JeanFrancois Millet, 18141875, Angelus, 1859

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• 2003?9?

Jean-Francois Millet, 1814-1875, Angelus, 1859
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Impacts of Reformation???????

• Interest in culture and a basis for form
  freedom
• Framework for freedom without chaos (not a
  license)
• Democracy (51 vote) not final source of
  right/wrong
• Presbyterian constitutionalist model Martin
  Bucer, 1491-1551
• education in political (and religious)
  limitations
• Samuel Rutherford, 1600-1661, Law Is King (Lex
  Rex) in 1644
• impact on the US (John Witherspoon, 1723-1794,
  Princeton U.)
• John Locke, 1632-1704, inalienable right, govern
  by consent, separation of powers, right to
  revolution
• John Adams Thomas Jefferson (Alexis
  Tocqueville)
• It is not perfect (race distribution of wealth)
• Lord Shaftesbury, 1801-1885, William
  Wilberforce, 1759-1833, and the American scene
  (Dickens, American Notes, 1842)
• Reformed Presbyterian Church in the US, 1800,
  first one to reject racism

Christianity is the immortal Seed of freedom of
the world. Alexandre Vinet (1797-1846), outside
the Lausanne court bldg.
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Proclaim LIBERTY throughout all the Land unto all
the Inhabitants thereof Lev. XXV XBy Order of
the ASSEMBLY of the Province of PENSYLVANIA for
the State House in Philada.
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And God spoke all these words "I am the LORD
your God, who brought you out of Egypt, out of
the land of slavery. You shall have no other gods
before me. Ex. 20 1-3
For me, there is a direct and historic link
between the First Commandment of the OT and the
First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. ---
Marvin Kalb, Harvard
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Our Constitution was made for a moral and
religious people. It is wholly inadequate to the
government of any other. --- John Adams
America is a nation with the soul of a
church. --- Alexis de Tocqueville
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Justice Lifts Nations Paul Robert (1905, Mural at
the old Supreme Court Bldg., Lausanne,
Switzerland The Law of God The Bible
provides a basis not only for Morals but also for
law!
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??????? Plato, Cicero, the Bible
There exist divine laws, not easy to comprehend,
but operating upon all mankind. God, not man,
is the measure of all things. --- Plato
Pagans did not have the strength to do out of
love of country, the Christian God demands of
citizens out of love of Himself. Thus in a
general breakdown of morality and of civic
virtues, divine Authority intervened to impose
frugal living, continence, friendship, justice
and concord among citizens..
--- Augustine, The City of God
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The Rise of Modern Science

• The state of science before Copernicus,
  1475-1543, Polish astronomer, and Vesalius,
  1514-1564, Italian
• Roman Churchs attack on Copernicus and Galileo,
  1564-1642
• Alfred North Whitehead, 1861-1947 and J. Robert
  Oppenheimer, 1904-1967, both think that modern
  science was born out of the Christian world view,
  and not just the Greek tradition
• Francis Bacon, Johannes Kepler, Isaac Newton,
  Blaise Pascal, Michael Faraday, Clark Maxwell,
  and the Royal Society of London for Improving
  Natural Knowledge, founded in 1662 until 19th
  century

Jan Vermeer, view of Delft, 1660-1661
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Enlightenment the Tide of Revolution?????????

• The change in England, 1688, Bloodless Revolution
• Voltaire, 1694-1778, father of the Enlightenment
• The Utopian dream reason, nature, happiness,
  progress, and liberty (man starting from himself
  absolutely)
• Rousseau the French revolution, Declaration of
  the Rights of Man (the Supreme Being the
  sovereignty of the nation the general will of
  the people elites who control power.), the
  goddess of Reason, constitution compared to US?
• The Russian revolution, humanistic approach
  anarchy or repression, and repression in every
  aspect of life (e.q. Sergei Rachmaninoff, Sergei
  Prokofiev, Dmitri Shostakovich)

Niccolo Michiavelli The Prince Only the
dictatorial regime of the ideal prince could
push along the cycle of political history only
the exercise of ruthlessness could improve the
cycle.
Voltaire, 1733, The English are the only people
upon earth who have been able to prescribe limits
to the power of Kings by resisting them, and who,
by a series of struggles, have at last
established that wise government where the
prince is all powerful to do good, and, at the
same time is restrained from committing evil
and where the people share in the government
without confusion.
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We have witnessed the development of a new
doctrine which is to deliver the final blow to
the already tottering structure of prejudice. It
is the idea of the limitless perfectibility of
the human species --- Sketch for a
Historical Picture of the Progress of the Hman
Mind, Marquis de Condorcet, 1743-1794, while
hiding for his life from Robespierres Reign of
Terror in 1793.
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Jacques-Louis David, 1808, Consecration of the
Emperor Napoleon I and Coronation of the Empress
Josephine in the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris
on 2 December 1804.
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Post-Enlightenment Shifts in Philosophy and
Science
Finally crystalized 200 years after Leonardo da
Vinci visualized it.

• Rationalists view of the world was still open and
  optimistic
• Science shifted from open system to closed system
  a naturalistic or materialistic presupposition
• Ludwig Feuerbach, 1804-1872 Richard Wagner,
  1813-1883, fan of Feuerbach
• Ludwig Buchner, 1824-1899 Ernst Haeckel,
  1834-1919, no freedom of will, matter and energy
  are eternal
• Charles Lyell, 1797-1882 Charles Darwin,
  1809-1882 Herbert Spencer, 1820-1903
• Philosophical shift from optimism to pessimism
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1712-1778 romanticism
  followers Goethe, Beethoven, Wordsworth,
  Coleridge, Gauguin nature is all, what is is
  right (That which is natural is morally good.)
• Immanuel Kant, 1724-1804, noumenal vs. phenomenal
  worlds
• Georg Wilhelm Hegel, 1770-1831, truth sought in
  synthesis, not anti-thesis, man is evolving
  (truth, as we understood, died)
• Soren Kierkegaard, 1813-1855, leap of faith,
  an upper story and a lower story, upper story has
  optimism but devoid of reason, there is no unity
  of meaning

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Gauguin, 1848-1903 Whence Come We? What Are We?
Whither Do We Go? 1897-1898 A philosophical
work, comparable to the Gospel Whither? Close
to the death of an old woman, a strange stupid
bird concludes What? O sorrow, thou are my
master. Fate how cruel thou art, and always
vanquished. I revolt. He tried to commit suicide
after finishing the painting.
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• For a humanist, the final thing which exists
  that is, the impersonal universe is neutral and
  silent about right and wrong, cruelty and
  non-cruelty. Humanism has no way to provide
  absolutes life is left with that which is
  arbitrary. Francis Schaeffer, How Should
  We Then Live, 1976

The Cosmos is all that is or ever was or ever
will be. We are, in the most profound
sense, children of the Cosmos. --- Carl Sagan
Humanistic reason affirms that there is only the
cosmic machine, which encompasses everything,
including people. Everything people are or do is
explained by some form of determinism, some type
of behaviorism, some kind of reductionism. If
the final value is the biological continuity of
the human race, then why is this important? For
those holds the position that man is a machine,
can they live like a machine!
In Russia, based on Karl Marxs Manifesto of the
Communist Party, originally considered marriage
as part of capitalism (private prostitution),
and hence minimized. But, later the state decreed
a code of strict family laws. This was simply an
arbitrary absolute imposed because it worked
better.
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Feuerbach
The Utopian illusions and sentimental aberrations
of modern liberal culture are really all derived
from the basic error of negating the fact of
original sin. --- Reinhold
Niebuhr

• Man first unconsciously and involuntarily
  creates God in his own image, and after this God
  consciously and voluntarily creates man in his
  own image.
• Religion is a false or illusory consciousness it
  is the disuniting of man from himself. It
  involves alienation.
• To enrich God, man must become poor that God
  may be all, man must be nothing. The more
  transcendent and powerful God is, the less room
  there is for human dignity.
• wish-fulfillment has a role to play God is the
  love that satisfied our wishes, our emotional
  wants he is himself the realized wish of the
  heart.

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Marx

• In 1602, the city council of Hamburg instructed
  its citizens that even if magistrates were
  godless, tyrannical, and avaricious, subjects
  ought not to rebel and disobey but should accept
  it as the Lords punishment which the subjects
  deserved for their sins.
• In short, religion is the opiate of the people
  like opium, religion provides limited relief for
  suffering without addressing the underlying
  causes of the suffering (which are economic and
  political)

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Marx
England is a counter-example

• Human deprivation is the cause of religious
  projection
• Religion legitimizes the structure of the society
  in which it functions, and it
• Provides relief and consolation for those
  suffering under social and economic structures
• The division of the world into a heavenly and an
  earthly realm enables heavenly justification for
  earthly injustice and heavenly consolation for
  earthly misery It covertly justifies the social
  status quo

Passionate and persistent efforts were made to
wean men away from the faith of their fathers.
Irreligion became an all-prevailing passion,
fierce, intolerant and predatory. The total
rejection of any religious belief, so contrary to
mans natural instincts and so destructive of of
his peace of mind, came to be regarded by the
masses as desirable. --- Alexis de Tocqueville
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Nietzsche
The first Post-modern prophet

• Nietzsches suspicion focuses on the discrepancy
  between the religious affirmation of altruism and
  the will to power he detects at its origin. He
  does not so much as adopt an ironical attitude
  toward morality as suggest that the prevailing
  (professed and preached, not necessarily
  practiced) morality of the West is itself
  ironical, a hypocrisy that can be put up with
  only the help of self-deception. - Westphal

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Nietzsche
The refute of meta-narratives

• In former times one sought to prove that there
  is no God today one indicates how the belief
  that there is a God could arise and how this
  belief acquired its weight and importance a
  counter-proof that there is no God thereby
  becomes superfluous.
• Exploitation does not belong to a corrupt or
  imperfect and primitive society it belongs to
  the essence of what lives, as a basic organic
  function lust for power is the most basic
  human drive

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Nietzsche
Now it is our preferences that decides against
Christianity, not arguments. --- Friedrich
Nietzsche

• Christianity is a slave morality, it is born out
  of a spirit of resentment
• What Nietzsche objects to in slave morality is
  its dishonesty
• The revenge of master morality (which issues in
  deeds) is honest, its motives are open to view,
  while the revenge of slave morality is covert and
  hides its true grounds
• Hell is the ultimate locus of religious resentment

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Conclusion
An unexamined life is not worth living. -
Socrates

• Talk about perspective --- as a thinking, loving,
  and tax paying human (your worldview matters)
• Take heed of historical lessons --- are we doomed
  to repeat history?
• Intelligence is no synonym to wisdom
• When all else have failed, please read the manual!

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