Lexis and Grammar for Translation

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Lexis and Grammar for Translation
Lingua e Traduzione Inglese I

• Dott. M. Gatto
• Lingue e Culture per il Turismo

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Introduction to the English language system

• STRUCTURES
• Phonology/Graphology
• Lexis
• Grammar
• gt Morphology
• gt Syntax
• Phrases (noun phrase verb phrase)
• Clauses

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Focus on
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Grammar

• Morphology
• Syntax

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Verbs

• Morphological features (structure)
• Semantic features (meaning)
• Syntactic features (a role in the clause)

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• Morphological features
• inflectional
• - third person -s
• - past -ed / irregular forms
• participial forms -ed / irregular forms -ing
• N.B. In alcuni casi sarà necessario tenere
  presenti alcune variazioni ortografiche
• wash/washes, plays/studies, playing/studying,
  write/wrote

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• Semantic features
• Verbs refer to processes/actions things as well
  as to states or feelings
• Syntactic features
• A verb typically fills the predicate slot in a
  sentence
• Tom ARRIVED
• She SAW Tom

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VERBS

• AUXILIARY
• be
• have
• do
• modal verbs

• LEXICAL
• go
• work
• study
• wait

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VERBS

• FINITE FORMS
• is/was/are
• has
• drive/drives
• drove
• walked (past)

• NON FINITE FORMS
• being
• been
• driven
• walked (participle)
• walking

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From VERB to VERB PHRASE

• A Verb Phrase is a group of words that plays the
  role of a single verb in a clause
• She studies German
• She is studying German
• She has been studying German
• She may have been studying German

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Verb Phrases

• Structural features
• Semantic features
• Syntactic function

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Strucuture

• I wait
• I have waited
• I was waited
• I was waiting
• I have been waiting
• I had been waiting
• Auxiliaries Lexical verb
• N.B. Nelle forme composte solo
• lausiliare è in forma finita
• with a blue dress

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Structure
AUXILIARY FINITE has had was had been was has been had been LEXICAL VERB NON FINITE waited waited waited waited waiting waiting waiting
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From words to phrases

• Sulla base delle mutazioni morfologiche del
  verbo e con il supporto degli ausiliari si
  realizzano i sintagmi verbali gt gruppi di parole
  che servono a veicolare significati complessi in
  merito a
• collocazione sullasse temporale gt TENSE
• aspetto dellazione gt ASPECT
• modo dellazione gt MOOD
• direzione dellazione gt PASSIVE

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Time ? Tense

• Time is a universal, non-linguistic concept
  with three divisions past, present, and future
  by tense we understand the correspondence between
  the form of the verb and our concept of time.

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Time ? Tense

• TIME
• Realtà fisica
• presente
• passato
• futuro

• TENSE
• Realtà grammaticale
• serve a collocare le azioni sullasse temporale

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TIME

• Present
• Past
• Future

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DO IT YOURSELF!

• WAIT

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• HE WAITS
• HE WAITED
• HE WILL WAIT

• HE HAS WAITED
• HE HAD WAITED
• HE WILL HAVE WAITED

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Collocare sullasse del tempo
TimePAST-----------------------------------------
-----NOW----------------------------------------FU
TURE Tenses collocare sullasse temporale vari
esempi
Simple Present Birds fly I leave tomorrow Sailor crosses the Channel Present perfect I have lost my key
Simple Past Yesterday I went to school When I was younger I went to school Past Perfect He had already finished (at 5.00)
Simple Future I will finish tomorrow Future Perfect I will have finished University by 2006
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ASPECT (I) from SIMPLE to PERFECT
Simple Perfect
Present bare infinitive / -s HAVE p.p.
Past -ed / irregualar forms HAD p.p.
Future will bare infinitive WILL HAVE p.p.
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ASPECT (II) CONTINUOUS
Continuous Perfect Continuous
Present Simple Present BE ING IS waiting Present Perfect BE ING. HAS BEEN waiting
Past Simple Past BE ING WAS waiting Past Perfect BE ING HAD BEEN waiting
Future Simple Future BE ING WILL BEwaiting Future PERFECT BE ING WILL HAVE BEEN waiting
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• SIMPLE/CONTINUOUS
• HE WAITS
• HE IS WAITING
• HE WAITED
• HE WAS WAITING
• HE WILL WAIT
• HE WILL BE WAITING

• PERFECT/PERFECT CONTINUOUS
• HE HAS WAITED
• HE HAS BEEN WAITING
• HE HAD WAITED
• HE HAD BEEN WAITING
• HE WILL HAVE WAITED
• HE WILL HAVE BEEN WAITING

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Collocare sullasse del tempo
TimePAST-----------------------------------------
-----NOW----------------------------------------FU
TURE Tenses collocare sullasse temporale vari
esempi
Simple Present Birds fly I leave tomorrow Sailor crosses the Channel Present perfect I have lost my key
Simple Past Yesterday I went to school When I was younger I went to school Past Perfect He had already finished (at 5.00)
Simple Future I will finish tomorrow Future Perfect I will have finished University by 2006
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Riportare sullasse temporale

• I am studying
• I was studying
• I will be studying

• I have been studying
• I had been studying
• I will have been studying

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Per concludere
TIME TENSE/ASPECT
Present Simple Perfect Continuous Perfect Continuous I study I have studied I am studying I have been studying
Past Simple Perfect Continuous Perfect Continuous I studied I had studied I was studying I had been studying
Future Simple Perfect Continuous Perfect Continuous I will study I will have studied I will be studying I will have been studying