Title: Social Studies GHSGT Review
1Social Studies GHSGT Review
2World History -Renaissance
- The Renaissance means rebirth in Europe was
the rebirth of ideas and culture connected with
ancient Greece and Rome. Mainly in urban centers. - Florence where the Renaissance began spread to
other areas of Europe over 200 years. - Politics Medici family (wealthy merchants)
ruled Florence - Economy based on shipping trade with Byzantine
Islamic Empires as well as England and the
Netherlands. - Socially time of recovery from Black Plague
political instability. Importance of the
individual. Material comforts, art emphasizing
positive human qualities, and humanistic ideas.
3Renaissance Men
- Renaissance Man describes a well educated person
who excels in many fields and has many talents. - Machiavelli From Florence Wrote The Prince,
describing the skills required by a ruling
prince to maintain power and order. - Leonardo da Vinci The original Renaissance Man
expert in painting, sculpting, engineering,
physics, anatomy, and other subjects. He is most
known for the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. - Michelangelo Renaissance artist who is best
known for idealized paintings and sculptures of
the human body. Reflected the beauty of God.
4Renaissance Humanists
- Humanists studied history, philosophy, and poetry
of the ancient Greeks and Romans. - Petrarch argued that no conflict existed
between secular achievements and a persons
relationship with God. He believed that God gave
people intelligence and talents that they should
use to the fullest. - Dante Took humanist ideas and incorporated them
into literature written in the common language of
his day not in Latin. - Erasmus was a Dutch Christian Humanist who
believed in reforming the Catholic Church from
within. He believed in free will instead of
predestination ideas found in the Protestant
movement.
5Protestant Reformation
- A movement against certain practices of the
Catholic Church which had dominated religious
practice politics in Europe for hundreds of
years. - Martin Luther his ideas were considered a
catalyst of the Protestant Reformation. He
publicly protested and posted the 95 Theses
attacking the selling of Indulgences for the
release from the punishment of sin. He broke
from the Catholic Church, and the Lutheran Church
was formed as the first Protestant faith. - John Calvin Leader in the Protestant faith
believed in predestination (God is all powerful
and has already decided who will receive
salvation who wont)
6Protestant Reformation
- Henry VIII established the Anglican Church in
England (Protestant Church) so he could divorce
his wife. He remained very Catholic in his
beliefs. - Elizabeth I Henry VIIIs daughter turned the
Anglican Church to moderate Protestantism during
her reign. - Johannes Gutenberg printed the first Bible in
Europe with moveable type. This allowed the
ideas of the Protestant Reformation to spread
rapidly. The printing industry encouraged people
to learn to read, and gave them access to a
variety of religious texts, literature, and
scholarship.
7The Counter Reformation(Catholic Reformation)
- Jesuits group of Catholics who believed in
restoring Catholicism to newly Protestant areas
of Europe. Were recognized as a new religious
order within the Catholic Church. They turned
many parts of Europe back to Catholicism through
education. - Council of Trent body of Catholic Bishops who
met for 18 years to work on reforming corrupt
practices within the Catholic faith. Stopped
the selling of indulgences.
8Age of Exploration
- Vasco da Gama sailed to Eastern Africa
Western India helped Portugal establish
strategic positions along Indian Ocean.
Portuguese controlled trade routes in this area. - Christopher Columbus Italian sailing for Spain
looked for route from Spain to India helped
establish a permanent European settlement on
Hispaniola connected Europe with the Americas. - Ferdinand Magellan sailed for Spain 1st
explorer to successfully sail around the earth.
Helped prove that the earth was round.
9Age of Exploration
- Samuel de Champlain sailed for France
established the first French colony in North
America. His colony in New France was called
Quebec City. Helped establish trade routes
between France and New France. - Mercantilism idea that countries need a large
supply of gold and silver to have prosperity.
They earn the gold and silver by exporting goods.
Colonies provided European nations the raw
materials they needed to make finished goods. The
colonies then were a market for these finished
goods.
10Age of Exploration
- Columbian Exchange large scale exchange of
plants, diseases, animals, and people between the
eastern and western hemispheres following
Columbus first voyage to the Americas - Astrolabe technology that allowed sailors to
locate and predict the position of the moon, sun,
stars making navigation more efficient.
11Enlightenment In Europe
- Copernicus believed in heliocentric solar
system (the earth revolved around the sun) this
challenged the Catholic Churchs opposite belief. - Galileo Galilei proved Copernicus theory
through use of the telescope. - Johannes Kepler astronomer who believed that
the planets in the solar system moved in an
elliptical orbit around the sun. - Sir Isaac Newton considered the father of
calculus famous for his laws of gravity and
motion proved Keplers theory of elliptical
orbit through mathematics.
12US History Colonial History
European Settlement GPS SSUSH 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d
13Jamestown, Virginia
- Founded by the Virginia Company of London as a
business venture. - First permanent English colony in North America.
- Settled on a swampy site on the James River in
Virginia. - Problems
- Settled on a swamp
- Illness
- Lack of food fresh water
- Fights with Native Americans
- Wanted to look for gold instead of work
- The colony almost did not survive.
14Jamestown is saved by Tobacco
- 1614 Pocahontas married John Rolfe, an English
tobacco grower. - The marriage led to good will between the
colonists the Powhatans for a while. - Conflict began again when colonists expanded onto
Powhatan lands to grow tobacco. - Virginias economy became dependent on tobacco
for its existence.
15Jamestown becomes self -governing
- 1619 VA Company let Jamestown establish its own
government with the right to create colonial
laws. - Residents elected representatives, called
burgesses to the House of Burgesses. - The VA House of Burgesses was the first
representative government in America. - The governor was appointed by the VA Company.
- This elected body acted on behalf of the
colonists.
16Bacons Rebellion
- Poor English and slave colonists staged an
uprising against the governor and his landowning
supporters. The landless rebels wanted harsher
action against the Native Americans so more land
would be available to the colonists. The
rebellion was put down, and the VA House of
Burgesses passed laws to regulate slavery so poor
white colonists would no longer side with slaves
against rich white colonists.
17NEW ENGLAND SETTLEMENT
- New England colonies
- Established by Puritans in present day
Massachusetts. - Strict religious beliefs.
- Not tolerant of differing religious beliefs.
18New England Settlement
- Rhode Island was founded by religious dissenters
from Massachusetts who were more tolerant of
different religious beliefs. - Many New England communities were run through
town meetings. - In colonies run by the King, a royal governor was
appointed - Church membership was required for men to have
voting rights. - Church membership was tightly controlled by the
minister and congregation. As more children were
born in America, many grew up to be adults who
lacked a personal covenant (relationship) with
God.
19Events in Massachusetts
- Mid-1600s the Puritan ideal was under pressure
to change. - 1662- church ministers agreed to the Half - Way
Covenant - Children of church members were admitted as half
way members who could be baptized into the
church, but did not have the right to vote or
take communion. Hope was to increase church
membership with these 2nd and 3rd generation
Puritans. - Late 1600s a fear of witchcraft was prevalent
in New England. - 1692- in Salem, MA dozens of women, men
children were accused of witchcraft jailed. - During the 10 months of the Salem Witch Trials,
nineteen people were found guilty of practicing
witchcraft and were hanged.
20Mid Atlantic Colonies
- PENNSYLVANIA
- 1681 William Penn got a large piece of land
from King Charles II and founded Pennsylvania. - Quakers settled Pennsylvania
- Practiced religious tolerance
- Were pacifists
- Religious equality for women
- No established church ministry
- Quakers were often persecuted for they way of
life. - 1683 Pennsylvania established a legislative
assembly.
21Mid Atlantic Colonies
- NEW YORK
- 1626 Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam was
founded after buying Manhattan Island from the
Manhattan people (Native Americans) for some
beads and other goods. - It became a major trading port.
- Dutch governor Peter Stuyvesant turned the colony
over to England in 1664. - It was renamed New York after the Duke of York,
who was the brother of King Charles II. - Tolerant of different religions.
22Trans-Atlantic Trade
- Mercantilism inspired Parliament to control the
trans-Atlantic trade with its American colonies.
- All goods shipped to or from British North
America had to travel in British ships, and goods
exported to Europe were subject to British taxes. - These restrictions were designed to keep the
colonies from competing with Britain.
23SLAVERY IS INTRODUCED
- Tobacco other cash crops required a large labor
force. - African slaves were used for this work.
- In 1607, there were no African slaves in North
America, but by 1700, there were thousands. - Most of them were found in the Southeast, where
the economy was agriculturally based. - The Middle Passage was the part of the triangular
trade through which the slaves came to North
America.
24African American Culture
- African American culture grew in America.
- Slave communities were rich with music, dance,
basket weaving, and pottery making. - Slaves brought these skills with them from their
various cultures.
25The enlightenment Influences in America
- The Enlightenment was a new way of thinking that
came about during the scientific revolution in
Europe. It was based on reason. - John Locke and others talked about the natural
rights of individuals. - Rousseau- argued in favor of the social
contract, allowing governments to exist and rule
only with the consent of the people. -
26US HISTORY THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION GPS SSUSH
3A, 3B, 3C
27CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
- THERE WAS A GROWING BELIEF THAT COLONISTS RIGHTS
AS ENGLISHMEN WERE BEING VIOLATED. -
- French Indian War 1754 1763 Fought
between Great Britain, the French their Native
American allies. It was fought over territory in
the Ohio Valley. Native Americans supported the
French because they built forts for trade instead
of permanent settlements. Great Britain won the
war, but would need money to help pay war debts.
Was called the 7 Years War in Europe. -
-
28- Treaty of Paris 1763 - Ended the French and
Indian War. France lost Canada to Great Britain.
France also gave up all land east of the
Mississippi River except New Orleans. The British
kept control of all American colonies, which
colonists resented. - RESULT Redrew the entire political map of
North America brought Great Britain into
conflict with both France and the colonies.
29- Proclamation of 1763 Parliament told the
colonists they could not purchase land west of
the Appalachian Mountains. Britain sent 10,000
troops to the colonies. Western settlers were
ordered to vacate Indian land, and only those
British settlers with licenses could trade.
30- GREAT BRITAIN NEEDED MONEY
- TO REPAY WAR DEBTS
- FOR THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR
- Stamp Act (1765) was passed to raise money for
defending the colonies. Taxed legal documents,
newspapers, pamphlets, etc. It was the first
direct tax ever placed on the colonies a
violation of the principle that only the
colonies legislative assemblies could impose
taxes. - Colonists opposed taxation without representation
boycotted the stamps. No taxes were ever paid
and the tax was finally repealed.
31COLONIAL RESISTANCE
- Sons of Liberty secret organization formed to
show colonists dislike for British policies.
They were led by Sam Adams. They damaged British
property and promoted civil disobedience. - Daughters of Liberty - protest group of females.
Helped make homemade items so that colonists
could continue to boycott British goods.
32- Committees of Correspondence formed because
American patriots could not communicate publicly.
They would exchange written communication with
each other. They were the first organization
linking the colonies in their opposition to
British rule. They played an important role in
planning for the First Continental Congress. - Intolerable Acts passed by Britain to punish
Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party. Closed
Boston Harbor, and required colonists to house
British soldiers in their homes. Reduce
colonists rights to self government.
33Common Sense
- Common Sense Thomas Paine published this
pamphlet encouraging Americans to support
independence from Great Britain.
34- Declaration of Independence 1776- written by
Thomas Jefferson using the ideas of John Locke
and Charles de Montesquieu. The language of it
was very direct and simple for everyone to
understand. It explained the reasons for the
colonies seeking independence from Great Britain.
It listed examples of how King George III had
violated colonists rights. It discussed the
colonists many unsuccessful attempts to get
relief from Great Britain, and ended by stating
that the only way for the colonists to restore
their rights was to do it themselves by declaring
independence.
35- Important People
- Benjamin Franklin American ambassador to
France. The French began to secretly support the
Americans in early 1776. - Marquis de Lafayette French soldier who joined
the war against the British. He helped train
American forces and was a key strategist in the
Yorktown campaign that led to the British
surrender. - Lord Cornwallis was the commander of the
British forces during the American Revolution.
He surrendered at Yorktown and returned to
Britain. - e had a good chance of being badly hurt or dying
in battle.
36George Washington
- Named commander in Chief of the Continental Army.
- Extraordinary leadership abilities
- Reorganized the army
- Got additional equipment and supplies
- Started a training program for a professional
military.
37Important Events
- Crossing the Delaware River 1776- Christmas Eve
Was the turning point of the Revolutionary War.
Washington his men crossed the river during a
snowstorm for a surprise attack on a fort held by
Hessian mercenaries working for the British. The
American victory there proved that American
troops were a serious opponent. THIS VICTORY
RAISED AMERICAN MORALE. - Valley Forge -Washingtons troops spent a harsh
winter in 1777-1778 there. Problems for the army
were at their worst during that time. Disease
spread through the camp. 4,000 men were too weak
or ill to fight. Even though, Washington ordered
an intense training program that made the
Continental Army much more confident and capable.
38- Important Events
- Yorktown , VA British General Cornwallis planned
to move the battles to the south in an attempt
to separate the southern northern states. He
followed American troops into VA, where he was
defeated by the American-French alliance. He
surrendered, and the Revolutionary War ended. - 1783 Treaty of Paris Ended the Revolutionary
war. - America now had independence without
qualification.
39Ideas of Liberty Begin to Spread
- France
- Haiti
- Latin America
- Other areas that experienced revolution
40France (1789)
- French Revolution
- Moderate Phase constitutional monarchy
- Radical Phase Reign of Terror
- Final Moderate Phase Republic
- Caused by a lack of central leadership.
- Extreme margin between rich and poor.
- Estates General met promised to double the vote
of the common people against the votes of the
clergy and nobility. - This failed, and the Third Estate (commoners)
rebelled and took the Tennis Court Oath that
they would be the national assembly would not
separate until a constitution was established.
41France (1798)
- France got a constitution in 1791
- Reign of Terror began when Louis XVI tried to
flee. Tens of thousands were executed (mostly
nobility and clergy) - A new constitution was written in 1795.
- The government was unstable, and people wanted a
strong political figure. - Napoleon entered the scene and established the
French Empire.
42Haiti (1791)
- Haitian Revolution (1791) was similar to US
Revolution in its causes. - Haiti was controlled by France
- Strict mercantilist policies
- Denied them a voice in government
- Slavery
- Division in Haiti over issues.
- Declaration of the Rights of man issued by the
Estates General in 1789. - Raised issue of slavery for France and her
colonies. - Slave rebellions started in 1791
- 1794 all free people in colonies were
considered equal - Slavery did not end there
- Inspired slave rebellions around the world
- Loss of Haiti as a colony led to France giving up
much territory in Western Hemisphere.
43Latin America (1808 1825)
- Early 19th century was dominated by revolutions
throughout Latin America. - These revolutions led to the establishments of
the independent territories of Mexico, Venezuela,
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina, Chile, Brazil
and Bolivia. - Many began after the success of the American and
French Revolutions. - The revolutions revolved around issues of
mercantilism, slavery and self-government. - Many were influenced or inspired by the efforts
of Simon Bolivar, who believed in self government
of the Spanish colonies. - He established the Gran-Colombia, (a federal
republic) it was his dream of a Latin-American
state, and lasted until 1830,when it dissolved
after his resignation.
44US History Creating a New Government GPS
SSUSH 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e
45Articles of Confederation
- Written by the 2nd Continental Congress to
establish a new central government for America. - Was the first constitution (written plan for
government) for our nation. - Made sure that the central government was WEAK,
and state governments were STRONG. - No federal power to tax, regulate commerce, or
establish a national currency. - Led to conflicts among the states that threatened
the existence of the nation.
46Shays Rebellion
- An attempt by a group of indebted farmers to
secure weapons from a Federal Armory. - Became the catalyst for the US to recognize the
need for a new constitution. - With no power to tax, the federal government
could not repair the national economy.
47Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists
- Federalists (pro Constitution) focused on
weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, and
the benefits of a national government as formed
by the Constitution. - They believed a strong central government would
foster the commercial growth of the new country. - Anti-Federalists (against Constitution) feared
too much power in the new central government. - They worried that the rights of common people
would be suppressed by those in power.
48Alexander Hamilton James Madison
- Authors of the Federalist Papers
- These papers communicate the central ideas of the
Federalists - The benefits of a union between the states
- The problems with the confederation as it stood
at the time - The importance of an effective federal government
- Defense of republicanism
- The need for a federal government to preserve
order and secure liberty.
49The Great Compromise
- Settled dispute between large and small states.
- Combined Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan
- Established a national legislature with elected
representatives based on a states population. - Two house legislature
- House of Representatives representation based on
population - Senate equal representation for all states.
50- Slavery Issue
- 3/5 Compromise
- 3/5 of a states slaves would count as part of
the population - Counting formula to be used for calculating
taxation representation - Slave Trade
- Congress would not interfere with the slave trade
for 20 years. - Congress could limit the slave trade after that
time - Return of runaway slaves by Northern states.
51Division of Power
- Federalism (sharing power between federal and
state governments) was the basis for the new
government. - Constitution would be the supreme law of the
land. - Limited government with divided powers.
- Powers divided between national and state
government - Power of national government was divided between
the executive, legislative and judicial branches. - Checks and balances ensured that none of the 3
branches became too powerful (example- President
can veto a bill passed by Congress)
52- The Bill of Rights (1st ten amendments to the
Constitution) was added in 1791. - Guarantees personal freedoms such as freedom of
speech and religion right to bear arms, etc. - The Constitution took effect in 1789
53The New Government in Action
- George Washington became Americas first
president - He set important precedents for other presidents
to follow. - Was a period of booming trade with Great Britain.
- The US did not get involved in foreign conflicts.
(neutrality) - He warned against political parties and foreign
entanglements. - Tax policies were a major issue taxes were
passed on liquor this hit the small whiskey
makers in western settlements hard.
54Whiskey Rebellion
- Farmers in western Pennsylvania rose up to
protest the government over taxation. - They attacked federal tax collectors.
- Washington showed the power of the federal
government when he sent troops in to stop the
protest. - He said if Americans did not like a law, they
should petition Congress peacefully.
55Political Parties Emerge
- 1796 two political parties had emerged
- Alexander Hamilton led the Federalists
- Believed the Constitution granted the federal
government implied powers (not specifically
mentioned in the Constitution) - Thomas Jefferson and James Madison were
Republicans - Believed in a strict interpretation of the
Constitution. No powers not specifically
mentioned in the Constitution. - 1796 Election John Adams (Federalist) was
elected President, and Thomas Jefferson
(Republican) was elected Vice President.
Political parties had begun to play an important
role in the government process.
56Presidency of John Adams
- 1796 Election John Adams (Federalist) was
elected President - Plagued by conflicts with France and Great
Britain that crippled the nations economy. - Received harsh criticism from supporters of Vice
President Thomas Jefferson. - Congress passed a law that increased citizenship
requirements so that Jefferson would lose support
from the immigrant community. - Congress also tried to stop the criticism with
limits on speech and press rights of Jeffersons
followers.
57US History American Expansion GPS SSUSH 6a, 6b,
6c, 6d, 6e
58Napoleon Bonaparte
- Positive changes in France
- Higher education
- Civil law (Napoleonic Code)
- Declared himself Emperor and established a
hereditary monarchy. - Established a modern secular state
- Development of modern warfare
- His military strength motivated other European
nations to form alliances lay the foundation
for many of todays international systems.
59Louisiana Purchase
- 1800 Thomas Jefferson was elected 3rd president
of the US - He was very curious about undiscovered
treasures of the western lands. - Jefferson sent ambassadors James Monroe Robert
Livingston to France to purchase New Orleans
West Florida for 10 million. - Napoleon Bonaparte sold the Louisiana Territory
to the US for 3 cents an acre (15 million). - The Louisiana Purchase more than doubled the size
of the US (1803)
60Lewis and Clark Expedition
- Meriwether Lewis William Clark were chosen by
Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Purchase and
lands west. - They led 50 other explorers in the Corps of
Discovery. - Started at St. Louis and traveled up the Missouri
River - 28 months
- 8,000 miles
- Went to the Pacific Ocean and back.
- RESULT of the expedition Opened the door to
western expansion and brought a huge change to
the lifestyle of Native Americans on both sides
of the Mississippi River.
61Causes of The War of 1812
- Control of Atlantic Trade continued to create
conflict between France and England. - American merchant ships were caught in the middle
of the conflict. - 1807 Congress imposed an embargo (halt) of
foreign trade directed against France and Great
Britain. - The embargo stopped trade for American merchants
and farmers, causing a severe economic depression
in the United States. - American merchant ships were seized at sea by
both France and Great Britain. - The British forced thousands of American sailors
into service in the British Royal Navy
(impressment) - Members of Congress believed that the British
were arming Native Americans causing their
aggression toward the US.
62Results of the War of 1812
- June 18, 1812 Congress declared war on Great
Britain. - Two years later, the Treaty of Ghent was signed
to end the war. - Military stalemate
- White House was burned
- Brought a new spirit of nationalism that expanded
trade westward movement
63Monroe Doctrine
- 1823 President James Monroe issued the Monroe
Doctrine. - Put Europe on notice that the US would not
tolerate any additional European colonies in
North America. - Became the basis for US foreign policy in the
Western Hemisphere
64Domestic Issues
- American domestic policy focused mainly on
movement west - 1807- steamboat changed river travel
- By 1830, the steam locomotive would lead to a
railroad network stretching from the East Coast
to the MS River. - 1825 - Erie Canal opened and connected Lake Erie
to the Hudson River - Canals and railroads allowed goods to move from
east to west - New York was a central point for Americas trade
and banking - NY had a population of over 200,000 by 1830.
- As the infrastructure developed, Americas inner
cities began to grow.
65US History
- Economic Growth Reform
- GPS SSUSH 7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e
66Industrial Revolution Brings Changes
- Began in England in 1700s eventually spread to
the United States. - Advances in science technology
- Had far reaching socioeconomic effects
- Industrialization involved a transition from
manual to power driven factory labor. - Factories began producing goods such as cloth
furniture previously made by hand in small shops
or at home. - As industries grew, people began to leave rural
farms villages to move to the cities for
factory work.
67The Cotton Gin US Industrialization
- 1794 Eli Whitney makes cotton production easier
with the invention of the cotton gin, which
separated seeds from cotton. - This invention resulted in increased cotton
production, which led to more fields being
planted with cotton, and an increased need for
slaves to pick the cotton. - By 1840, cotton represented 52 of goods exported
from the United States. - US industrialization began in 1800 in New
England, where coal and iron were plentiful.
68Interchangeable Parts
- Parts that can be used for more than one product,
instead of parts made one at a time for
individual machines. - Eli Whitney used interchangeable musket parts,
which resulted in a large musket contract for
him. - These parts became a key component of
industrialization in both the United States and
Europe.
69Reasons for Westward Growth
- Most Americans desired to own their own land.
- Gold and other valuable resources were discovered
in the West. - Manifest Destiny belief of
- Americans that it was our
- obvious fate to expand from
- coast to coast.
70Jacksonian Democracy
- Term refers to the presidency of Andrew Jackson
(1829-1837) - He believed in Manifest Destiny
- Jackson expanded the power of the presidency
- Encouraged people from all social classes to be
involved in government vote - He used the spoils system, where he gave friends
and political supporters jobs in the government
(even if they werent qualified) - Responsible for Indian Relocation
71Popular Political Culture
- Expanded during Jacksons presidential campaigns.
- Accusations against each side
- Mud slinging
- These were publicized in songs, pamphlets,
posters, lapel buttons and posters. - Campaign rallies and barbecues.
72American Nationalism
- As a people, Americans in Andrew Jacksons day
believed in Manifest Destiny. - They believed their nation was different than,
and superior to, other nations because most
Americans of that time shared the Protestant
religion, English ancestry, and culture. - They believed it was their duty to expand the
hold of their religion, language, ancestry and
culture all the way to the Pacific Ocean. - Together, these beliefs comprise American
nationalism.
73Reform Movements
- Temperance
- Abolition
- Public School
- Womens Suffrage
74Temperance Movement
- Temperance is the belief that people should limit
or eliminate the use of alcoholic beverages. - Impact increased the size of Protestant
religious organizations their influence in
western rural sections of the country. Also
laid the foundation for the womens movement
because women played such an important role in
this movement.
75Abolition Movement
- Issue Slavery should be abolished and not
allowed in new states. - Impact made slavery and its expansion an
important political issue. Women played an
important role, which laid the foundation for the
womens movement.
76Abolitionists
- Abolition movement was an effort to end slavery.
It took place mainly in the North. - William Lloyd Garrison writer and editor white
radical abolitionist published anti-slavery
newspaper. - Frederick Douglass former slave worked for
Garrison traveled and made speeches against
slavery later published his own newspaper.
77Womens Suffrage Movement
- Until 1920, most women in the US did not have
suffrage - (right to vote).
- Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized a large assembly
in Seneca Falls, NY in 1848. - More than 2,000 people attended the Seneca Falls
Convention. - It was the first womens rights convention in the
US. - They wrote voted on the Declaration of
Sentiments, which called for equal rights for
women in education, property ownership, and
voting. - This convention kicked off the womens suffrage
movement, and conventions were held every year. - Eventually (1920), 72 years of persistence would
lead to the - 19th Amendment, which gave women the right to
vote.
78Public School Movement
- Issue all children should be required to attend
free schools supported by taxpayers and staffed
by trained teachers. - Impact Established education as a right for all
children and as a state and local issue.
Improved the quality of schools by requiring
trained teachers.
79 Missouri Compromise of 1820
- Missouri wanted to enter the Union as a state.
- Their constitution allowed slavery. One half of
the states in the Union were free and one half
allowed slaves. Missouri would upset the
balance. - So, the Missouri Compromise was enacted.
- Missouri would enter the Union as a slave state
- Maine entered the Union as a free state
- No slavery would be allowed in the northern part
of the Louisiana Purchase except Missouri.
80Nullification Crisis
- Vice President, John C. Calhoun disagreed with
President Andrew Jackson over rights of states to
nullify (cancel) federal laws that they opposed.
- Trouble started when southern states tried to
nullify a high tax (tariff) placed on goods from
Europe. - The tax helped northern manufacturers, but hurt
plantation owners. - John C. Calhoun, who resigned from the VP, was
from South Carolina, so that state led the fight
for states rights against the federal
government. - RESULT (CONSEQUENCE) SECTIONALISM GROWS
STRONGER IN THE SOUTH.
81Mexican American War
- In 1845, Texas became part of the United States
- (it had formerly been part of Mexico).
- The US then wanted the Mexican territories
- of California and New Mexico.
- War broke out between the US and Mexico in 1846.
- The US occupied much of northern Mexico during
the war. The US eventually won the war, and this
region was ceded (given) to the US in the Treaty
of Guadalupe-Hidalgo.
82Wilmot Proviso
- During the Mexican American War, Congress
debated whether slavery would be allowed in New
Mexico and California if these territories were
gained from Mexico. - The anti-slavery provision was outlined in a
proposal called the Wilmot Proviso. - The House of Representatives failed to approve
it, and the question of slavery in those areas
remained unanswered.
83Compromise of 1850
- Five laws written to deal with issue of slavery
in new states. - The state of New Mexico would be established by
carving its borders from Texas. - New Mexico voters would determine whether slavery
would be permitted or prohibited. - California would enter the Union as a free state
- All citizens would be required to catch runaway
slaves return them to their owners or face
fines or imprisonment. - The slave trade would be abolished in the
District of Columbia, but the practice of slavery
would be allowed to continue there.
84Kansas Nebraska Act
- 1854 Congress had to deal with the question of
slavery in the new territories of Kansas and
Nebraska. - The idea was suggested by Senator Stephen Douglas
for two reasons - 1) He wanted Chicago to benefit from western
development (railroads could be built on Kansas
Nebraska land crops could be sent to Chicago) - 2) He wanted support of Southern Democrats when
he ran for President. Allowing the people to
decide on slavery would make North South happy.
85- Kansas Nebraska Act
- Established POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY (rule by the
people) in all new territories for people to
decide if the state would be free or slave. - Pro slavery anti-slavery groups rushed to
Kansas to try to create a voting majority there. - Pro slavery voters elected a legislature.
- Abolitionists elected a rival Kansas government
with an anti-slavery constitution, established a
different capital city, and raised an army. - Pro-slavery Kansans raised their own army.
- Violence broke out between the two factions
Kansas was called Bleeding Kansas. - POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY HAD FAILED !!
86Dred Scott Decision
- 1857 US Supreme Court issued the Dred Scott
decision. A slave named Dred Scott had sued his
owner for his freedom when his owner moved him to
a free state. The Supreme Courts ruling stated
that a slave could not be a citizen, so he could
not sue. - The Court also said that Congress could not
prohibit slavery in federal territories. - The Court found that popular sovereignty and the
Missouri Compromise were unconstitutional. - SIGNIFICANCE The US Constitution
- protected slavery..
87John Browns Raid
- John Brown was a famous abolitionist who decided
to fight slavery with violence and killing. - He thought he was chosen by God to end slavery.
- He led family members and other abolitionists in
an attack on pro-slavery settlers in Kansas. - In 1859, he led a group of black and white men in
an attack on the federal armory at Harpers
Ferry, Virginia. - He planned to deliver the weapons to slaves to
use in an uprising against slaveholders federal
officials. - The raid failed and Brown was captured.
- He was convicted of treason against VA
executed. - In the North he was a martyr in the South he was
a traitor.
88Lincolns Efforts to Preserve the Union
- Lincoln was elected in 1860.
- South Carolina seceded from the Union
(separated), followed by MS, FL, AL, GA, LA TX. - These states formed a new country called the
Confederacy (Confederate States of America) - They attacked the US Army base
- at Fort Sumter, SC in 1861 and
- the Civil War began.
89Lincolns Efforts to Preserve the Union
- Lincoln believed that preserving the Union was
his most important job. - He saw the southern states as merely rebelling
against the government. - Lincoln called for a volunteer army to preserve
the Union, and more states joined the
Confederacy VA, AR, NC, TN. - At first, Lincoln only wanted to restrict the
spread of slavery, but later decided to end it in
the US.
90Lincolns Second Inaugural Address
- Lincoln was re-elected in 1864.
- The Union had a certain victory.
- Lincoln expressed sorrow that the states had not
been able to resolve their differences
peacefully. - He stated that slavery was evil.
- He urged Americans not to seek revenge on
slaveholders and Confederate supporters. - He urged Reconstruction of the South with malice
toward none. - Said the war was fought to preserve the Union and
end slavery.
91Habeas Corpus
- The legal rule that anyone imprisoned must be
taken before a judge to determine if they were
being held in custody legally. - Lincoln suspended this constitutional right in
some states during the Civil War. - He had the right to do this in times of national
emergencies. - This enabled over 13,000 Confederate sympathizers
to be arrested and held in the North.
92Emancipation Proclamation
- Lincoln used his emergency powers to issue it.
- Freed (emancipated) all the slaves in the
Confederate States. - He hoped the news would reach the slaves in the
South they would flee to the North. - He thought this would lessen the number of men
able to join the Confederate Army. - It did not free slaves living in the North.
- New goal for Union troops abolishing slavery.
93Antietam
- Maryland 1862
- First major battle on Union soil.
- Bloodiest one day battle of the Civil War
- Robert E. Lees Confederate forces retreated, and
the Union claimed victory. - Significance of this battle - Lincoln issued the
Emancipation Proclamation afterwards.
94Battle of Gettysburg
- Pennsylvania 1863 Three day battle
- that was the turning point of the war
- More than 50,000 men killed or wounded.
- Lee failed to show Britain France they should
help the Confederacy. - Devastating losses for the Confederates
- Lee withdrew his forces back to Virginia
- Lee gave up attempts to invade the Union.
95Battle of Vicksburg
- 1862 Vicksburg was important to the Confederacy
because it guarded the Mississippi River access
to New Orleans. - In 1863, Union forces sneaked past the
Confederates during the night, and set up south
of Vicksburg, where they gained control of the
Mississippi River. - This basically cut the Confederacy in half.
- Vicksburg was lost on July 4, 1863.
96Battle of Atlanta
- Shermans plan was to force the Confederate
forces to stop his advance. If they refused to
fight, he planned to seize Atlanta. - Confederate General James Hood engaged Union
forces, and lost thousands of soldiers. - Shermans forces were able to capture Atlanta, a
major rail and industrial center of the
Confederacy.
97Gettysburg Address
- 1863 Lincolns speech to dedicate a military
cemetery at the Gettysburg battlefield. - Lincoln spoke for only two minutes, but his
speech is considered to be one of the greatest in
the English language. - It shaped popular opinion in favor of preserving
the Union. - It helped raise the spirits of the northerners
who had grown tired of the war. - He was able to convince people that the US was
one indivisible nation.
98Presidential Reconstruction
- President Johnsons plan
- Amnesty for Southerners who swore allegiance to
the Union. - Pardon high ranking Confederate soldiers.
- Voting rights for white men
- All southern states would ratify the 13th
Amendment. - Johnson would appoint new southern governors.
- Re-admit southern states to the Union as quickly
as possible.
99Radical Republican Reconstruction
- Republicans in Congress were angry because new
southern state governments were denying newly
freed slaves their rights. - Congress forced southern states to re-apply for
admission to the Union. - They had to ratify (accept) three new amendments
to the Constitution.
10013th Amendment
- Ended slavery in the US.
- Freedmens Bureau to meet the needs of former
slaves food, land, shelter medical care. - It also established schools made labor
contracts for freedmen. - Black colleges (Morehouse in Atlanta)
101Fourteenth FifteenthAmendments
- Granted full citizenship to all people born in
the US. (14th) - Gave all citizens the right to vote. (15th)
102Progress for African Americans During
Reconstruction.
- Many children could attend school for the first
time. - African Americans started newspapers, served in
public office, and attended new colleges and
universities. - Morehouse College was founded in Atlanta in 1867.
- Freedmens Bureau was created by Congress to help
the newly freed slaves. - Provided food, clothing, jobs, medicine and
medical facilities. - Congress did not grant them land or the absolute
right to own land. Many worked as tenant farmers
or sharecroppers.
103Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
- Johnson ignored laws passed by Congress to limit
presidential powers. - They passed these laws to stop Johnson from
curbing Radical Republicans hostile treatment of
former Confederate states and their leaders. - Johnson missed conviction by one vote.
- He was impeached mainly because he had differing
opinions than those who had the power to impeach
him.
104Resistance to Equal Rights
- Black Codes (1865 1866) Series of laws passed
by Southern legislatures to restrict the rights
of newly freed blacks. - Vagrancy laws banned from owning farmland
minors could be indentured until 21 years old. - Black Codes would later be overturned.
105Ku Klux Klan
- Formed in 1866 in Tennessee as a social club.
Then became a white supremist group fighting to
keep African Americans from receiving their
rights. - Terrorized African Americans as a way to maintain
the segregation and disenfranchisement of blacks. - Dressed in white robes hoods depicting the
ghosts of dead Confederate soldiers.
Nathan Bedford Forrest
106Expansion after the Civil War
- Railroads
- Oil and Steel Industry
- Immigrant Labor
- Rise of Big Business
- Labor Unions
- Movement West
- Progressives
107Railroads
- Why were they important?
- Could cross long distances
- More reliable transportation
- Increased westward expansion
- Government gave land grants to RRs
108Who Worked on the Railroads?
- Mostly Chinese immigrants
- The work was harsh and dangerous.
- The pay was poor.
- They worked long hours in all kinds of weather.
109Carnegie Steel
- Andrew Carnegie Used vertical integration to
make his company grow. - He bought all the supplies gained control of
all parts of the steel production process. - He created more product more cheaply.
- He also attracted talent to work in his company.
- Carnegie gave away 90 of his wealth!!
110Standard Oil
- John D. Rockefeller used horizontal integration
to make his company grow create a monopoly. - He controlled 90 of all the oil refinery
businesses in the US. - He paid low wages kept his
- profits high.
- Rockefeller also gave much of his wealth to
charities.
111Immigration
- Immigrants from Europe arrived on the East Coast
at Ellis Island - It was called the Golden Door (New York City)
- They traveled 2 3 weeks to get here in terrible
conditions faced thieves and criminals who took
advantage of them settled together in
communities made low wages, and faced
discrimination. Likely to be poor. - Immigrants from Asia arrived on the West Coast at
Angel Island. - Chinese Japanese were targets of suspicion,
hostility discrimination. - They worked mostly for the railroads.
- American labor unions were against them.
112American Federation of Labor
- One of the leading labor unions in the US
- Was led by Samuel Gompers
- Used collective bargaining as a method to help
workers this was a negotiation tactic where
each side makes compromises. - Used strikes all workers walked off the job
until the company agreed to the Unions requests.
113How Did Western Expansion Affect the Native
Americans?
- Harmful effect on Native Americans.
- Settlers railroads took their land.
- Violence occurred between US troops Native
Americans. - They were relocated to reservations.
- Their way of life was disrupted.
114Muckrakers and Reform
- Muckrakers were journalists who alerted the
public to wrongdoing in politics and business. - Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle about the
meatpacking industry. - Ida Tarbell exposed unethical business practices
of Standard Oil.
115Progressive Reforms
- Progress of business and industry inspired
reformers to make improvements in the political
and social environment. - Strengthened American democracy in ways we carry
forward into our own time. - Supported new ideas and policies they believed
would improve peoples lives. - Supported increase government regulation of
business and industry, efforts to protect
consumers and workers, and policies to conserve
natural resources.
116Election Reform
- There was corruption in the government several
reforms were made to end it. - Initiative Citizens can put proposal on ballot
by petition - Recall Voters can remove public officials from
office - Referendum Process allowing citizens to approve
or reject a law. - Direct election of Senators 17th Amendment
(1913) Voters won the right to elect their US
senators. Previously, each states legislature
chose the senators.
117Chinese Exclusion Act
- Asian immigrants face discrimination in the
1880s. - Chinese workers accepted low wages for jobs
whites had held, employers lowered the wages for
all workers. - The Chinese Exclusion Act was passed in 1882 and
banned all future Chinese immigration.
118Debate Over Expansionism(Imperialism)
- Pro Imperialists
- Gain new frontier to keep our competitive edge
- A celebration of American traditions spirit
- Practicality of gaining foreign markets
- Good Military strategy
119Debate Over Expansionism(Imperialism)
- Anti Imperialists
- Rejection of nations foundation of liberty for
all - Laws should follow the flag areas controlled by
the US should get the rights of its citizens. - Threatened our democratic freedom
- Racism fear that policies would encourage
people of different racial backgrounds to move to
the US. - Economic reasons too many costs
- Competition for US jobs
120The Spanish-American War
- Background Causes
- US vs. Spain in 1898
- Fighting happened near Cuba the Philippines.
- Spanish naval squadron was completely destroyed.
- Spains defeat marked the end of their colonial
empire established the US as a global military
empire. - Causes
- Cuba was trying to gain independence from Spain
suffered brutality - Yellow Journalism American newspapers used
sensationalism in reporting events increased US
sympathy for Cubans. - US imperialism
- The US battleship Maine exploded mysteriously in
Havanna, Cuba
121Philippine American War
- Philippine people wanted total independence from
US - War lasted 2 years
- Filipino troops used guerilla warfare
- Teddy Roosevelt declared an end to the war in
1902. - US controlled the Philippines until after WWII.
(July 4, 1946)
122US action in Latin America
- Caribbean region and Latin America remained
unstable. - Teddy Roosevelt feared European countries would
take advantage of the instability to gain power
and influence in the region. - Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine US would
maintain stability in Latin America even with
force. - Panama Canal created a faster route between the
Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. - Biggest engineering project of the era.
123WWI - Causes
- Balkan nationalism- people of the Balkans
believed that Bosnia should be part of a new
Slavic state. European powers placed Bosnia
under Austro-Hungarian control. Russia secretly
helped finance the assassination of Archduke
Francis Ferdinand, which was a catalyst for WWI. - Entangling Alliances late 1800s early
1900s European nations began to ally with each
other. This alliance system made some countries
feel an obligation to aid their allies in the
event of war. - Militarism late 1800s and early 1900s
countries like France, Germany, and Great Britain
were engaged in an arms race. France and Germany
doubled the size of their armies during this
period. Great Britain and Germany fought for
naval dominance by introducing battleships to the
seas.
124WWI
- Western front was characterized by trench warfare
between German and French armies. They stayed in
nearly the same positions for four years.
(stalemate) - On the eastern front, Germany was able to defeat
Russian and Serbian forces decisively. - This allowed the German army to focus more
attention on the western front.
125WWI
- Treaty of Versailles peace treaty signed at the
Palace of Versailles near Paris ended WWI. - One of the most important aspects of the treaty
was the reparations (payment of war debts)
required of Germany. - Reparations- Germany had to pay for the damages
they had inflicted on the Allies. This would
cause Germany much economic stress in the post
war period. Many Germans felt that they were
being punished personally for the actions of
their government.
126WWI
- Mandate System To gain Arab support against the
Ottoman Empire during the war, the Allies
promised to recognize the independence of Arab
states. Some western powers changed their minds
and established the mandate system. - France controlled Lebanon and Syria, while Great
Britain controlled Palestine and Iraq. - These nations did not officially own the
territories.
127WWI
- Fall of the Romanovs Russian Czar Nicholas II
was the last of the Romanov family to rule
Russia. His downfall was his poor military
leadership, his tendency to listen to his wife,
and Rasputin. He was also unable to handle the
economic crises facing Russia. - He stepped down in 1917 and was assassinated in
1918.
128WWI
- Fall of the Hapsburgs the Hapsburgs had ruled
the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the time of WWI.
Archduke Francis Ferdinand was the heir to the
empire (he was assassinated). - Their downfall was due to the inability to create
an identity among the people of the empire and
their apathy toward including the growing middle
class in decision making.
129US Involvement in WWI
- Neutrality at first
- Immigrants were sympathetic with their native
countries - Socialists thought it was a struggle between
European capitalists over Asian markets - Pacifists thought the US should stay neutral to
set an example of peace - US mobilized for war by 1917
- Germany threatened the US with U-boat attacks
- The passenger ship, Lusitania, was sunk
Americans killed - Zimmerman Note (Germany tried to get Mexico to
- attack the US)
- Russia withdrew from the war
130People on the Move
- Great Migration 1.5 million southern blacks
moved to the cities - Faced residential segregation ordinances
restrictive covenants, so access to housing was a
problem. - Created cities within cities during the 1920s.
- Harlem was the largest
131Woodrow Wilsons Peace Plan
- Allies won the war Wilson devised a 14 Point
Plan for peace - No secret treaties
- Free seas for all nations
- Free trade for all
- Lower arms for domestic safety only
- Change imperialistic policies
- 6 13 dealt with boundary changes in Europe
- 14 Create a League of Nations as a place to
settle disputes and avoid wars. - (Was rejected by other allied nations US
senators) US never joined.
13218th 19th Amendments
- 1919 the 18th Amendment was passed.
- Was the Prohibition Amendment that