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CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

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Title: CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT


1
CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
  • Truman,Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon

2
Trumans Policies
  • President Truman appointed a presidential
    commission on civil rights in 1946 to end racial
    inequality. He also asked Congress to create an
    anti-lynching law and ban on the poll tax.
  • He established a fair employment practices
    commission.
  • He banned segregation in the armed forces.
  • He strengthened the Justice Departments civil
    rights division, which aided blacks who
    challenged segregation in the courts.

3
Eisenhowers Policies 1953-1961
  • In 1953, President Eisenhower appointed Earl
    Warren as chief justice.
  • Many of Warren Courts decisions were dealing
    with civil rights for African Americans.
  • In 1957 Congress passed the first Civil Rights
    Act since Reconstruction. It authorized the
    Justice Dept to bring suits against persons
    interfering with anyones right to vote.

4
Roots of African Americans Struggle for Equal
Rights
  • After the Civil War most black citizens continued
    to face economic deprivation, racial hatred,
    segregation, and extremely limited political
    rights.
  • In 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson established separate
    but equal schools and public services.
  • Thurgood Marshall, a lawyer from the NAACP,
    helped overturn Plessy v. Ferguson in the case of
    Brown v. Board of Education.

5
Brown v. Board of Education Topeka - 1954
  • Linda Brown a 7-year old student was denied
    admission to the whites only school six blocks
    from her home and forced to attend the black
    only school many miles away.
  • Chief Justice Earl Warren delivered the Courts
    unanimous decision which stated To separate
    (students of color) from others of similar age
    and qualifications solely because of their race
    generates a feeling of inferiority as to their
    status in the community that many affect their
    hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever to be
    undone

6
Little Rock- 1957
  • Although the Supreme Court ordered that school
    integration go forward with all deliberate
    speed, many school systems openly defied the
    ruling.
  • In 1957, the Little Rock Nine attempted to
    enroll in Central High, Arkansas.
  • On Sept 4th , Elizabeth Eckford braved a
    terrifying walk alone through a hostile, jeering
    crowd on a failed attempt to enroll in school.
  • For three weeks protesters prevented the nine
    African American students from attending Central
    High School in Little Rock.

7
  • President Eisenhower reluctantly place the
    National Guard under federal control and used
    them to enforce integration.
  • Despite periodic setbacks, including local voters
    closing all Little Rock public schools for one
    year, the students successfully integrated the
    school.
  • Ernest Green became the first black graduate of
    Central High in 1958.

8
Montgomery Bus Boycott
  • In 1955, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat
    to a white man and move to the back of the bus,
    as was required by law.
  • She was arrested for violating the law, her
    action inspired a boycott of the citys buses.
  • Martin Luther King, Jr., a young Baptist
    minister, emerged as a leader of the protest.
  • The boycott lasted 381 days and in the end the
    Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public
    buses was illegal.

9
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
  • King followed the nonviolent methods of Mohandas
    Gandhi and Henry David Thoreau.
  • Civil Disobedience-This was a nonviolent approach
    use to break laws that were shown to be unjust.
  • King and the Southern Christian Leadership
    Conference (SCLC) worked towards achieving civil
    rights for African Americans especially in the
    South.
  • They organized black Christian churches.

10
Greensboro, North Carolina
  • Practicing civil disobedience, demonstrators
    protested against discrimination such as
    segregated lunch counters.
  • In Greensboro, North Carolina in 1960 4 African
    American students sat at a whites only lunch
    counter in Woolworths and refused to leave until
    served.
  • They sat at the counter until closing and the
    next day returned with over two dozen supporters.
    On the third day, students occupied 63 of the 66
    seats.

11
  • White sympathizers joined the sit-in. Forty-five
    students were arrested for trespassing.
  • By the following weekend, over 400 students were
    conducting sit-in at stores throughout
    Greensboro and a wave of sit-in began across the
    South.
  • The African American community organized an
    economic boycott of Woolworths and other
    targeted stores.
  • On July 25, 1960, the first African American ate
    a meal at Woolworths.

12
Kennedys Policies 1961-1963
  • Kennedy appointed members of the black community
    to key positions in the federal government.
  • His appointment of Thurgood Marshall to the U.S.
    Circuit Court of Appeals later led to the
    elevation to the Supreme Court by President
    Johnson.
  • He appointed his brother Robert Kennedy to
    Attorney General. His department brought over 50
    suits to secure voting rights for African
    Americans.

13
James Meredith
  • In 1962, Meredith, an African American Air Force
    veteran, tried to enroll in the all-white
    University of Mississippi.
  • The governor of the state personally tried to
    stop Meredith from enrolling.
  • Riots broke out, and federal marshals and the
    National Guard were called up.
  • Meredith was finally allowed to attend after the
    Supreme Court upheld Meredith s right to enroll.

14
Freedom Riders
  • The Supreme Court ruled that segregation on
    interstate buses was an undue burden on
    interstate commerce. (Morgan v. Virginia 1946)
  • In the 1960s groups of black and white activists
    tested compliance with the Morgan decision by
    traveling on a bus through the Upper South.
  • In North Carolina, several riders were arrested
    and sentenced to 30 days on a chain gang for
    refusing to leave the bus.

15
  • In May 1961, a mob torched a Freedom Ride bus
    near Anniston, Alabama.
  • The freedom riders aboard were forced to exit the
    bus into a waiting mob of whites, who brutally
    beat them.
  • In an anti-Freedom Ride riot in Montgomery Robert
    Kennedys personal representative was beaten
    unconscious.
  • Montgomerys police commissioner said We have no
    intention of standing guard for a bunch of
    troublemakers coming into our city. Washington
    had to send federal marshals to protect the
    Freedom Riders.

16
Birmingham
  • In the spring of 1963 King launched a campaign
    against discrimination in Birmingham, Alabama,
    the most segregated big city in America.
  • Blacks constituted almost 50 of the population,
    but made up fewer than 15 of the citys voters.
  • King along with SCLC launched a campaign to break
    the racial barriers.
  • King was arrested and put in solitary confinement.

17
Kings Letter from Birmingham Jail
  • We know through painful experience that freedom
    is never voluntarily given by the oppressor it
    must be demanded by the oppressed. Frankly, I
    have never yet engaged in a direct action
    campaign that was well timed in the view of
    those who have not suffered unduly from the
    disease of segregation. For years now I have
    heard the word Wait! It rings in the ear of
    every Negro with a piercing familiarity. This
    Waithas almost always meant Never. Justice
    too long delayed is justice denied.

18
  • SCLC continued to recruit students for a
    children crusade to fill the jails with
    protester.
  • The police used high-powered water cannons, billy
    clubs, electric cattle prods and dogs to break up
    the demonstration.
  • More than 900 Birmingham school children were
    arrested.
  • SCLC finally ended the protest in exchange for
    the desegregation of business and a city
    committee to oversee desegregation of public
    facilities.

19
Medgar Evers
  • On June 11, 1963, President Kennedy, who was
    trying to get Congress to pass stronger civil
    rights legislation, delivered a stirring appeal
    to the nation on television. He asked his
    audience, Are we to saythat this is a land of
    the free except for Negroes that we have no
    class or caste system, no master race, except
    with respect to Negroes?
  • That night Evers, head of NAACP of Miss. was
    murdered outside his home.

20
March on Washington
  • In Aug.1963 King led the famous march on
    Washington to support a bill which guaranteed
    equal access to all public accommodations.
  • More than 200,000 people listened as he delivered
    the classic I have a dream speech.
  • Two weeks after Kings speech, four young
  • Birmingham girls were killed by a car bomb.

21
I Have A Dream
  • I have a dream that one day this nation will
    rise up and live out the true meaning of its
    creed We hold these truths to be self-evident
    that all men are created equal. I have a dream
    that my four little children will one day live in
    a nation where they will not be judged by the
    color of their skin but by the content of their
    character

22
  • In 1964 King won the Nobel Prize for peace.
  • On April 4, 1968 Kings life was cut short in
    Memphis by a bullet that struck him in the head.
  • Fun Fact His birthday is now celebrated as a
    national holiday.

23
Johnsons Policies 1963-1969
  • On July 2, 1964, Johnson passed the Civil Rights
    Act of 1964., which prohibited discrimination
    because of race, religion, national origin, and
    gender.
  • It banned discrimination in public
    accommodations.
  • Enlarged federal power to protect voting rights
    and speed up school desegregation.
  • Established the Equal Employment Opportunity
    Commission to ensure fair treatment in employment.

24
Freedom Summer
  • Thousands of student volunteer-mostly white, went
    into Mississippi to help register voters.
  • In June 1964, three civil rights workers James
    Chaney, Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner were
    killed by unknown assailants in Mississippi.
  • Throughout the summer, the racial beating and
    murders continued.

25
Selma
  • In 1965, the SCLC conducted a major voting rights
    campaign in Selma, Alabama.
  • By the end of 1965, more than 2,000 African
    Americans had been arrested in SCLC
    demonstrations.
  • A demonstrator Jimmy L. Jackson was shot and King
    announced a 50 mile protest march from Selma to
    Montgomery.
  • On March 21, 1965, about 3,000 protesters set out
    for Montgomery, with federal protection.

26
24th Amendment
  • Ratified in January 1964, abolished the poll tax
    in federal elections.
  • States had used the 10th Amendment, which
    reserves all power not given to the federal
    government for the states, as the basis for
    making laws that deprived African Americans of
    their voting rights or 15th Amendment rights.

27
Voting Rights Act 1965
  • Eliminated the literacy tests that had
    disqualified many voters.
  • Enabled federal examiners to enroll voters who
    had been denied suffrage by local officials.
    (Suffrage rose in 4yrs. 10-60)
  • Enabled people to vote regardless if they had or
    had not paid taxes.
  • Directed the attorney general to take legal
    action against states that continued to use poll
    taxes in state elections.

28
Watts Riots
  • Five days after Johnson signed the Voting Act one
    of the worst race riots occurred in the streets
    of Watt, Los Angeles.
  • During a routine traffic stop, a police officer
    stopped two black men for erratic driving.
  • A local mob gathered as the two suspects were
    being questioned. They began throwing rocks at
    the police men and the two suspects were
    arrested.
  • This minor traffic incident resulted in six days
    of looting, burning and violence. 34 people were
    killed and over 100 wounded.

29
  • More than 100 riots raged in American cities in
    the 1960s.
  • The unrest and violence spread to San Francisco,
    Harlem, Cleveland, and Detroit. Over 141 people
    were killed and 4,550 injured.
  • In the worst riot of the decade, the city of
    Detroit was on fire for seven days and 43 people
    died and property damage exceeded 200 million.

30
Kerner Commission
  • On March 1, 1968, President Johnson established a
    commission to study urban violence.
  • The report stated race riots were primarily a
    result of white racism. Our nation is moving
    toward two societies, one black, and one
    white-separate and unequal
  • The report called for the nation to create new
    jobs and construct new housing to wipe out the
    destructive ghetto environment.

31
Civil Rights Act 1968
  • Prohibited discrimination in the sale or rental
    of most housing
  • Strengthened anti-lynching laws
  • Made it a crime to harm civil rights workers.

32
Student Nonviolent Coordination Committee
  • SNCC was founded in 1960 to eliminate segregation
    through nonviolent means.
  • SNCC began to change their methods of nonviolence
    when Stokely Carmichael, a more militant leader,
    took over.
  • Carmichael SNCC became enraged when James
    Meredith was shot by a white racist on a 225-mile
    walk against fear. (1966)
  • We shall overrun

33
Black Power
  • Black Power-stressed that African Americans
    should take total control of the political
    economic aspects of their lives.
  • Carmichael refused and urged SNCC to stop
    recruiting whites and to focus on developing
    African-American pride.

34
Black Panthers
  • In Oct 1966, Huey Newton and Bobby Seale founded
    a political party (Black Panthers) to fight
    police brutality in the ghetto.
  • The party advocated self-sufficiency for African
    American communities, as well full employment and
    decent housing.
  • They also wanted blacks to be exempt from
    military service because unfair numbers of young
    black men were drafted during Vietnam.

35
  • The Panthers dressed in black leather jackets,
    black beret, and sunglasses.
  • They preached self-defense and sold copies of the
    writing of Mao Zedong.
  • Several police shootouts occurred between the
    Panthers an the police.
  • The Panthers established daycare, free breakfast
    programs, free medical clinics in their
    communities.

36
Black Muslims
  • Elijah Muhammads Nation of Islam called Black
    Muslims rejected integration and sought to
    establish a separate African American government.
  • Its best known member was Malcolm X, who later
    broke with the Black Muslims and formed his own
    organization.
  • Malcolm dropped his slave name and added X
    after he became an Islamic minister.

37
  • Concerning nonviolence It is criminal to teach
    a man not to defend himself when he is the
    constant victim of brutal attacks. It is legal
    and lawful to own a shotgun or a rifle. We
    believe in obeying the lawThe time has come for
    the American Negro to fight back in self-defense
    whenever and wherever he is being unjustly and
    unlawfully attacked.

38
Nixons Administration
  • To attract white voters in the South, President
    Nixon decided on a policy of slowing the
    countrys desegregation efforts.
  • Nixon stated, There are those who want instant
    integration and those who want segregation
    forever. I believe we need to have a middle
    course between those two extremes.

39
Desegregation
  • In 1969, Nixon ordered the Department of Health,
    Education and Welfare (HEW) to delay
    desegregation plans for schools districts in
    South Carolina and Mississippi.
  • His actions violated the Supreme Courts second
    Brown v. BOE ruling, which called for the
    desegregation of schools with all deliberate
    speed.
  • In responses to an NAACP suit, Nixon abided by
    the Supreme Court ruling.

40
  • By 1972, nearly 90 of children in the South
    attended desegregated schools-up from about 20
    in 1969.
  • He proposed that Congress ban court-ordered
    busing, ordered the Justice Department to oppose
    busing orders in pending lawsuits, and called for
    a 1.5 billion program of new federal aid for
    school districts in the process of dismantling
    their segregated facilities.

41
A Southern Boston mother on School Busing
  • Im not against any individual child. I am not
    a racist, no matter what those high-and-might
    suburban liberal with their picket signs say. I
    just wont have my children bused to someslum
    school, and I dont want children from God knows
    where coming over her,

42
Affirmative Action
  • In August 1969, President Nixon issued Executive
    Order 11478, which required all federal agencies
    to adopt "affirmative programs for equal
    employment opportunity."
  • These programs were meant to increase access to
    education and employment for historically
    underrepresented minorities, including blacks,
    Latinos, Asians, women, and disabled persons.

43
Revised Philadelphia Plan
  • The revised plan was enacted by Nixons
    administration in 1969.
  • It required federal contractors to meet certain
    goals for the hiring of African American
    employees by specific dates in order to combat
    institutionalized discrimination on the part of
    specific skilled building trades unions.
  • The plan was quickly extended to other cities.

44
Reverse Discrimination
  • The plan was then extended to all federal
    contracts requiring thousands of employers to
    establish quotas for hiring minority
    subcontractors.
  • Educational institutions also adopted this
    controversial approach.
  • Critics began to criticize the affirmative-action
    programs as reverse discrimination that set
    minority hiring or enrollment quotas and deprive
    whites of opportunities.

45
California v. Bakke (1978)
  • In 1973, Allan Bakke applied to the University of
    California at Davis medical school.
  • The school had a quota-based affirmative-action
    plan that reserved 16 out of 100 spots for racial
    minorities.
  • Bakke, a white male, was not admitted to the
    school despite his competitive test scores and
    grades.

46
Supreme Courts decision
  • Bakke sued for admission, arguing that he had
    been discriminated against on the basis of race.
  • The Courts ruling in Bakke allowed race to be
    used as one factor in admission decisions.
  • Schools could consider a prospective students
    race, but they could not use quotas or use race
    as the ONLY factor for admission.
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