Rhythmic Similarity

1
Rhythmic Similarity

• Carmine Casciato
• MUMT 611
• Thursday, March 13, 2005

2
Overview

• Music Tech research into rhythmic similarity
• Representations
• Problem of segmentation

3
Usage
4
Usage

• Computer accompaniment systems
• Ethno-musicological research
• Database management
• Queries by humming
• Genre classification
• Speech processing

5
Paulus and Klapuri (2002)

• Detects rhythmic similarity between musical
  samples containing arbitrary drum/percussive
  sounds
• Removes sinusoidal components from sound to
  detect noisy percussive sounds, from this
  produces beat and measure estimations
• Extracts loudness and brightness (mean square
  energy and spectral centroid, respectively) per
  measure
• Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) finds optimal path
  between feature vectors
• No training of system required

6
Foote, Cooper, and Nam (2002)

• Derivation of beat spectrum
• Feature used is power of FFT bins embedded into
  similarity matrix
• Euclidean distance is used as similarity metric,
  tested against cosine angles between feature
  vectors, and FFT co-efficients

7
Ellis and Arroyo (2004)

• Principal Component Analysis, a dimension
  reduction tool
• Requires robust segmentation
• Poor classification results

8
EigenRhythms (Ellis and Arroyo 2004)

• Useful for generating variations?

9
Toussaint (2002)

• Geometric representations of rhythms
• Require extensive segmentation
• Tests various distance metrics
• Minimum Spanning Trees offer a framework for
  rhythmic development analysis

10
Toussaint Representations (2002)
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Music Technology References

• Ellis, D., and J. Arroyo. 2004. Eigenrhythms
  Drum pattern basis sets for classification and
  generation. In Proceedings of the International
  Conference on Music Information Retrieval.
• Foote, J., M. Cooper, and U. Nam. 2002. Audio
  retrieval by rhythmic similarity. In Proceedings
  of the International Conference on Music
  Information Retrieval.
• Paulus, J., and A. Klapuri. 2002. Measuring the
  similarity of rhythmic patterns. In Proceedings
  of the International Conference on Music
  Information Retrieval.
• Toussaint, G. 2002. A mathematical analysis of
  African, Brazilian, and Cuban clave rhythms. In
  Proceedings of BRIDGES Mathematical Connections
  in Art, Music, and Science.

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Other Disciplines

• Gabrielsson, A. 1973. Similarity ratings and
  dimension analyses of auditory rhythm patterns.
  Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 14 138?60.
• Lerdahl F., and R. Jackendoff. 1983. A generative
  theory of tonal music. Cambridge The MIT Press.
• Powel, D., and P. Essens. 1985. Perception of
  temporal patterns. Music Perception 2(4) 411?40.