Sixth Week

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Sixth Week

• Kaplan on Croats, Serbs, Macedonians

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Balkans Today
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News

• Exam Thursday
• Study guide on the website

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Exam Prep

• Countries and capitals
• Seas, mountains, rivers
• Films Before the Rain, Tito and Me

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Film Today Tito and Me

• Director Goran Markovic
• Released in 1993

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Film so farThe Pilgrimage Continues

• Serious developments
• Public trial of Zoran
• Expulsion
• Recognition by other kids
• Zorans speech
• Rejection of Raja
• Invitation to Titos party
• Zorans maturity

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Message?
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Kaplan

• Chapters 1-4
• Croatia
• Albania
• Kosovo
• Serbia
• Macedonia

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Yugoslavia
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After the War

• The Federal Socialist Republic of Yugoslavia,
  1945-90
  
• Six republics, two autonomous regions
• Nationalities related to ethnic origins
• Serbs, Croats, Macedonians, Slovenians,
  Montenegrins, and Muslims
  
• Two autonomous regions, Vojvodina (Hungarian
  links) and Kosovo (Albanian links)

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Tito (Josip Broz) 1892-1980
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Biography

• Croat CP work after WWI
• Imprisoned 1928-34
• Formed Yugoslav Partisan force against Germans
  and Croatian allies
  
• Took control of country after WWII
• For, then against Stalin nonaligned movement
• Controversy over his legacy

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Croatia Zagreb (Kaplans Chapter 1)

• Religion and ethnic identity
• Croats vs. Serbs
• Catholics vs. Orthodox
• Rome vs. Constantinople
• Little differences strong antipathies

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Mutual resentments

• For Croats Serb rule in post-WWI age
• For Serbs Croats blamed for treatment of Serbs
• Assassination of King Alexander Karageorgevich
  (hero to Serbs)
  
• Mistreatment of Croatian Serbs (from nationalist
  zeal)

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Balkan Ghosts Croatia today

• Zagreb
• Old City, Esplanade Hotel, Cathedral, St. Marko
  Church

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St. Marko Church, Old City
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Kaplan Chapter 2 Serbia

• Old Serbia Kosovo Albania
• Monasteries
• Orthodoxy
• Ottoman occupation
• Kosovo story
• Kosovo polje, 1389
• Legacy/mythology

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Albania

• 20th Century World Wars, Tito and Hoxha
• Post-Tito Kosovo again

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Issues

• Religion Serbian Orthodoxy as strong part of
  identity
  
• Spirituality, suffering, martyrdom as themes
• Importance of monasteries Gracanica

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History Nemanjic dynasty (Kaplan)

• Stefan Nemanja first independent state, end of
  12th (free from Byzantine control)
  
• Son St. Sava prominence to Serbian Orthodox
  Church
  
• Beginning of 14th King Milutin glory days
• Architecture, women
• Died 1321 succeeded by son Stefan Uros
• Grandson Stefan Dushan huge kingdom
• B-H Macedonia, Albania, Montenegro, N. Greece,
  Bulgaria
  
• Succeeded by son last of dynasty
• Elected Prince (Knez) Lazar (famous for 1389 loss)

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Ottoman Yoke Origins of Myth

• Serbia sacrificed to save Europe
• Serbia will be rewarded in heaven
• Turkish domination for centuries
• Post-Ottoman transformation TurksAlbanians
• Kosovo can be returned to Serbia now
• Famous speech by Miloevic in 1987
• Tito held all in fragile equilibrium

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Religion and Politics

• Close alliance in Serbia
• Victimization and suffering
• World War II experience, anti-Communism intensify
  feeling
  
• Momentum for violence builds from late 80s

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Conflict

• Focus on Kosovo Christianity vs. Islam
• Threat Albanians plan to cleanse land of Serbs

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Kosovo

• Prishtina-capital
• Tito built it from village
• Built university

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Kosovo, Kosova
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Myth of Kosovo

• Based on folk epics
• Sung and passed down by guslar
• One-stringed instrument gusle
• Songs collected by Vuk Karadic in 19th century

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Myth-2

• Prince Lazar defeated
• Chose heavenly kingdom focus on his oath
• Captured and beheaded martyrdom
• Other hero Milos Obilic

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Long literary and cultural heritage

• Cultural-political meaning lost battle must be
  avenged forces of good vs. evil
  
• Be patient accept suffering revolt redemption

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Albania

• Population 3.5 million
• Illyrian heritage (pre-Greek)
• Occupied territory long before Slavs
• Distinctive language
• Centuries of Turkish occupation
• Occupied Kosovo, but never held it long
• Complex role in WWII
• Very secular state
• Animosity based on memory of massacres

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Albania
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Ottoman domination 1479-1912

• 1878 Albanian League begins struggle for
  independence (in Kosova)
  
• Uprisings in 1881, 1910, 1912
• Declaration of Independence in 1912
• Territory ceded to Serbia in 1913 by London
  Ambassadors Conference

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WWI-WWII

• Occupied by Greece, France, Italy, Serbia,
  Austria-Hugary
  
• Enver Hoxha (Communist) led resistance in 1940s,
  WWII
  
• Peoples Republic in 1946
• Maintained independence and isolation from world
  powers, with special Chinese connections

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After Communism

• Hoxha died in 1985
• Communist rule ended in 1992
• Severe economic problems
• Migration of workers abroad
• Territory claims by Greece (which calls part of
  Albania Northern Epiros)
  
• Support for Kosova and Macedonian Albanians

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Enver Hoxha
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Politics

• President Alfred Moisiu
• Prime minister Fatos Nano

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Kaplan Chapter 3 Macedonia

• Complex stories
• Competing nationalisms
• Common elements hatred and fear

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Skopje Bridge over Vardar
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Churches
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Mosques
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Topics

• 1877 Treaty of San Stefano
• 1878 Congress of Berlin
• Gotse Delchev
• Balkan wars, 1912 and 1913
• WWI
• Bulgaria and Bulgarians
• Okhrid

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Kaplan Chapter 4 White City

• Beograd (Belgrade)
• Danube and Sava Rivers
• Border of two empires

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Milovan Djilas

• Right-hand of Tito in late 40s, early 50s
• Importance in break with Stalin
• Change in views dissident
• Imprisonment disgrace in 60s
• Literary, cultural output
• Died in 1995
• Significance for Serbian culture, politics