Social Studies GHSGT Review

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Social Studies GHSGT Review
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World History -Renaissance

• The Renaissance means rebirth in Europe was
  the rebirth of ideas and culture connected with
  ancient Greece and Rome. Mainly in urban centers.
• Florence where the Renaissance began spread to
  other areas of Europe over 200 years.
• Politics Medici family (wealthy merchants)
  ruled Florence
• Economy based on shipping trade with Byzantine
  Islamic Empires as well as England and the
  Netherlands.
• Socially time of recovery from Black Plague
  political instability. Importance of the
  individual. Material comforts, art emphasizing
  positive human qualities, and humanistic ideas.

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Renaissance Men

• Renaissance Man describes a well educated person
  who excels in many fields and has many talents.
• Machiavelli From Florence Wrote The Prince,
  describing the skills required by a ruling
  prince to maintain power and order.
• Leonardo da Vinci The original Renaissance Man
  expert in painting, sculpting, engineering,
  physics, anatomy, and other subjects. He is most
  known for the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper.
• Michelangelo Renaissance artist who is best
  known for idealized paintings and sculptures of
  the human body. Reflected the beauty of God.

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Renaissance Humanists

• Humanists studied history, philosophy, and poetry
  of the ancient Greeks and Romans.
• Petrarch argued that no conflict existed
  between secular achievements and a persons
  relationship with God. He believed that God gave
  people intelligence and talents that they should
  use to the fullest.
• Dante Took humanist ideas and incorporated them
  into literature written in the common language of
  his day not in Latin.
• Erasmus was a Dutch Christian Humanist who
  believed in reforming the Catholic Church from
  within. He believed in free will instead of
  predestination ideas found in the Protestant
  movement.

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Protestant Reformation

• A movement against certain practices of the
  Catholic Church which had dominated religious
  practice politics in Europe for hundreds of
  years.
• Martin Luther his ideas were considered a
  catalyst of the Protestant Reformation. He
  publicly protested and posted the 95 Theses
  attacking the selling of Indulgences for the
  release from the punishment of sin. He broke
  from the Catholic Church, and the Lutheran Church
  was formed as the first Protestant faith.
• John Calvin Leader in the Protestant faith
  believed in predestination (God is all powerful
  and has already decided who will receive
  salvation who wont)

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Protestant Reformation

• Henry VIII established the Anglican Church in
  England (Protestant Church) so he could divorce
  his wife. He remained very Catholic in his
  beliefs.
• Elizabeth I Henry VIIIs daughter turned the
  Anglican Church to moderate Protestantism during
  her reign.
• Johannes Gutenberg printed the first Bible in
  Europe with moveable type. This allowed the
  ideas of the Protestant Reformation to spread
  rapidly. The printing industry encouraged people
  to learn to read, and gave them access to a
  variety of religious texts, literature, and
  scholarship.

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The Counter Reformation(Catholic Reformation)

• Jesuits group of Catholics who believed in
  restoring Catholicism to newly Protestant areas
  of Europe. Were recognized as a new religious
  order within the Catholic Church. They turned
  many parts of Europe back to Catholicism through
  education.
• Council of Trent body of Catholic Bishops who
  met for 18 years to work on reforming corrupt
  practices within the Catholic faith. Stopped
  the selling of indulgences.

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Age of Exploration

• Vasco da Gama sailed to Eastern Africa
  Western India helped Portugal establish
  strategic positions along Indian Ocean.
  Portuguese controlled trade routes in this area.
• Christopher Columbus Italian sailing for Spain
  looked for route from Spain to India helped
  establish a permanent European settlement on
  Hispaniola connected Europe with the Americas.
• Ferdinand Magellan sailed for Spain 1st
  explorer to successfully sail around the earth.
  Helped prove that the earth was round.

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Age of Exploration

• Samuel de Champlain sailed for France
  established the first French colony in North
  America. His colony in New France was called
  Quebec City. Helped establish trade routes
  between France and New France.
• Mercantilism idea that countries need a large
  supply of gold and silver to have prosperity.
  They earn the gold and silver by exporting goods.
  Colonies provided European nations the raw
  materials they needed to make finished goods. The
  colonies then were a market for these finished
  goods.

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Age of Exploration

• Columbian Exchange large scale exchange of
  plants, diseases, animals, and people between the
  eastern and western hemispheres following
  Columbus first voyage to the Americas
• Astrolabe technology that allowed sailors to
  locate and predict the position of the moon, sun,
  stars making navigation more efficient.

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Enlightenment In Europe

• Copernicus believed in heliocentric solar
  system (the earth revolved around the sun) this
  challenged the Catholic Churchs opposite belief.
• Galileo Galilei proved Copernicus theory
  through use of the telescope.
• Johannes Kepler astronomer who believed that
  the planets in the solar system moved in an
  elliptical orbit around the sun.
• Sir Isaac Newton considered the father of
  calculus famous for his laws of gravity and
  motion proved Keplers theory of elliptical
  orbit through mathematics.

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US History Colonial History
European Settlement GPS SSUSH 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d
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Jamestown, Virginia

• Founded by the Virginia Company of London as a
  business venture.
• First permanent English colony in North America.
• Settled on a swampy site on the James River in
  Virginia.
• Problems
• Settled on a swamp
• Illness
• Lack of food fresh water
• Fights with Native Americans
• Wanted to look for gold instead of work
• The colony almost did not survive.

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Jamestown is saved by Tobacco

• 1614 Pocahontas married John Rolfe, an English
  tobacco grower.
• The marriage led to good will between the
  colonists the Powhatans for a while.
• Conflict began again when colonists expanded onto
  Powhatan lands to grow tobacco.
• Virginias economy became dependent on tobacco
  for its existence.

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Jamestown becomes self -governing

• 1619 VA Company let Jamestown establish its own
  government with the right to create colonial
  laws.
• Residents elected representatives, called
  burgesses to the House of Burgesses.
• The VA House of Burgesses was the first
  representative government in America.
• The governor was appointed by the VA Company.
• This elected body acted on behalf of the
  colonists.

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Bacons Rebellion

• Poor English and slave colonists staged an
  uprising against the governor and his landowning
  supporters. The landless rebels wanted harsher
  action against the Native Americans so more land
  would be available to the colonists. The
  rebellion was put down, and the VA House of
  Burgesses passed laws to regulate slavery so poor
  white colonists would no longer side with slaves
  against rich white colonists.

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NEW ENGLAND SETTLEMENT

• New England colonies
• Established by Puritans in present day
  Massachusetts.
• Strict religious beliefs.
• Not tolerant of differing religious beliefs.

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New England Settlement

• Rhode Island was founded by religious dissenters
  from Massachusetts who were more tolerant of
  different religious beliefs.
• Many New England communities were run through
  town meetings.
• In colonies run by the King, a royal governor was
  appointed
• Church membership was required for men to have
  voting rights.
• Church membership was tightly controlled by the
  minister and congregation. As more children were
  born in America, many grew up to be adults who
  lacked a personal covenant (relationship) with
  God.

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Events in Massachusetts

• Mid-1600s the Puritan ideal was under pressure
  to change.
• 1662- church ministers agreed to the Half - Way
  Covenant
• Children of church members were admitted as half
  way members who could be baptized into the
  church, but did not have the right to vote or
  take communion. Hope was to increase church
  membership with these 2nd and 3rd generation
  Puritans.
• Late 1600s a fear of witchcraft was prevalent
  in New England.
• 1692- in Salem, MA dozens of women, men
  children were accused of witchcraft jailed.
• During the 10 months of the Salem Witch Trials,
  nineteen people were found guilty of practicing
  witchcraft and were hanged.

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Mid Atlantic Colonies

• PENNSYLVANIA
• 1681 William Penn got a large piece of land
  from King Charles II and founded Pennsylvania.
• Quakers settled Pennsylvania
• Practiced religious tolerance
• Were pacifists
• Religious equality for women
• No established church ministry
• Quakers were often persecuted for they way of
  life.
• 1683 Pennsylvania established a legislative
  assembly.

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Mid Atlantic Colonies

• NEW YORK
• 1626 Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam was
  founded after buying Manhattan Island from the
  Manhattan people (Native Americans) for some
  beads and other goods.
• It became a major trading port.
• Dutch governor Peter Stuyvesant turned the colony
  over to England in 1664.
• It was renamed New York after the Duke of York,
  who was the brother of King Charles II.
• Tolerant of different religions.

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Trans-Atlantic Trade

• Mercantilism inspired Parliament to control the
  trans-Atlantic trade with its American colonies.
  
• All goods shipped to or from British North
  America had to travel in British ships, and goods
  exported to Europe were subject to British taxes.
• These restrictions were designed to keep the
  colonies from competing with Britain.

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SLAVERY IS INTRODUCED

• Tobacco other cash crops required a large labor
  force.
• African slaves were used for this work.
• In 1607, there were no African slaves in North
  America, but by 1700, there were thousands.
• Most of them were found in the Southeast, where
  the economy was agriculturally based.
• The Middle Passage was the part of the triangular
  trade through which the slaves came to North
  America.

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African American Culture

• African American culture grew in America.
• Slave communities were rich with music, dance,
  basket weaving, and pottery making.
• Slaves brought these skills with them from their
  various cultures.

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The enlightenment Influences in America

• The Enlightenment was a new way of thinking that
  came about during the scientific revolution in
  Europe. It was based on reason.
• John Locke and others talked about the natural
  rights of individuals.
• Rousseau- argued in favor of the social
  contract, allowing governments to exist and rule
  only with the consent of the people.

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US HISTORY THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION GPS SSUSH
3A, 3B, 3C
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CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

• THERE WAS A GROWING BELIEF THAT COLONISTS RIGHTS
  AS ENGLISHMEN WERE BEING VIOLATED.
• French Indian War 1754 1763 Fought
  between Great Britain, the French their Native
  American allies. It was fought over territory in
  the Ohio Valley. Native Americans supported the
  French because they built forts for trade instead
  of permanent settlements. Great Britain won the
  war, but would need money to help pay war debts.
  Was called the 7 Years War in Europe.

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• Treaty of Paris 1763 - Ended the French and
  Indian War. France lost Canada to Great Britain.
  France also gave up all land east of the
  Mississippi River except New Orleans. The British
  kept control of all American colonies, which
  colonists resented.
• RESULT Redrew the entire political map of
  North America brought Great Britain into
  conflict with both France and the colonies.

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• Proclamation of 1763 Parliament told the
  colonists they could not purchase land west of
  the Appalachian Mountains. Britain sent 10,000
  troops to the colonies. Western settlers were
  ordered to vacate Indian land, and only those
  British settlers with licenses could trade.

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• GREAT BRITAIN NEEDED MONEY
• TO REPAY WAR DEBTS
• FOR THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR
• Stamp Act (1765) was passed to raise money for
  defending the colonies. Taxed legal documents,
  newspapers, pamphlets, etc. It was the first
  direct tax ever placed on the colonies a
  violation of the principle that only the
  colonies legislative assemblies could impose
  taxes.
• Colonists opposed taxation without representation
  boycotted the stamps. No taxes were ever paid
  and the tax was finally repealed.

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COLONIAL RESISTANCE

• Sons of Liberty secret organization formed to
  show colonists dislike for British policies.
  They were led by Sam Adams. They damaged British
  property and promoted civil disobedience.
• Daughters of Liberty - protest group of females.
  Helped make homemade items so that colonists
  could continue to boycott British goods.

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• Committees of Correspondence formed because
  American patriots could not communicate publicly.
  They would exchange written communication with
  each other. They were the first organization
  linking the colonies in their opposition to
  British rule. They played an important role in
  planning for the First Continental Congress.
• Intolerable Acts passed by Britain to punish
  Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party. Closed
  Boston Harbor, and required colonists to house
  British soldiers in their homes. Reduce
  colonists rights to self government.

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Common Sense

• Common Sense Thomas Paine published this
  pamphlet encouraging Americans to support
  independence from Great Britain.

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• Declaration of Independence 1776- written by
  Thomas Jefferson using the ideas of John Locke
  and Charles de Montesquieu. The language of it
  was very direct and simple for everyone to
  understand. It explained the reasons for the
  colonies seeking independence from Great Britain.
  It listed examples of how King George III had
  violated colonists rights. It discussed the
  colonists many unsuccessful attempts to get
  relief from Great Britain, and ended by stating
  that the only way for the colonists to restore
  their rights was to do it themselves by declaring
  independence.

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• Important People
• Benjamin Franklin American ambassador to
  France. The French began to secretly support the
  Americans in early 1776.
• Marquis de Lafayette French soldier who joined
  the war against the British. He helped train
  American forces and was a key strategist in the
  Yorktown campaign that led to the British
  surrender.
• Lord Cornwallis was the commander of the
  British forces during the American Revolution.
  He surrendered at Yorktown and returned to
  Britain.
• e had a good chance of being badly hurt or dying
  in battle.

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George Washington

• Named commander in Chief of the Continental Army.
• Extraordinary leadership abilities
• Reorganized the army
• Got additional equipment and supplies
• Started a training program for a professional
  military.

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Important Events

• Crossing the Delaware River 1776- Christmas Eve
  Was the turning point of the Revolutionary War.
  Washington his men crossed the river during a
  snowstorm for a surprise attack on a fort held by
  Hessian mercenaries working for the British. The
  American victory there proved that American
  troops were a serious opponent. THIS VICTORY
  RAISED AMERICAN MORALE.
• Valley Forge -Washingtons troops spent a harsh
  winter in 1777-1778 there. Problems for the army
  were at their worst during that time. Disease
  spread through the camp. 4,000 men were too weak
  or ill to fight. Even though, Washington ordered
  an intense training program that made the
  Continental Army much more confident and capable.

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• Important Events
• Yorktown , VA British General Cornwallis planned
  to move the battles to the south in an attempt
  to separate the southern northern states. He
  followed American troops into VA, where he was
  defeated by the American-French alliance. He
  surrendered, and the Revolutionary War ended.
• 1783 Treaty of Paris Ended the Revolutionary
  war.
• America now had independence without
  qualification.

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Ideas of Liberty Begin to Spread

• France
• Haiti
• Latin America
• Other areas that experienced revolution

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France (1789)

• French Revolution
• Moderate Phase constitutional monarchy
• Radical Phase Reign of Terror
• Final Moderate Phase Republic
• Caused by a lack of central leadership.
• Extreme margin between rich and poor.
• Estates General met promised to double the vote
  of the common people against the votes of the
  clergy and nobility.
• This failed, and the Third Estate (commoners)
  rebelled and took the Tennis Court Oath that
  they would be the national assembly would not
  separate until a constitution was established.

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France (1798)

• France got a constitution in 1791
• Reign of Terror began when Louis XVI tried to
  flee. Tens of thousands were executed (mostly
  nobility and clergy)
• A new constitution was written in 1795.
• The government was unstable, and people wanted a
  strong political figure.
• Napoleon entered the scene and established the
  French Empire.

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Haiti (1791)

• Haitian Revolution (1791) was similar to US
  Revolution in its causes.
• Haiti was controlled by France
• Strict mercantilist policies
• Denied them a voice in government
• Slavery
• Division in Haiti over issues.
• Declaration of the Rights of man issued by the
  Estates General in 1789.
• Raised issue of slavery for France and her
  colonies.
• Slave rebellions started in 1791
• 1794 all free people in colonies were
  considered equal
• Slavery did not end there
• Inspired slave rebellions around the world
• Loss of Haiti as a colony led to France giving up
  much territory in Western Hemisphere.

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Latin America (1808 1825)

• Early 19th century was dominated by revolutions
  throughout Latin America.
• These revolutions led to the establishments of
  the independent territories of Mexico, Venezuela,
  Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Argentina, Chile, Brazil
  and Bolivia.
• Many began after the success of the American and
  French Revolutions.
• The revolutions revolved around issues of
  mercantilism, slavery and self-government.
• Many were influenced or inspired by the efforts
  of Simon Bolivar, who believed in self government
  of the Spanish colonies.
• He established the Gran-Colombia, (a federal
  republic) it was his dream of a Latin-American
  state, and lasted until 1830,when it dissolved
  after his resignation.

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US History Creating a New Government GPS
SSUSH 5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e
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Articles of Confederation

• Written by the 2nd Continental Congress to
  establish a new central government for America.
• Was the first constitution (written plan for
  government) for our nation.
• Made sure that the central government was WEAK,
  and state governments were STRONG.
• No federal power to tax, regulate commerce, or
  establish a national currency.
• Led to conflicts among the states that threatened
  the existence of the nation.

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Shays Rebellion

• An attempt by a group of indebted farmers to
  secure weapons from a Federal Armory.
• Became the catalyst for the US to recognize the
  need for a new constitution.
• With no power to tax, the federal government
  could not repair the national economy.

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Federalists vs. Anti-Federalists

• Federalists (pro Constitution) focused on
  weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation, and
  the benefits of a national government as formed
  by the Constitution.
• They believed a strong central government would
  foster the commercial growth of the new country.
• Anti-Federalists (against Constitution) feared
  too much power in the new central government.
• They worried that the rights of common people
  would be suppressed by those in power.

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Alexander Hamilton James Madison

• Authors of the Federalist Papers
• These papers communicate the central ideas of the
  Federalists
• The benefits of a union between the states
• The problems with the confederation as it stood
  at the time
• The importance of an effective federal government
• Defense of republicanism
• The need for a federal government to preserve
  order and secure liberty.

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The Great Compromise

• Settled dispute between large and small states.
• Combined Virginia Plan and New Jersey Plan
• Established a national legislature with elected
  representatives based on a states population.
• Two house legislature
• House of Representatives representation based on
  population
• Senate equal representation for all states.

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• Slavery Issue
• 3/5 Compromise
• 3/5 of a states slaves would count as part of
  the population
• Counting formula to be used for calculating
  taxation representation
• Slave Trade
• Congress would not interfere with the slave trade
  for 20 years.
• Congress could limit the slave trade after that
  time
• Return of runaway slaves by Northern states.

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Division of Power

• Federalism (sharing power between federal and
  state governments) was the basis for the new
  government.
• Constitution would be the supreme law of the
  land.
• Limited government with divided powers.
• Powers divided between national and state
  government
• Power of national government was divided between
  the executive, legislative and judicial branches.
• Checks and balances ensured that none of the 3
  branches became too powerful (example- President
  can veto a bill passed by Congress)

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• The Bill of Rights (1st ten amendments to the
  Constitution) was added in 1791.
• Guarantees personal freedoms such as freedom of
  speech and religion right to bear arms, etc.
• The Constitution took effect in 1789

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The New Government in Action

• George Washington became Americas first
  president
• He set important precedents for other presidents
  to follow.
• Was a period of booming trade with Great Britain.
• The US did not get involved in foreign conflicts.
  (neutrality)
• He warned against political parties and foreign
  entanglements.
• Tax policies were a major issue taxes were
  passed on liquor this hit the small whiskey
  makers in western settlements hard.

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Whiskey Rebellion

• Farmers in western Pennsylvania rose up to
  protest the government over taxation.
• They attacked federal tax collectors.
• Washington showed the power of the federal
  government when he sent troops in to stop the
  protest.
• He said if Americans did not like a law, they
  should petition Congress peacefully.

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Political Parties Emerge

• 1796 two political parties had emerged
• Alexander Hamilton led the Federalists
• Believed the Constitution granted the federal
  government implied powers (not specifically
  mentioned in the Constitution)
• Thomas Jefferson and James Madison were
  Republicans
• Believed in a strict interpretation of the
  Constitution. No powers not specifically
  mentioned in the Constitution.
• 1796 Election John Adams (Federalist) was
  elected President, and Thomas Jefferson
  (Republican) was elected Vice President.
  Political parties had begun to play an important
  role in the government process.

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Presidency of John Adams

• 1796 Election John Adams (Federalist) was
  elected President
• Plagued by conflicts with France and Great
  Britain that crippled the nations economy.
• Received harsh criticism from supporters of Vice
  President Thomas Jefferson.
• Congress passed a law that increased citizenship
  requirements so that Jefferson would lose support
  from the immigrant community.
• Congress also tried to stop the criticism with
  limits on speech and press rights of Jeffersons
  followers.

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US History American Expansion GPS SSUSH 6a, 6b,
6c, 6d, 6e
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Napoleon Bonaparte

• Positive changes in France
• Higher education
• Civil law (Napoleonic Code)
• Declared himself Emperor and established a
  hereditary monarchy.
• Established a modern secular state
• Development of modern warfare
• His military strength motivated other European
  nations to form alliances lay the foundation
  for many of todays international systems.

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Louisiana Purchase

• 1800 Thomas Jefferson was elected 3rd president
  of the US
• He was very curious about undiscovered
  treasures of the western lands.
• Jefferson sent ambassadors James Monroe Robert
  Livingston to France to purchase New Orleans
  West Florida for 10 million.
• Napoleon Bonaparte sold the Louisiana Territory
  to the US for 3 cents an acre (15 million).
• The Louisiana Purchase more than doubled the size
  of the US (1803)

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Lewis and Clark Expedition

• Meriwether Lewis William Clark were chosen by
  Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Purchase and
  lands west.
• They led 50 other explorers in the Corps of
  Discovery.
• Started at St. Louis and traveled up the Missouri
  River
• 28 months
• 8,000 miles
• Went to the Pacific Ocean and back.
• RESULT of the expedition Opened the door to
  western expansion and brought a huge change to
  the lifestyle of Native Americans on both sides
  of the Mississippi River.

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Causes of The War of 1812

• Control of Atlantic Trade continued to create
  conflict between France and England.
• American merchant ships were caught in the middle
  of the conflict.
• 1807 Congress imposed an embargo (halt) of
  foreign trade directed against France and Great
  Britain.
• The embargo stopped trade for American merchants
  and farmers, causing a severe economic depression
  in the United States.
• American merchant ships were seized at sea by
  both France and Great Britain.
• The British forced thousands of American sailors
  into service in the British Royal Navy
  (impressment)
• Members of Congress believed that the British
  were arming Native Americans causing their
  aggression toward the US.

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Results of the War of 1812

• June 18, 1812 Congress declared war on Great
  Britain.
• Two years later, the Treaty of Ghent was signed
  to end the war.
• Military stalemate
• White House was burned
• Brought a new spirit of nationalism that expanded
  trade westward movement

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Monroe Doctrine

• 1823 President James Monroe issued the Monroe
  Doctrine.
• Put Europe on notice that the US would not
  tolerate any additional European colonies in
  North America.
• Became the basis for US foreign policy in the
  Western Hemisphere

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Domestic Issues

• American domestic policy focused mainly on
  movement west
• 1807- steamboat changed river travel
• By 1830, the steam locomotive would lead to a
  railroad network stretching from the East Coast
  to the MS River.
• 1825 - Erie Canal opened and connected Lake Erie
  to the Hudson River
• Canals and railroads allowed goods to move from
  east to west
• New York was a central point for Americas trade
  and banking
• NY had a population of over 200,000 by 1830.
• As the infrastructure developed, Americas inner
  cities began to grow.

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US History

• Economic Growth Reform
• GPS SSUSH 7a, 7b, 7c, 7d, 7e

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Industrial Revolution Brings Changes

• Began in England in 1700s eventually spread to
  the United States.
• Advances in science technology
• Had far reaching socioeconomic effects
• Industrialization involved a transition from
  manual to power driven factory labor.
• Factories began producing goods such as cloth
  furniture previously made by hand in small shops
  or at home.
• As industries grew, people began to leave rural
  farms villages to move to the cities for
  factory work.

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The Cotton Gin US Industrialization

• 1794 Eli Whitney makes cotton production easier
  with the invention of the cotton gin, which
  separated seeds from cotton.
• This invention resulted in increased cotton
  production, which led to more fields being
  planted with cotton, and an increased need for
  slaves to pick the cotton.
• By 1840, cotton represented 52 of goods exported
  from the United States.
• US industrialization began in 1800 in New
  England, where coal and iron were plentiful.

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Interchangeable Parts

• Parts that can be used for more than one product,
  instead of parts made one at a time for
  individual machines.
• Eli Whitney used interchangeable musket parts,
  which resulted in a large musket contract for
  him.
• These parts became a key component of
  industrialization in both the United States and
  Europe.

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Reasons for Westward Growth

• Most Americans desired to own their own land.
• Gold and other valuable resources were discovered
  in the West.
• Manifest Destiny belief of
• Americans that it was our
• obvious fate to expand from
• coast to coast.

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Jacksonian Democracy

• Term refers to the presidency of Andrew Jackson
  (1829-1837)
• He believed in Manifest Destiny
• Jackson expanded the power of the presidency
• Encouraged people from all social classes to be
  involved in government vote
• He used the spoils system, where he gave friends
  and political supporters jobs in the government
  (even if they werent qualified)
• Responsible for Indian Relocation

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Popular Political Culture

• Expanded during Jacksons presidential campaigns.
• Accusations against each side
• Mud slinging
• These were publicized in songs, pamphlets,
  posters, lapel buttons and posters.
• Campaign rallies and barbecues.

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American Nationalism

• As a people, Americans in Andrew Jacksons day
  believed in Manifest Destiny.
• They believed their nation was different than,
  and superior to, other nations because most
  Americans of that time shared the Protestant
  religion, English ancestry, and culture.
• They believed it was their duty to expand the
  hold of their religion, language, ancestry and
  culture all the way to the Pacific Ocean.
• Together, these beliefs comprise American
  nationalism.

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Reform Movements

• Temperance
• Abolition
• Public School
• Womens Suffrage

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Temperance Movement

• Temperance is the belief that people should limit
  or eliminate the use of alcoholic beverages.
• Impact increased the size of Protestant
  religious organizations their influence in
  western rural sections of the country. Also
  laid the foundation for the womens movement
  because women played such an important role in
  this movement.

75
Abolition Movement

• Issue Slavery should be abolished and not
  allowed in new states.
• Impact made slavery and its expansion an
  important political issue. Women played an
  important role, which laid the foundation for the
  womens movement.

76
Abolitionists

• Abolition movement was an effort to end slavery.
  It took place mainly in the North.
• William Lloyd Garrison writer and editor white
  radical abolitionist published anti-slavery
  newspaper.
• Frederick Douglass former slave worked for
  Garrison traveled and made speeches against
  slavery later published his own newspaper.

77
Womens Suffrage Movement

• Until 1920, most women in the US did not have
  suffrage
• (right to vote).
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized a large assembly
  in Seneca Falls, NY in 1848.
• More than 2,000 people attended the Seneca Falls
  Convention.
• It was the first womens rights convention in the
  US.
• They wrote voted on the Declaration of
  Sentiments, which called for equal rights for
  women in education, property ownership, and
  voting.
• This convention kicked off the womens suffrage
  movement, and conventions were held every year.
• Eventually (1920), 72 years of persistence would
  lead to the
• 19th Amendment, which gave women the right to
  vote.

78
Public School Movement

• Issue all children should be required to attend
  free schools supported by taxpayers and staffed
  by trained teachers.
• Impact Established education as a right for all
  children and as a state and local issue.
  Improved the quality of schools by requiring
  trained teachers.

79
Missouri Compromise of 1820

• Missouri wanted to enter the Union as a state.
• Their constitution allowed slavery. One half of
  the states in the Union were free and one half
  allowed slaves. Missouri would upset the
  balance.
• So, the Missouri Compromise was enacted.
• Missouri would enter the Union as a slave state
• Maine entered the Union as a free state
• No slavery would be allowed in the northern part
  of the Louisiana Purchase except Missouri.

80
Nullification Crisis

• Vice President, John C. Calhoun disagreed with
  President Andrew Jackson over rights of states to
  nullify (cancel) federal laws that they opposed.
  
• Trouble started when southern states tried to
  nullify a high tax (tariff) placed on goods from
  Europe.
• The tax helped northern manufacturers, but hurt
  plantation owners.
• John C. Calhoun, who resigned from the VP, was
  from South Carolina, so that state led the fight
  for states rights against the federal
  government.
• RESULT (CONSEQUENCE) SECTIONALISM GROWS
  STRONGER IN THE SOUTH.

81
Mexican American War

• In 1845, Texas became part of the United States
• (it had formerly been part of Mexico).
• The US then wanted the Mexican territories
• of California and New Mexico.
• War broke out between the US and Mexico in 1846.
• The US occupied much of northern Mexico during
  the war. The US eventually won the war, and this
  region was ceded (given) to the US in the Treaty
  of Guadalupe-Hidalgo.

82
Wilmot Proviso

• During the Mexican American War, Congress
  debated whether slavery would be allowed in New
  Mexico and California if these territories were
  gained from Mexico.
• The anti-slavery provision was outlined in a
  proposal called the Wilmot Proviso.
• The House of Representatives failed to approve
  it, and the question of slavery in those areas
  remained unanswered.

83
Compromise of 1850

• Five laws written to deal with issue of slavery
  in new states.
• The state of New Mexico would be established by
  carving its borders from Texas.
• New Mexico voters would determine whether slavery
  would be permitted or prohibited.
• California would enter the Union as a free state
• All citizens would be required to catch runaway
  slaves return them to their owners or face
  fines or imprisonment.
• The slave trade would be abolished in the
  District of Columbia, but the practice of slavery
  would be allowed to continue there.

84
Kansas Nebraska Act

• 1854 Congress had to deal with the question of
  slavery in the new territories of Kansas and
  Nebraska.
• The idea was suggested by Senator Stephen Douglas
  for two reasons
• 1) He wanted Chicago to benefit from western
  development (railroads could be built on Kansas
  Nebraska land crops could be sent to Chicago)
• 2) He wanted support of Southern Democrats when
  he ran for President. Allowing the people to
  decide on slavery would make North South happy.

85

• Kansas Nebraska Act
• Established POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY (rule by the
  people) in all new territories for people to
  decide if the state would be free or slave.
• Pro slavery anti-slavery groups rushed to
  Kansas to try to create a voting majority there.
• Pro slavery voters elected a legislature.
• Abolitionists elected a rival Kansas government
  with an anti-slavery constitution, established a
  different capital city, and raised an army.
• Pro-slavery Kansans raised their own army.
• Violence broke out between the two factions
  Kansas was called Bleeding Kansas.
• POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY HAD FAILED !!

86
Dred Scott Decision

• 1857 US Supreme Court issued the Dred Scott
  decision. A slave named Dred Scott had sued his
  owner for his freedom when his owner moved him to
  a free state. The Supreme Courts ruling stated
  that a slave could not be a citizen, so he could
  not sue.
• The Court also said that Congress could not
  prohibit slavery in federal territories.
• The Court found that popular sovereignty and the
  Missouri Compromise were unconstitutional.
• SIGNIFICANCE The US Constitution
• protected slavery..

87
John Browns Raid

• John Brown was a famous abolitionist who decided
  to fight slavery with violence and killing.
• He thought he was chosen by God to end slavery.
• He led family members and other abolitionists in
  an attack on pro-slavery settlers in Kansas.
• In 1859, he led a group of black and white men in
  an attack on the federal armory at Harpers
  Ferry, Virginia.
• He planned to deliver the weapons to slaves to
  use in an uprising against slaveholders federal
  officials.
• The raid failed and Brown was captured.
• He was convicted of treason against VA
  executed.
• In the North he was a martyr in the South he was
  a traitor.

88
Lincolns Efforts to Preserve the Union

• Lincoln was elected in 1860.
• South Carolina seceded from the Union
  (separated), followed by MS, FL, AL, GA, LA TX.
• These states formed a new country called the
  Confederacy (Confederate States of America)
• They attacked the US Army base
• at Fort Sumter, SC in 1861 and
• the Civil War began.

89
Lincolns Efforts to Preserve the Union

• Lincoln believed that preserving the Union was
  his most important job.
• He saw the southern states as merely rebelling
  against the government.
• Lincoln called for a volunteer army to preserve
  the Union, and more states joined the
  Confederacy VA, AR, NC, TN.
• At first, Lincoln only wanted to restrict the
  spread of slavery, but later decided to end it in
  the US.

90
Lincolns Second Inaugural Address

• Lincoln was re-elected in 1864.
• The Union had a certain victory.
• Lincoln expressed sorrow that the states had not
  been able to resolve their differences
  peacefully.
• He stated that slavery was evil.
• He urged Americans not to seek revenge on
  slaveholders and Confederate supporters.
• He urged Reconstruction of the South with malice
  toward none.
• Said the war was fought to preserve the Union and
  end slavery.

91
Habeas Corpus

• The legal rule that anyone imprisoned must be
  taken before a judge to determine if they were
  being held in custody legally.
• Lincoln suspended this constitutional right in
  some states during the Civil War.
• He had the right to do this in times of national
  emergencies.
• This enabled over 13,000 Confederate sympathizers
  to be arrested and held in the North.

92
Emancipation Proclamation

• Lincoln used his emergency powers to issue it.
• Freed (emancipated) all the slaves in the
  Confederate States.
• He hoped the news would reach the slaves in the
  South they would flee to the North.
• He thought this would lessen the number of men
  able to join the Confederate Army.
• It did not free slaves living in the North.
• New goal for Union troops abolishing slavery.

93
Antietam

• Maryland 1862
• First major battle on Union soil.
• Bloodiest one day battle of the Civil War
• Robert E. Lees Confederate forces retreated, and
  the Union claimed victory.
• Significance of this battle - Lincoln issued the
  Emancipation Proclamation afterwards.

94
Battle of Gettysburg

• Pennsylvania 1863 Three day battle
• that was the turning point of the war
• More than 50,000 men killed or wounded.
• Lee failed to show Britain France they should
  help the Confederacy.
• Devastating losses for the Confederates
• Lee withdrew his forces back to Virginia
• Lee gave up attempts to invade the Union.

95
Battle of Vicksburg

• 1862 Vicksburg was important to the Confederacy
  because it guarded the Mississippi River access
  to New Orleans.
• In 1863, Union forces sneaked past the
  Confederates during the night, and set up south
  of Vicksburg, where they gained control of the
  Mississippi River.
• This basically cut the Confederacy in half.
• Vicksburg was lost on July 4, 1863.

96
Battle of Atlanta

• Shermans plan was to force the Confederate
  forces to stop his advance. If they refused to
  fight, he planned to seize Atlanta.
• Confederate General James Hood engaged Union
  forces, and lost thousands of soldiers.
• Shermans forces were able to capture Atlanta, a
  major rail and industrial center of the
  Confederacy.

97
Gettysburg Address

• 1863 Lincolns speech to dedicate a military
  cemetery at the Gettysburg battlefield.
• Lincoln spoke for only two minutes, but his
  speech is considered to be one of the greatest in
  the English language.
• It shaped popular opinion in favor of preserving
  the Union.
• It helped raise the spirits of the northerners
  who had grown tired of the war.
• He was able to convince people that the US was
  one indivisible nation.

98
Presidential Reconstruction

• President Johnsons plan
• Amnesty for Southerners who swore allegiance to
  the Union.
• Pardon high ranking Confederate soldiers.
• Voting rights for white men
• All southern states would ratify the 13th
  Amendment.
• Johnson would appoint new southern governors.
• Re-admit southern states to the Union as quickly
  as possible.

99
Radical Republican Reconstruction

• Republicans in Congress were angry because new
  southern state governments were denying newly
  freed slaves their rights.
• Congress forced southern states to re-apply for
  admission to the Union.
• They had to ratify (accept) three new amendments
  to the Constitution.

100
13th Amendment

• Ended slavery in the US.
• Freedmens Bureau to meet the needs of former
  slaves food, land, shelter medical care.
• It also established schools made labor
  contracts for freedmen.
• Black colleges (Morehouse in Atlanta)

101
Fourteenth FifteenthAmendments

• Granted full citizenship to all people born in
  the US. (14th)
• Gave all citizens the right to vote. (15th)

102
Progress for African Americans During
Reconstruction.

• Many children could attend school for the first
  time.
• African Americans started newspapers, served in
  public office, and attended new colleges and
  universities.
• Morehouse College was founded in Atlanta in 1867.
• Freedmens Bureau was created by Congress to help
  the newly freed slaves.
• Provided food, clothing, jobs, medicine and
  medical facilities.
• Congress did not grant them land or the absolute
  right to own land. Many worked as tenant farmers
  or sharecroppers.

103
Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

• Johnson ignored laws passed by Congress to limit
  presidential powers.
• They passed these laws to stop Johnson from
  curbing Radical Republicans hostile treatment of
  former Confederate states and their leaders.
• Johnson missed conviction by one vote.
• He was impeached mainly because he had differing
  opinions than those who had the power to impeach
  him.

104
Resistance to Equal Rights

• Black Codes (1865 1866) Series of laws passed
  by Southern legislatures to restrict the rights
  of newly freed blacks.
• Vagrancy laws banned from owning farmland
  minors could be indentured until 21 years old.
• Black Codes would later be overturned.

105
Ku Klux Klan

• Formed in 1866 in Tennessee as a social club.
  Then became a white supremist group fighting to
  keep African Americans from receiving their
  rights.
• Terrorized African Americans as a way to maintain
  the segregation and disenfranchisement of blacks.
• Dressed in white robes hoods depicting the
  ghosts of dead Confederate soldiers.

Nathan Bedford Forrest
106
Expansion after the Civil War

• Railroads
• Oil and Steel Industry
• Immigrant Labor
• Rise of Big Business
• Labor Unions
• Movement West
• Progressives

107
Railroads

• Why were they important?
• Could cross long distances
• More reliable transportation
• Increased westward expansion
• Government gave land grants to RRs

108
Who Worked on the Railroads?

• Mostly Chinese immigrants
• The work was harsh and dangerous.
• The pay was poor.
• They worked long hours in all kinds of weather.

109
Carnegie Steel

• Andrew Carnegie Used vertical integration to
  make his company grow.
• He bought all the supplies gained control of
  all parts of the steel production process.
• He created more product more cheaply.
• He also attracted talent to work in his company.
• Carnegie gave away 90 of his wealth!!

110
Standard Oil

• John D. Rockefeller used horizontal integration
  to make his company grow create a monopoly.
• He controlled 90 of all the oil refinery
  businesses in the US.
• He paid low wages kept his
• profits high.
• Rockefeller also gave much of his wealth to
  charities.

111
Immigration

• Immigrants from Europe arrived on the East Coast
  at Ellis Island
• It was called the Golden Door (New York City)
• They traveled 2 3 weeks to get here in terrible
  conditions faced thieves and criminals who took
  advantage of them settled together in
  communities made low wages, and faced
  discrimination. Likely to be poor.
• Immigrants from Asia arrived on the West Coast at
  Angel Island.
• Chinese Japanese were targets of suspicion,
  hostility discrimination.
• They worked mostly for the railroads.
• American labor unions were against them.

112
American Federation of Labor

• One of the leading labor unions in the US
• Was led by Samuel Gompers
• Used collective bargaining as a method to help
  workers this was a negotiation tactic where
  each side makes compromises.
• Used strikes all workers walked off the job
  until the company agreed to the Unions requests.

113
How Did Western Expansion Affect the Native
Americans?

• Harmful effect on Native Americans.
• Settlers railroads took their land.
• Violence occurred between US troops Native
  Americans.
• They were relocated to reservations.
• Their way of life was disrupted.

114
Muckrakers and Reform

• Muckrakers were journalists who alerted the
  public to wrongdoing in politics and business.
• Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle about the
  meatpacking industry.
• Ida Tarbell exposed unethical business practices
  of Standard Oil.

115
Progressive Reforms

• Progress of business and industry inspired
  reformers to make improvements in the political
  and social environment.
• Strengthened American democracy in ways we carry
  forward into our own time.
• Supported new ideas and policies they believed
  would improve peoples lives.
• Supported increase government regulation of
  business and industry, efforts to protect
  consumers and workers, and policies to conserve
  natural resources.

116
Election Reform

• There was corruption in the government several
  reforms were made to end it.
• Initiative Citizens can put proposal on ballot
  by petition
• Recall Voters can remove public officials from
  office
• Referendum Process allowing citizens to approve
  or reject a law.
• Direct election of Senators 17th Amendment
  (1913) Voters won the right to elect their US
  senators. Previously, each states legislature
  chose the senators.

117
Chinese Exclusion Act

• Asian immigrants face discrimination in the
  1880s.
• Chinese workers accepted low wages for jobs
  whites had held, employers lowered the wages for
  all workers.
• The Chinese Exclusion Act was passed in 1882 and
  banned all future Chinese immigration.

118
Debate Over Expansionism(Imperialism)

• Pro Imperialists
• Gain new frontier to keep our competitive edge
• A celebration of American traditions spirit
• Practicality of gaining foreign markets
• Good Military strategy

119
Debate Over Expansionism(Imperialism)

• Anti Imperialists
• Rejection of nations foundation of liberty for
  all
• Laws should follow the flag areas controlled by
  the US should get the rights of its citizens.
• Threatened our democratic freedom
• Racism fear that policies would encourage
  people of different racial backgrounds to move to
  the US.
• Economic reasons too many costs
• Competition for US jobs

120
The Spanish-American War

• Background Causes
• US vs. Spain in 1898
• Fighting happened near Cuba the Philippines.
• Spanish naval squadron was completely destroyed.
• Spains defeat marked the end of their colonial
  empire established the US as a global military
  empire.
• Causes
• Cuba was trying to gain independence from Spain
  suffered brutality
• Yellow Journalism American newspapers used
  sensationalism in reporting events increased US
  sympathy for Cubans.
• US imperialism
• The US battleship Maine exploded mysteriously in
  Havanna, Cuba

121
Philippine American War

• Philippine people wanted total independence from
  US
• War lasted 2 years
• Filipino troops used guerilla warfare
• Teddy Roosevelt declared an end to the war in
  1902.
• US controlled the Philippines until after WWII.
  (July 4, 1946)

122
US action in Latin America

• Caribbean region and Latin America remained
  unstable.
• Teddy Roosevelt feared European countries would
  take advantage of the instability to gain power
  and influence in the region.
• Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine US would
  maintain stability in Latin America even with
  force.
• Panama Canal created a faster route between the
  Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.
• Biggest engineering project of the era.

123
WWI - Causes

• Balkan nationalism- people of the Balkans
  believed that Bosnia should be part of a new
  Slavic state. European powers placed Bosnia
  under Austro-Hungarian control. Russia secretly
  helped finance the assassination of Archduke
  Francis Ferdinand, which was a catalyst for WWI.
• Entangling Alliances late 1800s early
  1900s European nations began to ally with each
  other. This alliance system made some countries
  feel an obligation to aid their allies in the
  event of war.
• Militarism late 1800s and early 1900s
  countries like France, Germany, and Great Britain
  were engaged in an arms race. France and Germany
  doubled the size of their armies during this
  period. Great Britain and Germany fought for
  naval dominance by introducing battleships to the
  seas.

124
WWI

• Western front was characterized by trench warfare
  between German and French armies. They stayed in
  nearly the same positions for four years.
  (stalemate)
• On the eastern front, Germany was able to defeat
  Russian and Serbian forces decisively.
• This allowed the German army to focus more
  attention on the western front.

125
WWI

• Treaty of Versailles peace treaty signed at the
  Palace of Versailles near Paris ended WWI.
• One of the most important aspects of the treaty
  was the reparations (payment of war debts)
  required of Germany.
• Reparations- Germany had to pay for the damages
  they had inflicted on the Allies. This would
  cause Germany much economic stress in the post
  war period. Many Germans felt that they were
  being punished personally for the actions of
  their government.

126
WWI

• Mandate System To gain Arab support against the
  Ottoman Empire during the war, the Allies
  promised to recognize the independence of Arab
  states. Some western powers changed their minds
  and established the mandate system.
• France controlled Lebanon and Syria, while Great
  Britain controlled Palestine and Iraq.
• These nations did not officially own the
  territories.

127
WWI

• Fall of the Romanovs Russian Czar Nicholas II
  was the last of the Romanov family to rule
  Russia. His downfall was his poor military
  leadership, his tendency to listen to his wife,
  and Rasputin. He was also unable to handle the
  economic crises facing Russia.
• He stepped down in 1917 and was assassinated in
  1918.

128
WWI

• Fall of the Hapsburgs the Hapsburgs had ruled
  the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the time of WWI.
  Archduke Francis Ferdinand was the heir to the
  empire (he was assassinated).
• Their downfall was due to the inability to create
  an identity among the people of the empire and
  their apathy toward including the growing middle
  class in decision making.

129
US Involvement in WWI

• Neutrality at first
• Immigrants were sympathetic with their native
  countries
• Socialists thought it was a struggle between
  European capitalists over Asian markets
• Pacifists thought the US should stay neutral to
  set an example of peace
• US mobilized for war by 1917
• Germany threatened the US with U-boat attacks
• The passenger ship, Lusitania, was sunk
  Americans killed
• Zimmerman Note (Germany tried to get Mexico to
• attack the US)
• Russia withdrew from the war

130
People on the Move

• Great Migration 1.5 million southern blacks
  moved to the cities
• Faced residential segregation ordinances
  restrictive covenants, so access to housing was a
  problem.
• Created cities within cities during the 1920s.
• Harlem was the largest

131
Woodrow Wilsons Peace Plan

• Allies won the war Wilson devised a 14 Point
  Plan for peace
• No secret treaties
• Free seas for all nations
• Free trade for all
• Lower arms for domestic safety only
• Change imperialistic policies
• 6 13 dealt with boundary changes in Europe
• 14 Create a League of Nations as a place to
  settle disputes and avoid wars.
• (Was rejected by other allied nations US
  senators) US never joined.

132
18th 19th Amendments

• 1919 the 18th Amendment was passed.
• Was the Prohibition Amendment that