Biosecurity

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Biosecurity

• Young Dairy Leaders Institute
• Phase III Conference
• Tampa, Florida
• February 7-8, 2003

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Biosecurity Traditional Definition

• The level of disease protection and management to
  prevent or eliminate infectious diseases.

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Biosecurity An Expanded Definition

• Food Safety Salmonella, E. coli
• Chemical residues antibiotics, pesticides
• Foreign Animal Diseases Foot and Mouth Disease
  (FMD)
• Intentional Infections or Contaminations

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Driving Forces

• Emerging Diseases
• Social Issues
• Environment
• Sustainability
• Animal Well-being
• Consumerism

• Globalization
• Technology
• Agriculture
• Food Safety

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Strategic Inflection Point (SIP)

• A time of fundamental change
• Signals the end or beginning of new success
• Past strategies and success are no longer relevant

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The SIP of Food-Animal Agriculture

• Local, national markets ? global markets
• Increased production ? social acceptance of
  products
• Privilege and trust ? part of the problem
• Food as sustenance ? food as health promoter
• Animal health ? Public health

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• Environment
• Safe food
• Subsidies
• Animal Rights

• Land use
• Antibiotic Resistance
• Right-to-farm
• Emerging Diseases

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Intensity and Consolidation of Food Animal
Production

• More animal protein needed with increasing human
  population
• Want healthy animals but not at cost of risks to
  human health

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Livestock Revolution of 2020

• Population growth
• Creation of wealth and larger middle class
• Unprecedented demand for animal products
• Westernization of diets
• Role of developing vs. developed counties
• The next significant SIP?

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Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs)
Their Impact on Food Safety and Healthy
Environments
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Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations

• 450,000 in US
• 132 million metric tons waste (1997)
• Untreated manure applied directly to land as
  fertilizer or soil amendment, or discharged or
  leaked from storage lagoons
• Zoonotic bacteria, viruses, protozoa
  chemicals/agents including nitrates
  antimicrobials algae

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Poor Outcomes forHuman Health and Well Being

• Agricultural runoff greatest source of pollution
  for 60 of unfit waterways in the US
• 40 of US surface water unfit for drinking,
  fishing, swimming, aquatic life
• Many disease outbreaks caused by contaminated
  drinking water, recreational water, and food
• Possibly chronic exposure to chemicals and
  agents via contaminated groundwater health
  effects unknown

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Emerging Infectious Diseases
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Rapid Movement of Pathogens

• 1.4 billion people travel by air annually
• 50 million passengers from foreign land into US
• Millions of people traveling
• Billions of people on earth
• Trillions of tons of cargo transported globally

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A New Environment Favoring Agents of Disease

• Disruption of land
• Contaminated water
• Climate warming
• Population growth

• Tourism
• Migration
• Global trade
• Integrated ecosystems

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• Zoonosis A disease or infection which is
  naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals
  and humans, with or without an arthropod
  intermediate.

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Rapidly Increasing Human Population

• 6.1 Billion people in 2000
• 9.4 to 11.2 Billion in 2050

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Rapidly Increasing Urbanization

• 2000
• 47 world population living in urban areas
• 2030
• 60 world population living in urban areas

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By 2020, There Will Be 1 billion People Over the
Age of 60

• 30 of US population are baby boomers
• Immuno-compromised population

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Multihost Pathogens

• 60 of all human infections
• 80 of livestock and domestic animals

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Infectious Organisms Pathogenic to Humans and
Percent Zoonotic
Source, Taylor LH et al. 2001 Phil. Trans. R.
Soc. Lond. B.Vol. 356983-989
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Emerging Infectious Organisms Pathogenic to
Humans, that are Zoonotic
Source, Taylor LH et al. 2001 Phil. Trans. R.
Soc. Lond. B.Vol. 356983-989
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Emerging Infectious Diseases

• 30 in 2 decades
• 70 are zoonotic
• Dynamics favor many more pathogens
• Shifting human populations, demographics and
  behavior
• Technology
• Economic development
• Global travel
• Microbial adaptation
• Breakdown of public health measures

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CDCs Most Significant Global Epidemics Over the
Last Decade

• 1993 Hanta virus
• 1994 Plague (India)
• Ebola virus (Zaire)
• 1996 New Variant of CJD (UK)
• H5N1 influenza (Hong Kong)

• 1998 Nipah virus (Malaysia)
• 1999 West Nile
• 2000 Rift Valley Fever
• 2001 Anthrax
• 2002 Stay tuned!

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• Todays mingling of people, animals and microbes
  in new environments has no historical precedent.
• -We await the coming plague

Garrett
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The Divided World of 2025 8.4 Billion People

• World 1 Advanced nations
• (Advances in medicine and food)
• World 2 Middle class
• (Livestock Revolution)
• World 3 People in destitution and poverty
  (Sources of traditional pathogens)

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Agents and Risks to Food and Water

• Biological bacteria, toxins, viruses,
  parasites, etc.
• Chemical chemical warfare and industrial agents
• Radiological liquid or solid forms
• Physical glass, metal, etc.

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Model

• Inputs
• Water
• Feed
• Labor
• Wildlife
• Food Animals
• Ecological Factors
• Chemicals

Pathogens

• Throughputs
• (Processes)
• Management
• Interventions
• Disinfection/
• Cleaning
• Critical Control Points
• Treatments

Pathogens

• Outputs
• Reduced Hazard
• Certification
• Validation with Traceback Capability

Monitoring
Monitoring
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Biosecurity and Risk Analysis

• Risk Assessment identify problems, determine
  the size of the problem and the likelihood of
  occurrence
• Risk Management design and implementation of
  prevention and control plan biosecurity
• Risk Communication explaining to workers,
  suppliers, customers and full management team

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Risk Analysis Process
Risk Assessment
Risk Management
Estimating Probability and Magnitude
Hazard Identification
Select Option
Conduct Program
Evaluate and Improve
Develop Options
Risk Communication
Risk Communication
Clients
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Risk Assessment for Infectious Diseases

• ID products sold milk, beef, semen, embryos,
  heifers, etc.
• ID and prioritize risk of infection and
  consequence to operation
• Evaluate how diseases are introduced into the
  dairy
• Design and implement a biosecurity plan to meet
  goals

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Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP)

• Developed by Pillsbury Corporation with NASA to
  ensure food safety for astronauts in 1960s
• Became a standard for quality control
• Basis for new meat and poultry inspection
• Extended to preharvest processes and production

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How HACCP Operates

• 1. Conduct a hazard analysis and identification.
• 2. Define Critical Control Points (CCP).
• 3. Establish critical limits.
• 4. Establish a monitoring system at CCP.
• 5. Establish an effective corrective action
  process.
• 6. Establish a verification system.
• 7. Establish documentation for all procedures and
  records.

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Operational Risk Management (ORM)

• Farm to table responsibilities to identify risk
  and adjust or compensate accordingly
• A disciplined, organized and logical process is
  needed to ensure food safety and security
• ORM can be integrated into all planning levels

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Implementation of ORM
Identify the Hazards
Supervise and Review
Implement Risk Controls
Assess the Risk
Analyze Risk Control Measures
Make ControlDecisions
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7 Critical Steps

• 1. Closed Herd
• 2. Vaccination
• 3. Isolation
• 4. Source of Replacements
• 5. Test Replacements
• 6. Isolate New Additions
• 7. Control Farm Traffic

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Step 1 Closed Herd

• No cattle enter or come back to premises
• Violations
• Animals off-site and return
• Sharing fence contact or equipment
• Other transporters
• NAHMS (1996) 1 in 5 dairies closed
• Lesson learned FMD in United Kingdom

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Step 2 Vaccination

• Each farm is unique
• When and how is critical
• NAHMS (1996)
• 15 to 20 not vaccinating
• 48 of dairies not following
  recommendations
• Concept of Herd Immunity
• Issues stop signs not infections
• diagnostic confusion
• limited host response

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Step 3 Isolation

• Keep calves from heifers and heifers from cows
• Keep people and equipment from cattle
• Limit wildlife exposures
• Dont share feed, water, and equipment between
  ill and healthy animals
• Lesson learned TB in Michigan cattle

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Step 4 Source of Replacements

• Bring in animals with known health status
• - herd vs. individual tests
• - effective vaccination programs
• No mixed shipments
• Transport in clean vehicles
• Bias toward heifer replacement
• Get health records and information
• NAHMS (1996) one-half to two-thirds use no
  pre-purchase tests
• Lesson learned Spread of Johnes Disease

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Step 5 Test New Cattle

• Test for Brucellosis, TB, and Mastitis
• Check herd histories, e.g. BVD, Bovine Leukemia,
  Johnes, etc.
• Need source herd history and market history
• Lesson learned Brucellosis eradication

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Step 6 Isolate New Cattle

• 15 to 30-day quarantine
• Separate from other cattle feed, water,
  contacts
• Medicated footbath
• Begin vaccination program while in quarantine
• Good milking practices
• Check daily

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Step 7 Control Farm Traffic

• Limit access fences, gates, locks, and signs
• Separate traffic, parking
• Provide clean clothing at minimal
• Footbaths and hand washing
• Limit contacts with people
• Track traffic separated from herd
• Use only clean equipment decontamination
• Lesson learned transmission of A.I.

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Biosecurity Works

• NAHMS (1996)
• Direct relationship between disease prevalence
  and number of
• cattle purchased from outside
• About 80 percent of diseases show reduced
  prevalence in closed herds

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Probability of Purchasing One or More Cattle with
Johnes Disease Based on Numbers and Source
From Johnes infected herd (10)
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
From general population (2.5)
Testing from general population (1.9)
From Level 1 herd (1.25)
Percent chance of buying at least one infected
animal
From Level 2 heard (0.1)
From Level 3 herd (0.02)
0 20 40 60 80 100
Number of cattle bought
David Smith, University of Nebraska
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Biosecurity Concepts

• Larger herds and increased mechanization
• Complexity of system and people involved
• Importance of global markets
• Think herd not individual
• Advisory team and farm audit
• Adopt a systems approach
• Biosecurity plan with continuous improvement
• Sanitation
• Biosecurity is simple but implementation is
  critical
• Your livelihood depends on it!

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Biosecurity

• What gets measured gets done.
• You cant manage what you dont measure.
•  

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Biosecurity How Are We Doing? (NAHMS 1996)

• 44 of all dairies purchased cattle in 1995
• Only 6 of farms isolated adult cattle
• Only 15 of farms isolated bred heifers
• Only 50 requires some sort of vaccination
• Only 16 tested for BVD
• Only 10 tested for Johnes
• From 60 to 90 of farms require no milk cultures
  for replacements

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New Issues of Biosecurity

• Research needs to fill knowledge gaps
• Enhanced laboratory capabilities
• Expanded surveillance systems
• Improved diagnostics
• Collaboration and cooperation government,
  scientists, diagnosticians, and industry
• Education and leadership
• Planned response and national preparation
•  

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Countering Agricultural Bioterrorism

• The U.S. is especially vulnerable to bioterrorism
  directed against agriculture.

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Countering Agricultural Bioterrorism

• Intentional introductions may differ from a
  natural introduction
• There is no national, integrated plan
• There are substantial gaps in our knowledge
• The current border system may be inadequate in
  exclusion
• Our ability to rapidly detect and identify many
  pathogens is inadequate

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Countering Agricultural Bioterrorism
continued

• A multi-focal, large-scale attack would be
  overwhelming
• It is not feasible to have specific tools and
  plans for all contingencies
• Science, research, and education infrastructure
  is untested
• There is a need to enhance basic understanding of
  threat agents

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Bioterrorism Threat Agents

• Little familiarity
• Little immunity
• Little research

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Agents of Bioterrorism
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Biosecurity Natural ThreatsAre Not the Only
Worries

• I openly hope that it (FMD) comes here. It
  will bring economic harm only for those who
  profit from giving people heart attacks and
  giving animals a concentration camp-like
  existence. It would be good for animals, good
  for human health and good for the environment
• Ingrid Newkirk
• PETA president
• April 2001
•  

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Agroterrorism

• Loss of confidence in our food supply
• Loss of confidence in the government
• Disruption of global markets
• Destabilization of society
• Psychological impact