Pakistan: War, Peace and The Struggle for Power

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Pakistan War, Peace and The Struggle for Power
http//www.telegrapghindia.com

• Rob Hillhouse Sara Lucas Rosemary Morrow

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Pakistan

• Mnemonic from names of Muslim-majority provinces
  in northwest areas in India
• Meaning Creation of a land of the pure

http//www.infopak.gov.pk/public/country_profile_i
ndex.htm
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Pakistan

• Pynjab
• Afghania
• Kashmir
• SInd
• T BaluchisTAN
• A
• N

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Pakistan

• 1 Balochistan
• 2 North-West
• Frontier Province
• 3 Punjab
• 4 Sindh

• 5 Islamabad Capital
• Territory
• 6 Federally Administered
• Tribal Areas
• 7 Azad Kashmir
• 8 Northern Areas

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Islamic Republic of Pakistan
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PakistanGovernment_a
nd_politics
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Symbols of Pakistan
http//www.pakistan.gov.pk/
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Pakistan
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Religions

• Muslim 97
• (Sunni 77,
• Shi'a 20),
• Christian, Hindu, and
• other 3

http//www.pakistanlink.com/
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Muhammad Iqbal

• When a Community forsakes its Law
• Its parts are severed, like the scattered dust.
• The being of the Muslim rests alone
• On Law, which is in truth the inner core
• Of the Apostles faith.
• 
  The Secrets of
  the Self, 1920

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Power

• Knowing that, throughout history, societies
  are part of the struggle for power, we ask
• How do different individuals and groups seize
  power and establish their authority?
• What elements beyond political or military
  strength reinforce or weaken the exercise of
  power?
• How do systems of government preserve or
  relinquish power?

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Pakistan Difficult Beginnings

• Nationalists were divided into different groups
  with no clear idea of what the new state would
  look like.
• The independence movement represented only the
  secularized, Westernized elite.
• The masses wanted to see an Islamic state.

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Jinnah and Gandhi - 1944
http//www.pakistan.gov/pk/
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Modern State vs. Islamic State

• Agree on a democracy
• Disagree on underpinning Principles

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Modern State vs. Islamic State

• Modernist intellectuals
• and politicians wanted to create a secular,
  constitutional government.

• Conservatives and fundamentalists wanted to
• create a theo-democratic state.

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Pakistani Leadership

• 1947-1948 Muhammed Ali Jinnah
• Governor General
• 1948-1951 Liaquat Ali Khan
• Prime Minister
• 1951-1958 Six Different Prime Ministers
• 1958-1969 General Ayub Khan
• President

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Pakistani Leadership

• 1969-1973 General Yahya Khan
• Military Leadership
• 1973-1977 Zulfigar Ali Bhutto
• Prime Minister
• 1977-1988 General Zia ul-Haq
• President

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Pakistani Leadership

• 1988-1990 Benazir Bhutto
• 1993-1996 Prime Minister
• 1990-1993 Nawaz Sharif
• 1997-1999 Prime Minister
• 1999 General Pervez Musharraf

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Muhammed Ali Jinnah1947-1948

• "... this is my own very strong conviction that
  if the Quaid Mohammed Ali Jinnah had died in
  March 1947, there would have been no Pakistan. It
  was pure will power, sheer will power of the
  man. --Syed Amjad Ali

http//www.harappa.com/amjad_ali/jinnah.html
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Muhammed Ali Jinnah1947-1948

• Jinnah, head of the Muslim League, was the
  founding father of Pakistan and became the first
  governor general of Pakistan with Liaquat Ali
  Khan as the first prime minister. Jinnah died a
  year later on Sept. 11, 1948.

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Liaquat Ali Khan1947-1951

• Remained as prime minister after Jinnahs death.
• Struggled to negotiate a constitution.
• Was assassinated in 1951.

Liaquat Ali Khan with Pres. Truman during his
1950 visit to the U.S. http//www.pbs.org/wnet/wid
eangle/shows/junoon/timeline2.html
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1951-1958

• Pakistan still governed by British colonial law
• Quick succession of 6 prime ministers in 7 years
• Political instability, racial and ethnic
  conflict, and an economic downturn resulted in a
  military coup

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Constitution of 1956

• Collection of modern, secular laws
  -parliamentary democracy
• Guiding influence of Islam

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General Ayub Khan1958-1969

• Pakistans first military ruler
• Popular reforms won him reelection in 1960
• Martial law ended with 1962 constitution
• Resigned in 1969 and gave power to Gen. Yahya Khan

www.frontlineonnet.com
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Constitution of 1962

• Focused on a liberal, modernist interpretation of
  Islam
• Gen. Ayub Khan intervened in politics to prevent
  Jamaat-l Islami from taking power.
• Appointment of 37 reform commissions with little
  concern for Islamic issue
• Jamaat-l Islami operating as a political party in
  elections

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General Yahya Khan1969-1971

• Immediately declared martial law and made himself
  president
• Held the first general elections of Pakistan in
  Dec. 1970
• Differences between East and West Pakistan led to
  civil war and Bangladeshs independence

www.thestoryofpakistan.com
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Pakistan
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Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto1971

• Leader of the most popular party
• Became president when Yahya Khan resigned in
  August 1973, and a new constitution went into
  effect.
• Bhutto resigned from the presidency to become
  prime minister
• Later was overthrown and hanged

http//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/319906
.stm
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Constitution of 1973

• Product of Zulfigar Ali Bhutto, who made
  concessions to Jamaat-l Islami
• Islam declared state religion for the first time
• Compulsory Islamic education
• Demanded published error-free Quran
• Banned horseracing, gambling, alcohol, night
  clubs and dancing.

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Gen. Muhammad Zia-ul-Hag1977-1985

• Enforced Martial Law for the third time in the
  short Pakistani history
• Commissioned in the British Army in World War II
  and served in Burma, Malaya and Indonesia

http//www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/
pk/html
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General Zia-ul-Haq

• Joined Pakistani army when Pakistan became
  independent.
• Appointed by Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto as Chief of Army
  Staff, superseding five senior Generals.
• Carried out a bloodless coup overthrowing
  Bhutto's government and enforced Martial Law in
  the country.

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General Zias Amendments

• Zia intervened to remove corrupt Bhutto
  constitution.
• Sharia incorporated into politics and
  law-punishment for crimes
• Law amended to give lesser status to women and
  minorities

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Benazir Bhutto1988-1990 1993-1996

• Educated at Ratcliff and Oxford
• Detained and imprisoned for leadership of
  Pakistan Peoples Party
• Pledged to focus on health, social welfare and
  education

www.cia.gov/cia/publicantions/factbood/geos/pk/htm
l
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Benazir Bhutto

• First woman to head government of an Islamic
  state
• Deposed in 1990 by President Ghulam Ishaq Khan
  who dissolved parliament to force an election.
• Re-elected in 1993 and dismissed three years later

http//www.wic.org/bio/bbhutto.htm
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Nawaq Sharif1990-1993 1997-1999

• Two non-consecutive terms as prime minister
• First term platform of conservative government
  to end corruption.
• Returned to power in 1997, changed the
  constitution.
• http//www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/
  pk.html

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Nawaq Sharif

• South Asias first motorway linked Lahore and
  Islamabad.
• Nuclear tests on May 28, 1998, responded to
  Indian nuclear tests
• Unpopular after Kargil War, at the time
  Pakistan and India were negotiating peace.
• Overthrown in 1999, exiled to Saudi Arabia

Sharif taking oath as P.M. for second time
http//www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?art
idA088
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Pervez Musharraf2001-present

• Became de facto Head of Government after
  bloodless coup détat
• Supreme Court ordered elections and referendum
• National Assembly had plurality in favor of
  Musharraf-deadlocked

http//www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/
pk/html
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Pervez Musharraf2001-present

• Vote of confidence in 2004 for term through 2007
• Sided with United States against Taliban
• Declared that exiled leaders could not return for
  general elections.
• Gave use of three air bases to United States
• Serves as both Army Chief and President

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Musharraf and Bush2006
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PakistanGovernment_a
nd_politics
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Power Military as Political Actors

• From General Khan to General Musharraf, military
  has intervened in Pakistani politics to prevent
  damage to the constitution.
• Example Gen. Musharraf seized power when
  civilian prime minister removed constitutional
  checks on his power
• Military has produced both liberal and
  conservative leaders.
• Military intervened to remove Ali Bhutto from
  power and also intervened to ensure his daughter,
  Benazir Bhutto, could participate in a fair
  election.

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Power

• Knowing that, throughout history, societies
  are part of the struggle for power, we ask
• How do different individuals and groups seize
  power and establish their authority?
• What elements beyond political or military
  strength reinforce or weaken the exercise of
  power?
• How do systems of government preserve or
  relinquish power?

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Resources

• Ahmad, Aziz. Islamic Modernism in India and
  Pakistan, 1857-1964. The Genesis of Pakistan.
  London Oxford University Press, 1970.
• British Broadcasting Company
• http//newsvot.bbc.co.uk/
• Esposito, John L. Muhammad Iqbal and the
  Islamic State. Voices of Resurgent Islam. Ed.
  John L. Esposito. New York Oxford University
  Press, 1983.
• National Geographic Xpeditions Geography
  Standards in Your Classroom http//nationalgeograp
  hic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?ParentasiaRo
  otmappakistModed

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Resources (continued)

• Pakistan.Gov The Official Web Gateway to the
  Government of Pakistan. http//www.pakistan.gov.pk
  /
• Pakistan Link. http//www.pakistanlink.com/
• Permanent Mission of Pakistan to the United
  Nations, New Work. http//www.un.int/pakistan/00ho
  me00.htm
• Public Broadcast Television Wide Angle
  http//www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/shows/junoon/tim
  eline1.html

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Resources (continued)

• Story of Pakistan http//www.storyofpakistan.com/
• WIC Biography Benazir Bhutto
• http//www.wic.org/bio/bbhutto.htm/
• Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia.
  http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan
• The World Fact Book, Central Intelligence Agency.
  http//www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/
  pk.html