Intelligence

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Intelligence

• What makes us smart?
• Or not so smart?

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Top 10 facts about IQ

• School attendance correlates with IQ
• IQ is not influenced by birth order
• IQ is related to breast feeding
• IQ varies by birth date
• IQ evens out with age

• Intelligence is plural not singular
• IQ is correlated with head size
• Intelligence scores are predictive of real-world
  outcomes
• IQ is going up
• IQ may be related to the school cafeteria menu!

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Intelligence

• Intelligence a mental ability to learn from
  experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to
  adapt to new situations.
• Socially constructed
• Example

According to this definition, are both Einstein
and Ruth intelligent?
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Intelligence Tests

• Intelligence Test a method of assessing mental
  aptitudes and comparing them with others
• Reification converting something abstract into
  a material thing
• Example

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Theories of Intelligence

• 5Theories
• g-intelligence (Spearman)
• Thurstones primary mental abilities
• Gardners Theory of Multiple Intelligence
• Sternbergs Three Intelligences
• Emotional Intelligence

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G factor (Spearman)

• General Intelligence (G) - a general intelligence
  that underlies successful performance on a wide
  variety of tasks.
• measured with a single numerical score
• Example
• Factor analysis statistical procedure used to
  identify clusters of closely related test items.
• Used to assess whether intelligence is a single
  trait or a collection of several distinct
  abilities (G intelligence uses factor analysis)

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Thurstones Primary Mental Abilities

• Thurstone challenged Spearman - identified 7
  clusters of mental ability
• Word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial
  ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability
  inductive reasoning and memory
• Provides
• Later found that those who excelled in one of
  Thurstone's seven primary mental abilities also
  demonstrated high levels of competence in other
  abilities

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Howard Gardner and Multiple Intelligences

• Gardner believed that there are 8 different types
  of intelligences.
• Linguistic
• Logical-mathematical
• Spatial
• Musical
• Body-kinesthetic
• Intrapersonal
• Interpersonal
• Naturalist
• Example

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Triarchic Theory (Sternberg)

• Most commonly accepted theory today.
• Three types of intelligence
• Analytical - ability to analyze and evaluate
  ideas, solve problems and make decisions.
• Example
• 2. Creative -  going beyond what is given to
  generate novel and interesting ideas
• Example
• 3. Practical - ability that individuals use to
  find the best fit between themselves and the
  demands of the environment.
• Example

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EQ Emotional Quotient

• Social Intelligence the ability to comprehend
  social situations and managing yourself
  successfully
• Emotional Intelligence ability to perceive,
  understand, manage and use emotions
• 4 components
• Criticism stretches concept of intelligence too
  far

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Think Pair Share

• Although Susan is a brilliant pianist and highly
  acclaimed ballet dancer, her high school
  intelligence test scores were only average. What
  does Susan's experience suggest regarding the
  nature of intelligence

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Brain Size and IntelligenceIs there a link?

• Head Size - .15 correlation between head size
  and intelligence scores (relative to body size).
• Brain size - .33 correlation
• Einsteins Brian
• 15 larger in parietal lobe
• Math and spatial info

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Brain Size and Complexity

• Higher performing brains

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BBrain Function

• Perceptual Speed
• 3-5 correlation
• Neurological speed
• Fast reaction on simple tasks (
  )

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Assessing Intelligence

• Frances Galton
• Meaured muscular power, sensory acuity, and body
  proportions
• Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
• mental age - what a person of a particular age
  should know.
• Example

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Stanford-Binet (Terman)

• Used Binets research to construct the modern day
  IQ test called the Stanford-Binet Test.
• IQ

• A 8 year old has a mental age of 10, what is her
  IQ?
• A 12 year old has the mental age of 9, what is
  his IQ?
• A boy has the mental age of 10 and an IQ of 200,
  how old is he?

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Problems with the IQ Formula
If a 60 year old woman
does as well as an average 29 year old
then her IQ would be _______? Ok, okan average
35 year old? Then her IQ would be_________?
Still makes no sense!!!!!

• It does not really work well on adults, why?
• Terman assigned a mental age of 20 for all adults
  to fix this problem

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The Normal Curve and Stanford-Binet
IQ Scores
Your score represents your performance relative
to the average performance (ave 100) of others
the same age
IQs less than 70 mental disability. More than
130 gifted
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Table 6.2 Sample Items from the Stanford-Binet
Intelligence Test, Form LM The older the test
taker is, the more the test requires in the way
of verbal comprehension and fluency. Age Task 4
Fills in the missing word when asked, Brother
is a boy sister is a . Answers correctly when
asked, Why do we have houses? 9 Answers
correctly when examiner says, In an old
graveyard in Spain they have discovered a small
skull which they believe to be that of
Christopher Columbus when he was about 10 years
old. What is foolish about that? Examiner
presents folded paper child draws how it will
look unfolded. 12 Completes The streams are
dry . . . there has been little rain. Tells what
is foolish about statements such as Bill Joness
feet are so big that he has to put his trousers
on over his head. Adult Can describe the
difference between misery and poverty, character
and reputation, laziness and idleness. Explains
how to measure 3 pints of water with a 5-pint and
a 2-pint can.
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Wechsler Tests

• More common
• Does not use the formula but uses the same
  scoring system.
• WAIS
• WISC
• WPPSI

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Modern Tests of Mental Abilities

• Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) consists
  of 11 verbal and performance subtests
• Assesses
• verbal comprehension, perceptual organization,
  working memory, and processing speed scores, as
  well as an overall intelligence score
• Uses factor analysis
• A low or high score in one area can indicate a
  cognitive weakness or strength
• i.e. low verbal comprehension reading
  disability
• WISC tests
• Performance tests - Object assembly, picture
  arrangement, and block design, digit span,
  vocabulary

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Wechler Adult Intelligence Scale
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WISC
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Aptitude v. Achievement Tests

• Aptitude
• A test designed to
• Ability for a person to learn a new skill.
• Example

• Achievement
• A test designed to assess what a person has
• Example

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Constructing Intelligence Tests

• Standardized - a person's test performance can be
  compared with that of a
• How would you standardize the AP Psych Exam?.
• Example
• Reliable Test-Retest, Split-halves Methods.
• Validity Content, Predictive or Construct.

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Normal Bell Curve

• Standardized tests form a normal distribution or
  bell curve
• Few people deviate extremely from the ave.
• more than 2 standard deviations from the mean
• Examples

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The Flynn Effect

• Performance on IQ scores has steadily
  over generations
• Environmental factors NOT genetics
• Reduction in malnutrition
• Access to schooling
• Technological advances
• To avoid

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Reliability

• Reliability - The extent which a test yields
  consistent results over time.
• Spilt halves -
• Ex. -
• testretest
• How would you insure the AP Psych Exam is
  reliable using split halves? Using the
  test-retest method?
• Ex

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Validity

• Validity - the extent to which a test measures
  what it is supposed to measure.
• Content Validity does the test
• Examples
• AP test measures relevant psychology content by
  showing test items to psychology professors
• Unit 11 exam has few questions about Intelligence
  no content validity
• Predictive Validity does the test
• How would test whether the AP Psych exam is
  valid?
• Examples
• AP test scores reflect similar college grades by
  giving the test to both high school and college
  students and comparing the scores to the college
  students grades

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Think Pair Share

• Assume you are going to develop a new test to
  predict job success for aspiring novelists.
  Explain how you would attempt to accomplish each
  of the following in the new test
• Content Validity
• Predictive Validity
• Standardization
• Reliability

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Think Pare Share

• Assume you are going to develop a new test to
  predict job success for aspiring pilots. Define
  each of the following and explain how you would
  attempt to accomplish each of the following in
  the new test
• Standardization
• Reliability
• Content Validity
• Predictive Validity

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Intelligence Change Over Time

• Infant intelligence indicator is preference for
  looking at
• By age 4 - a childs IQ can predict
• By age 7 - intelligence scores begin to stabilize
  and consistency with age
• predictive validity of general aptitude tests
  as the educational experience
  of students
• Ex. Correlation lowest between
• Depends on the type of intelligence, crystallized
  or fluid.

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Fluid intelligence

• Fluid intelligence - Our ability to learn new
  things fast and abstractly
• Example

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Crystallized intelligence

• Crystallized intelligence - accumulated knowledge
  and verbal skills (increases with age
• Example

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Extremes of Intelligence

• Akrit Jaswal

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The Low Extreme

• Intellectual disability both a low test score
  and difficulty adapting to independent living
• Mental retardation
• Down syndrome people born with an extra 21st
  chromosome
• Mainstreamed regular and least restrictive
  classrooms

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Classifications of Intellectual Disability
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Classifications of Intellectual Disability
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Classifications of Intellectual Disability
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Classifications of Intellectual Disability
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Classifications of Intellectual Disability
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The High Extreme

• Termans study of gifted
• Children were
• Self-fulfilling prophecy
• can lead to self-fulfilling prophecy by
• Appropriate developmental placement
• Tracking students

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Twin and Adoption Studies

• Genes and Environmental influences
• Identical twin studies
• scores more similar for identical twins raised
  apart than siblings or fraternal twins raised
  together
• scores more dissimilar for identical twins raised
  apart than together
• Polygenetic Trait- different chromosomal regions
  important to intelligence have been identified
• Adoptive children studies
• Over time adoptive childrens IQ s become
• correlated with
  adoptive parents and more

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Heritability

• Heritability variation in intelligence scores
  attributed to genetic factors ( )
• Example
• Greatest in genetically
  individuals who have been raised in
  environments.

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Correlation of Intelligence
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Environmental Influences

• Early environmental influences
• Intellectual developmental delays
• Tutored human enrichment trained caregivers to
  imitate babies babbling
• Mozart effect
• Schooling and intelligence
• Project Head Start
• Reduces likelihood that students will

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• Ian and Nolan are identical twins who were
  adopted into different families shortly after
  birth. Use what you know about the stability of
  intelligence over time and the relative
  contributions of genetic and environmental
  factors to predict how similar Ian and Nolan's IQ
  scores will be at age 5 and age at 25.

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Gender Differences in Intelligence Test Scores

• Girls
• Spelling
• Verbal ability
• Nonverbal ability
• Sensation taste touch, odor
• Emotion detecting ability
• Math and spatial aptitudes identical

• Boys
• Math problem solving
• Higher SAT
• Go into math fields
• Play chess
• Spatial abilities

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Ethnic Differences in Intelligence Test Scores

• Similarities
• Infant intelligence
• Black and white babies are

• Differences
• Ave. intelligence scores
• Blacks
• Whites
• Math abilities
• Sweden/Iceland
• Turkey/Korea
• Asians outperform North Americans on

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The Question of Bias

• Two meanings of bias
• Popular sense biased if test performance is
  influenced by cultural experiences (i.e. biased
  against blacks)
• Scientific sense biased if predictive validity
  is not same for all groups
• Test-takers expectations
• Stereotype threat - Perform worse if feel
  apprehensive because of stereotypes
• Feel you are evaluated based on a negative
  stereotype
• Example women perform lower on math tests
  because they feel apprehensive about test bias
  toward men.

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