Recent Developments in Europe in the Juice Area TCJJP meeting September 2010 Orlando

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Recent Developments in Europe in the Juice
AreaTCJJP meeting September 2010 Orlando

• Dr. David A Hammond
• Eurofins Scientific
• E-mail davidhammond_at_eurofins.com
• Fixed line 44 (0)118 935 4028
• Mobile No. 44 (0)798 965 0953

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European topics highlighted today

• Developments to define a standard for vegetable
  juices
• AIJN preparing initial draft submit to IFU for
  International discussion
• (format likely be along similar lines to FJ
  standard)
• Regulatory changes to Fruit Juice Directive 112
  (2001)
• http//eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?
  uriOJL200201000580066ENPDF
• Nutrition and Health claims Regulations 1924
  (2006)
• http//eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?
  uriCONSLEG2006R192420080304ENPDF
• Recent adulteration issues in Europe

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Fruit Juice Directive (proposals)

• Some interest, where there is a need and it is
  beneficial, to align new EU regulations/directives
  with Codex Alimentarius standards
• FJD was enacted in 2001 and is under review
• In present directive two definitions for juice
  proposal to keep this -
• For Fruit Juice (NFC) Flavour, pulp and cells
  obtained by suitable physical means from the same
  species of fruit may be restored to the juice.
• For Fruit juice from concentrate Flavour, pulp
  and cells obtained by suitable physical means
  from the same species of fruit may be restored to
  the juice
• At variance with Codex which only has one
  definition fruit juice but two ways of preparing
  it, so what is the difference!

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Fruit Juice Directive (proposals)

• Aroma restoration A VERY contentious issue in
  Europe
• Presently phrased like this-
• The product thus obtained must display
  organoleptic and analytical characteristics at
  least equivalent to those of an average type of
  juice obtained from fruits of the same kind
  within the meaning of (fruit juice).
• This would be optional within the new regulation
  for both NFC and FC juice
• some wanted it to remain mandatory in FC and not
  allowed in NFC
• others wanted a free hand in NFC FC juices
• This would bring EU reg. in line with Codex
• Unclear what the industry position would be.
  Would AIJN maintain its position that aroma
  restoration for 1 mixtures of 2 juices was
  mandatory and 3 and more at least 1 should be
  restored, this is yet to be investigated?

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Fruit Juice Directive (proposals)

• Water quality for restoration of concentrate
• The water added must display appropriate
  characteristics, particularly from the chemical,
  microbiological and organoleptic viewpoints, in
  such a way as to guarantee the essential
  qualities of the juice.
• Would be potable water as defined under Council
  Directive 98/83/EC of 3 November 1998 on the
  quality of water intended for human consumption
• Some wanted de-ionised water (cost!!!!)
• Others happy with potable water (safe wholesome)
• In line with Codex position

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Fruit Juice Directive (proposals)

• Sugar/honey addition
• Addition of sugars to 100 juices for correction
  purposes, as allowed under the present directive,
  would be prohibited
• Provided that industry would be allowed to still
  make a claim No added sugars
• Indications suggest that this will not be
  possible!!!!
• Remove the catch all possibility of sugar
  addition
• At variance with codex where sugar/honey addition
  it is allowed with labelling
• Does not affect sugar use in Nectars or juice
  containing beverages where it will be still
  allowed

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Fruit Juice Directive (proposals)

• Mandarin addition to orange juice
• Suggest no provision to allowed the addition of
  Citrus reticulata juice or its hybrids to OJ
• Processing countries wanted it (10 to 3)
• Main consuming countries against this
• Not aligned with Codex where it is allowed
  providing local regs permit!!

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Fruit Juice Directive (proposals)

• Provision for a water extracted juice such as
  prune
• No contentions here in-line with Codex
• AIJNs COP experts thinks that Acai might fall
  under this category as they dont think it is a
  regular juice under the new proposed regulation
  

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Fruit Juice Directive (proposals)Where are we
now?

• The proposal will be translated into all
  languages ratified that they all say the same
  thing
• (they have not always in the past!!!!)
• Sent to individual Governments (MS) EP for
  discussion
• It comes back and is modified if required and
  goes back to
• MS and EP for second reading/ratification
• Once adopted published as a commission regulation
  so does not need ratification in all the separate
  countries (member states)
• Time frame probably 18 months

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Nutrition and Health Claims Regs 1924 (2006)

• Very broad and encompassing regulation
  controlling what can be claimed about a product
• On pack
• In adverts
• In marketing literature and in-store promotions
• On Corporate Web sites
• Every form of communication with the consumer

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Nutrition and Health Claims Regs 1924 (2006)

• Permits Nutrient profiles
• Which could restrict some foods where claims
  could be made
• E.g. would prohibit any positive claims being
  made for a food that was perceived to be
  un-healthy
• High is salt, fat, sugars or alcohol!!!
• Similar to the US regs where you cant fortify a
  product with vitamins to make it look good if
  it would not normally contain any
• Fruit Juices came out quite well and it looked as
  if 100 juices would be OK and could carry
  claims!!
• Subsequent discussions may mean there are no
  Nutrient profiles!!!

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Nutrition and Health Claims Regs 1924 (2006)

• Regulation stated that-
• All claims should be scientifically substantiated
  v
• Should not deceive the consumer v
• Existing ones had to be pre-approved as v
• Article 13 claims
• If you wanted to make a disease reduction v
• Claim that was possible with data as
• Article 14 claim
• Could make childrens development and v
• health claims Articles 15 to 18
• Article 13, 14 18
• All claims would be assessed by ESFA prior to
  approval v

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Nutrition and Health Claims Regs 1924 (2006)

• Autumn last year first batch of claims came back
  from EFSA
• Most nutrient vitamin claims were approved
• However, a number of pro-biotic and pre-biotic
  failed
• Spring 2nd and 3rd batches came out
• Ocean Sprays Cranberry urinary tract infection
  was rejected
• On basis of the claim was for women and evidence
  presented was for both men and women
• Then came the antioxidants, polyphenols, general
  claims
• for fruits and vegetables etc
• All rejected on basis of not clearly defined
  active/s, unknown active/s, unknown level of
  active/s, not sufficient/or no clinical data!!!
• A MESS!

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Adulteration issues in Europe

• Problems with-
• Sugar Addition
• Addition of C4 sugars to pineapple juice and
  juice from concentrate
• Water addition
• Water in NFC juice
• Or FC juice being mixed with NFC juice

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C4 sugar addition to pineapple

• Distortion of sugar profile
• Sucrose typically 30 to 60 g/l but can be lower
• Glucose fructose ratio ca 1 (max 1.25 F/G
  0.8)
• Addition of a HFCS by presence of maltose in
  Low GC procedure

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Cap-GC profile for C4 sugar addition
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C4 sugar addition to pineapple

• Distortion of sugar profile
• Sucrose typically 30 to 60 g/l but can be lower
• Glucose fructose ratio ca 1 (max 1.25 F/G
  0.8)
• Presence of maltose in Low GC procedure
• Carbon SIRA of little use-
• Cane/corn -10 to -12
• Pineapple -11 to -13 typically (up to -15 in
  specific regions)
• Conventional D-SNIF-NMR is of little use

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C4 sugar addition to pineapple

• Distortion of sugar profile
• Presence of maltose in Low GC procedure
• Carbon SIRA of little use-
• Cane/corn -10 to -12
• Pineapple -11 to -13 typically (up to -15 in
  specific regions)
• D-SNIF-NMR of little use
• There was no really good method available

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C4 sugar addition to pineapple

• Ferment sugars into ethanol
• Fully recover the ethanol by careful distillation
• Determine the levels of 13C isotopes at the
  methyl (D/H)I and methylene (D/H)II sites of the
  ethanol derived from the sugars in the juice by
  quantitative 13C-NMR

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13C-SNIF-NMR allows detection of C4 sugar
addition to pineapple juice
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13C-SNIF-NMR allows detection of C4 sugar
addition to pineapple juice

• First time that it has been possible to really
  prove cane sucrose had been added to a pineapple
  juice. Previously it was more by inference!
• Detected a number of cases where data clearly
  indicates addition of C4 sugars
• Around 20 of samples were failures
• A significant advancement where before only
  methods available were indicative

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How to detect water addition of NFC Juices

• Methods depends on isotopic fractionation in the
  plant
• Oxygen and Deuterium tests have been around since
  late 70s or early 80s. AOAC CEN standardised
  methods
• AIJN COP lays down d18O or dD values for
  judgement for some juices
• e.g. for orange min dD -15 , d18 O
• Where was the sample from?
• When was it produced?
• Are there any seasonal effects this year?

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New approach

• Look at juice water d18O value
• Look at d18O value of the ethanol formed from the
  sugars
• ferment sugars into alcohol
• recover ethanol
• Pyrolyse the ethanol and determine d18O isotope
  ratio

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Internal isotopic relationships
12
11
10
9
8
7
Lab-squeezed
6
samples
5
4
Market NFC
3
juices
O water ()
2
1
Market FC
0
juices
18
-1
d
-2
Max (95 c.i.)
-3
-4
-5
Min (95 c.i.)
-6
-7
-8
AIJN limit
-9
-10
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d
O ethanol ()
J. Agric. Food Chem. (2003) 51, 18, 5202-5206
J. Agric. Food Chem. (2006), Vol. 54, No. 2,
279-284
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Applied to pineapple juice NFC
5
4
3
2
1
Authentic pineapple
0
-1
-2
O water
AIJN guideline
-3
18
d
-4
Costa Rican fruits
-5
-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
18
d
O ethanol
(

)
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Internal isotopic variations

• Advantage with an internal isotopic method as
  both parameters are correlated
• Interpretation is more independent of seasonal
  factors
• Interpretation is more independent of
  Geographical variation
• Detected significant problems in Europe with NFC
  juices using this approach

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Challengers Over the Next Couple of Years in the
EU for Fruit Juices

• Change in regulatory framework for juices in the
  EU over the next couple of years!
• Challengers as to what claims will be allowed for
  fruit and vegetable juices!!!!
• Time and expense of obtaining the required hard
  data
• Significant reduction in possible marketing
  messages
• How to force the bad guys back into their
  corner keep the market clean!!!!

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AIJN

• Reference guides for
• Cranberry
• Guava extend to full guide
• Mini guides for a range of other fruits (Brix,
  hygiene, HM)

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IFU

• Method for polyols by ion chromatography
  (sorbitol, mannitol, glycerol inositol)
• Spectrophotometric colour
• Validate
• Method for polyphenols (Folin)
• Routine method for ascorbic (titration)
• DCPIP
• I2
• HPLC/Enzymatic
• New topics
• Aroma analysis
• HM
• Patulin in red fruits

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• Thank you for your attention
• Any questions?