Third Grade CRCT Study Guide for Science

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Third Grade CRCT Study Guide for Science
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• Heat
• Forms of Energy Chemical Solar
  Electrical Mechanical Nuclear
• Energy the ability to do work or cause change.
  It can be found in several forms.
• Doing work requires energy. Living things
  cannot survive without energy, and machines
  cannot work without energy. A person can get no
  more work out of a machine than the energy that
  has been put into it. Due to friction, the work
  produced is usually less than the energy used.
  There are many forms of energy, each of which can
  be transformed from one form to another.
  Electrical energy can be produced in several
  ways, such as from chemicals that produce
  electric current in a battery or from water power
  turning generators. Heat energy is produced by
  combustion of chemicals or by heating a wire with
  electrical energy until it glows. Mechanical
  energy is produced by moving objects or
  substances. Wind, water (including steam), and
  muscles can produce mechanical energy. One
  important form of energy is produced by the sun.
  Solar energy provides heat and light energy
  necessary for all life on our planet. Chemical
  energy is formed when chemicals that react with
  oxygen or other chemicals, are transformed into
  heat, light, sound, and movement. Our bodies use
  the chemicals in food for mechanical and heat
  energy. Nuclear energy is often referred to as
  the energy of the future. It is the nuclear
  energy of the sun that produces its light and
  heat. The fusion or fission of atomic particles
  can release tremendous amounts of energy.
  Nuclear fission reactions can be controlled and
  are used to produce steam for turbines to turn
  electric generators. However, radioactive waste
  products from nuclear energy are still an
  environmental problem.

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• Conduction to transmit heat, electricity, or
  sound. The movement of thermal energy. Thermal
  means having to do with or producing heat.
  Conductor is material in which thermal energy
  moves easily through.
• Convection The transfer of heat by the movement
  of air, gas, or heated liquid between areas of
  unequal density. Its thermal energy moving from
  one place to another when changing from a liquid
  to a gas.
• Radiation The process of emitting radiant energy
  in the form of particles or waves. Radiation is
  when thermal energy moves without touching
  anything.
• Radiate- To move out in rays, such as heat moving
  through the air.
• Thermometer- A tool used to measure how hot or
  cold something is.
• Thermostat- Turn a furnace and air conditioner
  off and on.
• Identifies and discusses alternative heat sources
  such as synthetic fuels and geothermal / nuclear
  / solar energy and associates products with their
  sources.
• Synthetic man made artificial
• Geothermal relating to the internal heat of the
  earth.
• Nuclear Pertaining to and resembling a nucleus
  
• atomic energy.
• Solar energy Utilizing the sun for power or
  light.

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• Heat and Energy
• Energy is the ability to cause change. There
  are many types of energy. Electricity is one
  type of energy that people make from things found
  in nature. Electricity can be made from coal,
  oil, water, wind, or the sun. Energy that comes
  from the sun is called solar energy. We can
  conserve, or save, energy by turning off lights
  and not wasting electricity.
• Heat energy is one type of energy called thermal
  energy. When objects rub together, heat energy
  is produced. Friction is the force between two
  moving objects that produces heat. Rubbing your
  hands together is an example of this.
• Heat is fast moving molecules. We can measure
  how hot or cold something is by using a
  thermometer. Heat always moves from a hot place
  to a cold place. Heat passes through objects.
  Objects that allow heat to pass through them
  easily are called conductors. Metal is a good
  conductor. We can tell because metal gets really
  hot or really cold quickly. Objects that do not
  allow heat to pass through them easily are called
  insulators. Insulators can be cloth, plastic,
  rubber, or any material that does not allow heat
  to move through it easily.

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• ROCKS AND MINERALS
• Rocks are made from minerals. A mineral is an
  object that is solid, is formed in nature, and
  has never been alive. Minerals can be different
  colors, and they can also be soft or hard. We
  can usually tell what type mineral it is by
  looking at its properties. Some properties of
  minerals are hardness, texture and color. Some
  common minerals are quartz, talc, and sulfur.
  There are also different uses of minerals.
  Halite is used to make salt, talc is used in
  powder, and sulfur is used in medicine. Many
  other minerals such as gold, silver, emeralds,
  and diamonds are used to make jewelry.
• Rocks are made from different minerals. It
  takes many, many years for a rock to form. There
  are three types of rocks Igneous, Sedimentary,
  and Metamorphic. Igneous rocks are formed from
  lava or melted rock that cooled and hardened into
  rock. There are many different igneous rocks.
  Examples include granite, pumice, basalt, and
  obsidian. Granite is the most common rock in
  Georgia.
• Sedimentary rocks are form when sand, pebbles,
  leaves,, clay, animal remains, or other material
  settle into layers. These layers are pressed
  together under the ground and after many, many
  years, a sedimentary rock forms. Some common
  sedimentary rocks are limestone, sandstone and
  shale.
• Metamorphic means change, so metamorphic rocks
  are rocks that have changed from one type into
  another type. Heat and pressure inside the earth
  can cause a rock to change types. For example,
  limestone, a sedimentary rock, can become marble.
  Some common types of Metamorphic rocks are
  marble, slate, schist and gneiss. Each type of
  rock can be changed into another type of rock.
  This changing process is called the rock cycle.

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• Minerals
• Mineral- an object that is solid, is formed in
  nature, and has never been alive
• There are about 3,000 different types of
  minerals.
• Hardness, color, and shape are examples of a
  mineral's properties. Minerals give rocks their
  color, hardness, texture, and luster.
• uses of minerals
• 1. salt for food comes from Halite
• 2. iron comes from hematite and it's used
  to
• make steel for buildings, airplanes
  other things
• 3. jewelry gold, diamonds, ruby , emerald
• 4. money copper for pennies
• 5. "lead" or graphite for pencils
• 6. quartz is used to make glass
• 7. aluminum comes from bauzite and is used to
  make products like baseball bats, cooking pots...
  
• 8. flourite is used in toothpaste
• 9. talc is used in baby powder
• 10. silver has many uses
• 11. sulfur is used in medicine

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• Rocks
• Rock- a solid made of minerals
• The Earth is made mostly of rocks.
• Crust- solid outside layer of the Earth you can
  see.
• Mantle-The middle layer of the Earth. It's so
  hot that some of the rocks have nearly melted.
• Core-The center of the Earth. It's hotter than
  the mantle. It's made of iron. It's so hot that
  the iron is liquid.

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• Three types of rock
• Igneous rock- form from melted rock (lava) has
  cooled and hardened into rock. Example pumice,
  granite,obsidian, basalt, mica
• Sedimentary rock- forms from material such as
  sand, pebbles, leaves, clay, animal remains, that
  settle into layers. The layers are squeezed
  together until they harden into rock. Example
  limestone, sandstone, shale, conglomerate,
  coquina, gypsum
• Metamorphic rock- forms from igneous,
  sedimentary, or other metamorphic rock that have
  been changed by heat and pressure in the ground.
  Example marble, gneiss, schist, slate,
  quartzite

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• Each type of rock can be changed into the other
  type of rock. This process of changing is called
  the rock cycle.
• How people use rocks
• silicon chips for video games, computers,
  satellites, microwave ovens
• jewelry
• roads are paved with rocks
• buildings statues are made of rocks (marble,
  limestone, granite)

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• Plant Facts
• Moving pollen from one flower to another is
  pollination.
• Plants change water and carbon dioxide into
  food(sugars) during photosynthesis.
• The life cycle of a plant (how it grows and
  develops) is called germination. When the seed
  breaks open it germinates.
• The seed coat provides a protective layer for the
  seed.
• Plants are made up of small units called cells.
• Photosynthesis A plant's roots take in water
  from the soil. Water goes through the stem to
  the leaves. A gas, carbon dioxide goes into tiny
  openings in the leaves. The green material in
  the leaves is called chlorophyll. The
  chlorophyll traps energy from the sunlight.
  Plants use the energy to change water and carbon
  dioxide into plant food (sugars) and oxygen.
  The oxygen goes into the air. Plants use the
  food(sugars) to live and grow.
• Ways people use plants
• There are many ways people use plants. Here are
  only a few food, medicine, oxygen, wood for
  homes, furniture, paper.
• Understand ways seeds are spread
• Water, wind, animals, people.

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• Fossil- remains of plants or animals that have
  hardened into rock. There are different types of
  fossils. 1. body parts, such as bones or teeth or
  shells, that have turned to stone 2.animal
  track fossils, plant fossils
• Scientists can use fossils to understand how
  dinosaurs looked and lived long ago.
• How fossils form They often form in sedimentary
  rocks. Remember- these animals plants lived
  long ago.
• The soft parts of the animal decompose and hard
  parts of the animal are slowly buried under
  layers of sediment.
• A mold is the shape of a plant or animal left in
  sediments when the rock formed.
• A cast forms when mud or minerals fill a mold.
  The cast has the exact shape of the animal that
  made the mold.
• Fossil imprints are molds of leaves or other thin
  objects like feathers or wings. The actual parts
  decomposed long ago.

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• Magnets
• A magnet is an object that attracts things that
  contain iron. Objects that do not contain iron,
  like paper, glass, or plastic, are not attracted
  to a magnet. Magnets are used in many electronic
  devices, like computers and motors. Magnets can
  also be used to make electricity.
• To attract means to pull toward something.
  Magnets have two ends called poles. One pole is
  the north seeking pole and the other is the south
  seeking pole. When you put two magnets together,
  the north pole of one magnet is attracted to the
  south pole of the other magnet. The opposite
  poles attract. If you put two north poles
  together, or two south poles together, they repel
  each other. To repel means to push away.
• An object is magnetic if it attracts things that
  contain iron. Every magnet has a magnetic field.
  The magnetic field is the area around the magnet
  where the magnet attracts iron objects. You can
  make a temporary magnet by rubbing an iron object
  on a magnet. The temporary magnet will behave
  like a magnet for a short time.

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• Landforms
• Earths surface has many natural shapes, or
  features, called landforms. There are many types
  of landforms. A mountain is a place on Earths
  surface that is much higher than the land around
  it.
• Some parts of Earths surface are low areas. A
  valley is a lowland area between higher lands
  such as mountains. A canyon is a deep valley
  with very steep sides.
• A plain is a flat area on Earths surface. The
  middle of the United States is a large plain. A
  plateau is a flat area higher than the land
  around it. In some places plateaus have steep
  sides. They look like tables made of rock. You
  might see another kind of landform at the
  seashore. A barrier island is a thin island near
  a coast. Barrier islands have wide, sandy
  beaches. A peninsula is land that has water
  around most of it. Think of Florida!

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• Soil
• Soil is a mixture of different materials.
  Weathered rock is part of soil. The process of
  weathering is called erosion. Wind and water are
  two ways rocks can become weathered. The
  weathered rock contains minerals that make up
  most of soil. Soil also contains humus. Humus
  is the part of soil made up of decayed parts of
  once living things. There are different types of
  soil and they can be different colors. The color
  depends on what is in the soil. Black soils have
  a lot of humus. Clay is another type of soil.
  Clay is made up of small grains with small spaces
  between the grains. Clay becomes sticky and
  clumped together when it gets wet. Sandy soil
  has larger spaces between the grains. This
  allows water to drain quickly from sand. Plants
  grow best in loam. Loam is rich soil with a lot
  of humus. Loam also contains a lot of water and
  air, which is good for plants. Plants get what
  they need from the soil.

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• Changes to the Land
• Weathering is the way rocks are broken down
  into smaller pieces. Weathering is always
  changing the surface of Earth.
• The Earths crust is rock. But most of the
  land around you is covered with soil, sand, or
  pebbles. Thats because of weathering. Very
  slowly, weathering acts on rocks. Bit by bit the
  rocks are worn away. After thousands of years,
  the solid rocks are broken down into soil.
• Weathering is caused by more than the wind.
  Water also causes weathering. Even plants help
  break apart rocks on the surface of the Earth.
  Water causes weathering when it freezes. Most
  things take up less space when they freeze. But
  frozen water takes up more space. Water flows
  into cracks and holes in rock. As the
  temperature drops, the water freezes. Since the
  ice takes up more space, it pushes against the
  rock around it. The force of the ice widens the
  cracks and breaks the rock into pieces.
• Water also causes weathering when it is not
  frozen. The movement of water wears rock away.
  Also, rivers pick up rocks and bounce them
  around. This wears the rocks down.
• Plants cause weathering, too. Roots grow into
  cracks in rock. As the roots get bigger, they
  split the rock.

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• BREAK IT DOWN! Erosion and Weathering
• Erosion is the process that breaks things down.
  As far as we're concerned, erosion is the
  breakdown of the continents and the land around
  you. Through the process of erosion, boulders can
  become sand. Mountains are rained on and become
  hills. The pieces of the mountain become smaller
  pieces and go down the sides of hills. Weathering
  and erosion always happen in a downhill
  direction. Of course, weathering and erosion
  take many years.
• Erosion is an easy idea to understand. If you see
  a rock, pull it out of a mountain. Then throw it
  down on the ground. You are now a part of the
  erosion of that mountain. You have taken a big
  object (a mountain) and started to make little
  objects out of it (a rock). When that rock hit
  the ground, it could have cracked and made some
  tiny pieces of rock (sand). Erosion is just that
  easy. When it rains, the same process happens.
  Rocks are washed down a mountain or down a
  stream. Soils are washed away. The ocean beats
  against a cliff and breaks it apart.
• Water Erosion
• Water is the most common way erosion occurs.
  Raindrops (especially in dry environments) create
  splash erosion that moves tiny particles of soil.
  Water collecting on the surface of the soil
  collects as it moves toward streams and creates
  sheet erosion. In streams, water is very
  powerful. The faster water moves in streams the
  larger objects it can pick up and transport, or
  move.
• Wind Erosion
• Wind also causes erosion of the soil. It occurs
  almost always in deserts. This type of erosion
  causes the formation of sand dunes. The power of
  the wind erodes rock and sand.
• Ice Erosion
• Erosion caused by ice is actually a bit greater
  than the power of water but since water is much
  more common, it is responsible for a greater
  amount of erosion on the earth's surface.
• Glaciers are the main form of ice erosion. One
  way glaciers erode the land is by water entering
  cracks under the glacier, freezing, and breaking
  off pieces of rock that are then transported by
  the glacier. Another way ice erodes the land is
  when it cuts into the rock under the glacier,
  scooping rock up like a bulldozer and smoothing
  and polishing the rock surface.
• Wave Erosion
• Waves in oceans and other large bodies of water
  produce coastal erosion. The power of ocean waves
  is enormous. Large storm waves can produce 2000
  pounds of pressure per square foot. The pure
  energy of waves along with the chemical content
  of the water is what erodes the rock of the
  coastline. Erosion of sand is much easier for the
  waves and sometimes, there's an annual cycle
  where sand is removed from a beach during one
  season, only to be returned by waves in another.
  

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• Animal Facts
• Mammal- animals that have fur or hair, use lungs
  to breathe, give birth to live young, and feed
  on milk made from their mother's body. There are
  many types of mammals. Most of them have the
  above 4 traits. Some also have other traits,
  such as trunks, fins, wings, or pouches.
• Birds- animals that have feathers, two legs, and
  wings. They have lungs for breathing and bear
  young that hatch from eggs. There are many types
  of birds. Birds are grouped together because of
  traits they share. The most common traits used
  for grouping birds are beak shape and foot shape.
  The shape of a bird's beak can be used to tell
  what the bird eats. The shape of a bird's feet
  can be used to tell where it lives.
• Amphibians- animals that begin life in water and
  move onto land as adults, they lay eggs, and have
  moist skin. Gills- body parts that take in
  oxygen from the water.
• Fish- animals that live their whole live in water
  and breathe with gills. Most fish lay eggs, but
  some fish give birth to live young. Scales- thin,
  small, flat plates that help protect the fish.
• Reptiles- covered with scales, lay eggs on land,
  and breathe with lungs. (Most live in warm, wet
  tropical rain forests or in hot, dry deserts.)
• Three groups of Reptiles- lizards snakes,
  alligators crocodiles, tortoises turtles.

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• Animal Behavior Extinction Vocabulary
• 1. Instincts- behaviors an animal knows how to
  do.
• 2. Hibernate- to enter a deep sleep in which
  life activities slow down.
• 3. Migrate- to travel as a group from one place
  to live to another place and back again.
• 4. Mimicry- an animal's imitation of another
  animal or of an object in order to avoid
  predators.
• 5. Camouflage- a natural disguise some animals
  have to help them blend in with their
  surroundings.
• 6. Extinct- describes a species that is gone
  forever because all of its kind have died.
• 7. Causes of extinction- habitat loss, new
  predators, over hunting
• 8. Species- a name that identifies a specific
  kind of organism.
• 9. Endangered- in danger of becoming extinct.
• 10. Threatened- On the way to becoming
  endangered or extinct.
• 11. Fossil- something that has lasted from a
  living thing that died long ago.

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• _____________ breaks down rock into smaller
  pieces.
• A _________________ is an opening in Earth's
  surface from which lava flows.
• _____________is land that has water around most
  of it. Think of Florida.
• A place on Earth's surface that is much higher
  than the land around it is a _____________________
  __. It is the highest kind of land.
• _____________ is the area of water where ships
  can dock safely near land.
• A __________________ is any feature on the
  Earth's surface.
• 7. A flat landform on the Earth's surface is
  called a _____________________.
• 8. A __________________ is a large area of high,
  flat land with steep sides.
• 9. ___________________ is the shaking of Earth's
  surface caused by movement
• of the crust where it meets the mantle.
• Name the 4 things that soil contains.
• _____________________________
• _____________________________
• _____________________________

plain plateau mountain landform
volcano earthquake weathering
harbor peninsula
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• plain plateau mountain landform
• weathering harbor
  peninsula
• Use the terms above to complete the sentences.
• _____________ is the area of water where ships
  can dock safely near land.
• _____________ breaks down rock into smaller
  pieces.
• _____________is land that has water around most
  of it. Think of Florida.
• A __________________ is a large area of high,
  flat land with steep sides.
• A place on Earth's surface that is much higher
  than the land around it is a _____________________
  __. It is the highest kind of land.
• A __________________ is any feature on the
  Earth's surface.
• A flat landform on the Earth's surface
  _____________________
• soil humus topsoil bedrock clay
  loam conservation
• Use the terms above to complete the
  sentences.
• Rich soil with lots of humus is
  _________________________.
• ____________________ is a type of soil with very
  small grains and small spaces between them.
• ______________________ is the layer of bits of
  rocks and humus found on Earth's crust.
• ________________ means saving resources by using
  them carefully.

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• Georgia
• Georgia is a very interesting state. It has
  different types of habitats, and different
  animals and plants. Atlanta is the capital of
  Georgia. The states leader, called a governor,
  lives and works in the states capital city.
  Georgia has four different regions, or areas.
  Each region also has different types of plants
  and animals.
• North Georgia is the mountain region. These
  mountains are part of the Appalachian Mountain
  Range. Many black bear live in the mountains.
  Animals that live in the mountains must be able
  to adapt to the living conditions. Some
  adaptations are hibernating, migrating and
  camouflage.
• South of the mountains is the Piedmont
  region, which means foothills of the mountains.
  The piedmont region is where most of the cities
  in Georgia are located and where we live. The
  main crops in this area are wheat and rye. There
  are also many pine trees in this region.
• South Georgia is made up of plains,
  which is low flat land. Many crops are grown in
  the plains region of Georgia, such as peanuts,
  cotton peaches and watermelons. Peanuts prefer
  sandy soil, so they grow best in the plains
  region. Different crops grow better in different
  types of soil.
• Georgia also has a swamp in the plains
  region called the Okefenokee Swamp. The swamp has
  a lot of unique wildlife, like alligators, heron,
  black bears and snakes. Swamp plants include
  water lilies, cypress trees, and peat formed from
  fernlike plants that have decayed. Plants that
  live here are adapted to live in a wet
  environment.
• Georgia borders the Atlantic Ocean.
  The part of the state that borders the ocean is
  called the Coastal Plain Region. In this area,
  palm trees can live and grow well. In the ocean,
  Georgia has a lot of wildlife. There are
  dolphins, sharks, sea turtles, and other ocean
  animals.
• Since each region has a different climate and
  landforms some plants and animals can only live
  in one region. Other animals, like deer,
  squirrels, rabbits, and raccoons can live in all
  areas of the state. Birds also live in all
  areas, but they have adaptations for their
  habitat like their feet and beaks.

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• Pollution and Conservation
• (more to come soon)