home by hand) TO factory system,
  women working, higher standard of living, reform
  movement

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Revolutions

• Russian Revolution FROM Czarist autocratic rule
  of Nicholas II TO communist rule under Lenin
  (Russia was the first communist nation)
• Chinese Revolution FROM warlord control and
  civil war with Nationalists TO communist rule
  under Mao Zedong (supported by peasants)
• Iranian Revolution FROM western rule of Shah
  Reza Pahlevi TO Islamic Fundamentalist rule of
  Ayatollah Khomeini
• Green Revolution FROM limited crop yield TO
  double crop yield in South/Southeast Asia

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Key People

• Nationalists
• Communists
• Women
• Supporters of Westernization/modernization
• Ruthless Leaders
• Enlightened thinkers
• Religious Leaders
• Others

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Nationalists

• All nationalists want independence from foreign
  rule
• Latin America Simon Bolivar, Toussaint
  LOverture, Jose de San Martin
• Italy Cavour, Mazzini, Garabaldi
• India Mohandas Gandhi
• Africa Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya) Kwame Nkrumah
  (Ghana)
• China Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek
• Palestine Yasir Arafat

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Communists

• Karl Marx (Marxist/ Marxist Socialism/ communism)
• V.I. Lenin (Russia/U.S.S.R.)
• Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)
• Mikhail Gorbachev (last communist leader of the
  Soviet Union)
• Fidel Castro (Cuba)
• Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping (China)
• Ho Chi Mihn (Vietnam)
• Kim Jong-Il (North Korea)

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Women

• World Leaders (non-traditional roles) Indira
  Gandhi (India), Benazzir Bhutto (Pakistan), Golda
  Meir (Israel), Margaret Thatcher (Great Britain)
• Humanitarian Concerns Mother Teresa (India),
  Aung San Suu Kyi (Myanmar), Rigoberta Menchu
  (Guatamala)
• Enlightened thinker Mary Wollstonecraft

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Supporters of Westernization

• All supported modernization
• Russia Catherine the Great, Peter the Great,
  Stalin
• Iran Shah Reza Pahlevi
• Turkey Kemel Ataturk
• Japan Emperor Meiji

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Ruthless Leaders

• Adolf Hitler leader of Nazis(Germany)
• Pol Pot leader of Khmer Rouge (Cambodia)
• Slobadon Milosevic leader of Serbs (Serbia)
• Mao Zedong leader of Red Guard (China)
• Joseph Stalin leader of network of terror (Soviet
  Union)

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Religious Leaders

• Martin Luther
• Goal to reform Roman Catholic Church
• Posted 95 Thesis
• Ideas church corruption must end - including the
  sale of indulgences, believed that faith alone -
  not the Pope and clergy - were needed for
  salvation
• Impact Protestant Reformation shatters
  religious unity in Western Europe

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Religious Leaders

• Ayatollah Khomeini
• Goal remove Shah Reza Pahlavi and create an
  Islamic Fundamentalist state in Iran
• Impact 1979 Islamic (Iranian) Revolution,
  government required strict adherence to Muslim
  traditions and enacted anti-western policies,
  held Americans hostage for over one year, women
  lost rights

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Enlightened Thinkers

• Locke life, liberty property, social contract,
  govt job is to protect rights, right of
  rebellion
• Voltaire free speech
• Mary Wollstonecraft enlightened woman
• Montesquieu separation of powers

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Other people to know

• Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations
  advocating laissez-faire capitalism - govt
  leaves businesses alone
• Machiavelli wrote The Prince, a handbook for
  rulers, the ends justify the means, better to
  be feared than loved
• Nelson Mandela first black South African
  president (1994), fought against apartheid
  (racial segregation and discrimination in South
  Africa)
• Gutenberg invented printing press- Bible read
  more

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Types of Governments

• Democracy govt by the consent of the people,
  govt to protect individual rights
• Direct Athens
• Indirect Rome
• Parliamentary Britain India
• Expands to Eastern Europe after the fall of
  communism, also the trend in Latin America and
  Africa
• Word association Pericles, John Locke,
  Enlightenment

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Types of Government

• Communism/Marxist socialism government control
  of economy, classless society, strict govt
  controls. COLD WAR policy of containment stop
  the spread of communism
• Russia/Soviet Union, V.I. Lenin, Stalin 1917
  (Russia is NO longer communist!)
• China, Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping 1949
• Cuba, Fidel Castro 1959
• Vietnam Ho Chi Mihn 1975
• Cambodia Pol Pot
• North Korea Kim Jong Ill

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Types of Government

• Totalitarian/Authoritarian Total control
  (Stalin)
• Fascist Dictator, extreme nationalism (Hitler,
  Mussolini)
• Theocracy Religious rule (Ayatollah Khomeini in
  Iran, Taliban in Afghanistan)
• Autocratic Rule by one (Czars of Russia)
• Absolute rule Divine right (King Louis XIV and
  Louis XVI)
• Feudalism Local control (NOT king), strict
  social system (Western Europe and Japan)

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Human Rights Violations

• Examples of Genocide (mass murder of a group of
  people)
• Armenians during WWI
• Holocaust (Jews and others) during WWII
• educated persons under the Khmer Rouge
• Hutus and Tutsies in Rwanda
• Muslims in Bosnia by Serbs

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Human Rights

• Examples of other violations of human rights
  (denial of basic political, economic and social
  right to which all humans are entitled)
• Jews in Middle Ages/pogroms in Russia/Holocaust
• Irish Potato Famine Irish flee to America
• Apartheid in South Africa Mandela Biko fight
• Untouchables in India Gandhi fights
• Tiananmen Square massacre in China Economic
  changes - no democratic reforms
• Dissidents under Stalin
• Women and Children during Industrial Revolution
• Urban population in Cambodia under Khmer Rouge

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Chronology

• JAPAN feudal period (Tokugawa Shogunate) gt
  Meiji Restoration (westernization) gt Imperialism
  gt WWII gt Economic Superpower
• CHINA economic reforms gt call for democratic
  reforms gt Tiananmen Square massacre
• LATIN AMERICA European conquest as a result of
  advanced weapons gt cultural diffusion and harsh
  European rule (encomienda system) gt independence
  movements (Bolivar) gt military dictatorships/
  economic problems gt trend toward democracy

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Chronology

• AFRICA New Imperialism scramble for Africa by
  European nations gt demands for independence after
  WWII (Nkrumah Kenyatta) gt tribalism lingering
  problem (Rwanda) gt trend toward democratic
  nations
• INDIA British rule gt Gandhis independence
  movement gt partitioning of India into Pakistan
  and India gt lingering hostilities

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Chronology

• EUROPE Roman Empire falls gt splits into
  Byzantine Empire (thrives from trade) feudal
  society/ Dark Ages in West gt Crusades gt rise of
  towns/money/powerful kingsgt Renaissance
  Reformation gt Age of Explorationgt Commercial
  Revolution gt Absolute kings emerge gt Scientific
  Revolution Enlightenment gt French Revolution.
  Industrial Revolution gt Imperialism gt WWI WWII
  gt Cold Wargt European Union.

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Technology

• Important inventions seed drill (agricultural
  revolution), cotton gin (slave trade), astrolabe
  (exploration), printing press(Bible spreads),
  computer/ internet(global connectedness)
• Military technology gunpowder (Latin American
  colonization), tank, poison gas, aircraft,
  submarine, machine gun,(WWI) atomic bomb (Cold
  War, nuclear proliferation)
• Industrial advancements interchangeable parts,
  assembly line, factory system, mass production
  (Industrial Revolution)

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Cultural Contributions

• Early Civilizations
• Mesopotamia legal system (Code of Hammurabi),
  wheel, irrigation, Cuneiform (writing system of
  Sumerians)
• Ancient Egypt hieroglyphics, medicine,
  architecture
• Phoenicians alphabet
• Ancient China silk-making, gunpowder
• Ancient Hebrews monotheism, Ten Commandments

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Kingdoms Empires

• EMPIRES all expanded their territory and
  control through conquest.
• African Kingdoms Ghana, Mali Songhai (thrived
  on trade of gold and salt, Mansa Musa adopted
  Islam - example of cultural diffusion)
• Middle East Byzantine Empire (Justinian Code,
  Eastern Orthodox, Constantinople, trade,
  influences Russia) Ottoman Empire(Suleiman the
  Magnificent tolerated Jews and Christians, falls
  after WWI)
• India Mughal Empire (Akbar the Great practiced
  religious toleration between Muslims and Hindus,
  encouraged learning and the arts)

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Kingdoms Empires

• Europe Roman Empire (Pax Romana, rise of
  Christianity, decline into Dark Ages)
• Latin America Maya, Aztec, Inca Empires (rigid
  social structure, polytheistic, advances in
  architecture, calendar)

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Organizations and Groups

• European Union a growing group made up of both
  Western and Eastern nations. Its goal is to
  expand free trade by ending tariffs. Uses common
  currency called the euro.
• PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization, led by
  Yasir Arafat) Its goal it to create an
  independent state of Palestine. (in conflict with
  Israeli Jews)
• OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting
  Countries) Its goal is to control the oil
  industry by setting production levels and prices.
  
• United Nations (UN) Its goals are to promote
  global peace and encourage economic and social
  well-being.

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Organizations and Groups

• NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization a
  military alliance between democratic nations
  after WWII
• WARSAW PACT a counter military alliance made up
  of the Soviet Union and its satellite nations
  (communist)
• NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement its
  goal is to promote trade free of tariffs (has
  pros and cons)

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Nationalism

• Nationalism devotion to ones country,
  especially to be independent and free from
  foreign control(hook up with self-determination /
  independence movements)
• Groups seeking independence
• Chechyns in Russia
• Tibetans in China
• Palestinians in Palestine
• Kurds in Iraq
• Albanians in Kosovo

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Imperialism

• IMPERIALISM taking over territory for raw
  materials, markets, power and prestige
• NEGATIVE treated natives as inferior, exploited
  natural resources, forced labor
• POSITIVE brought technology, medicine and
  infrastructure
• AFRICA 1880s, disregarded boundaries and
  traditions, White Mans Burden, Scramble for
  colonies (MauMau Uprising)
• CHINA spheres of influence (Boxer Rebellion)
• INDIA British rule (Gandhis civil disobedience)

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Conflicts

• Cold War Berlin Blockade, Berlin Wall, Bay of
  Pigs (Cuba), Cuban Missile Crisis, Korean War,
  Vietnam War
• Israelis and Palestinians conflict over Holy
  Land. Israelis believe God gave the land to them
  and Palestinians say they were living there.
  Palestinians fled to neighboring nations after
  the creation of Israel. Four wars - Israel wins
  all. Palestinians have limited self-rule in Gaza
  Strip and West Bank and want statehood.