Title: Thursday Lecture Origin of Agriculture, continued
1Thursday Lecture Origin of Agriculture,
continued
- Geographical origin of plant crops - Changes
under domestication
2Assignment 3
List 5 plant foods that you have consumed this
week (they may be foods that consist entirely of
the plant or foods that contain the plant as one
of the ingredients). Prepare a one page world
map that is labeled to show where each plant food
originated (use Table 2.1 of your textbook as
your source of information)
Due Date Tuesday 2/1 Can Be Returned as Hard
Copy or File Attachment to e-mail message
3- Briefly explain the myth regarding Persephone,
Demeter, Pluto and the pomegranate. How does it
relate to agriculture? - Where and when did agriculture begin?
- Who was Nikolai Vavilov?
4Geological Time Scale
5Geological Time Scale
6Where did agriculture originate?
North America
Near East
Mexico
Southeast Asia
South America
Sub-sahara Africa
7What types of plants were utilized in early
agriculture?
- Cereals Members of the Grass Family Poaceae
8What types of plants were utilized in early
agriculture?
Barley, Wheat
Rice
Millets
Corn
Acquired Corn
9What types of plants were utilized in early
agriculture?
- Legumes members of pea family Fabaceae
10What types of plants were utilized in early
agriculture?
Peas, Lentils
Soybeans, Mung Bean
Cowpeas (black-eyed peas) Vetch
Common Bean
Common Bean, Lima Bean, Peanut
11What types of plants were utilized in early
agriculture?
- Starchy Staples members of various families
12What types of plants were utilized in early
agriculture?
Dates
Banana, Taro, Breadfruit
Yams
Sweet Potato
Potatoes, Manioc
13Did agriculture have a single origin?
- Criteria to evaluate
- crops utilized
- methods of cultivation
- temporal considerations
14Did agriculture have a single origin?
- Criteria to evaluate
- crops utilized
- methods of cultivation
- temporal considerations
- Hypothesis 1 idea of agriculture so distinctive
that it probably originated just once - humans
carried it around the world, e.g. on long oceanic
voyages (not recorded historically) a la Thor
Heyerdahl
15Did agriculture have a single origin?
- Criteria to evaluate
- crops utilized
- methods of cultivation
- temporal considerations
- Hypothesis 1 idea of agriculture so distinctive
that it probably originated just once - humans
carried it around the world, e.g. on long oceanic
voyages (not recorded historically) a la Thor
Heyerdahl
- Hypothesis 2 differences in plants and methods
of cultivation ? most likely that agriculture was
invented independently in different areas
16Alternative Views Origin of Agriculture
- Classical View sudden, dramatic event
requires explanation - raises issue of single vs. multiple origins
- New View (Box 2.1, text) gradual transition
- issue of origin less significant
- Major Points
- Once adopted, agriculture stayed with culture
- Agriculture adopted in various parts of the
world, with differing sets of plants
17What are the consequences for people of origin of
agriculture?
18What are the consequences for people of origin of
agriculture?
- Civilization, associated with need to keep track
of events (possibly stimulated development of
writing)
19What are the consequences for people of origin of
agriculture?
- Civilization, associated with need to keep track
of events (possibly stimulated development of
writing)
- increased population size
20What are the consequences for people of origin of
agriculture?
- Civilization, associated with need to keep track
of events (possibly stimulated development of
writing)
- increased population size
21Nikolai Vavilov Scientific Contributions
- Russian/Soviet scientist (1887-1943)
- Institutional Leader All Union Institute of
Plant Industry -
22Nikolai Vavilov Scientific Contributions
- Russian/Soviet scientist (1887-1943)
- Institutional Leader All Union Institute of
Plant Industry - staff of 20,000 in 400 research laboratories
160,000 plant/seed samples
23Nikolai Vavilov Scientific Contributions
- Russian/Soviet scientist (1887-1943)
- Institutional Leader All Union Institute of
Plant Industry - staff of 20,000 in 400 research laboratories
160,000 plant/seed samples - Centers of Origin of Cultivated Plants (Book
- 1926) - Novel approach to biogeography center of
diversity center of origin
24Nikolai Vavilov Scientific Contributions
- Russian/Soviet scientist (1887-1943)
- Institutional Leader All Union Institute of
Plant Industry - staff of 20,000 in 400 research laboratories
160,000 plant/seed samples - Centers of Origin of Cultivated Plants (Book
- 1926) - Novel approach to biogeography center of
diversity center of origin - Law of Homologous Series of Variation (paper -
1920)
25The Lysenko Affair
T. D. Lysenko Russian/Soviet Plant Breeder
(1989-1976)
26The Lysenko Affair
T. D. Lysenko Russian/Soviet Plant Breeder
(1989-1976) - Discovery of vernalization
(induction of early flowering in biennial crops
through use of cold treatment)
27The Lysenko Affair
T. D. Lysenko Russian/Soviet Plant Breeder
(1989-1976) - Discovery of vernalization
(induction of early flowering in biennial crops
through use of cold treatment) - Renunciation of
Darwinian Evolution in favor of a
Lamarckian-type explanation
28The Lysenko Affair
- T. D. Lysenko Russian/Soviet Plant Breeder
(1989-1976) - - Discovery of vernalization (induction of
early flowering in biennial crops through use of
cold treatment) - - Renunciation of Darwinian Evolution in favor
of a Lamarckian-type explanation - Ascension to political power (dictator of
science under Stalin) misuse of science to
support socio-political philosophy
29The Lysenko Affair
- T. D. Lysenko Russian/Soviet Plant Breeder
(1989-1976) - - Discovery of vernalization (induction of
early flowering in biennial crops through use of
cold treatment) - - Renunciation of Darwinian Evolution in favor
of a Lamarckian-type explanation - Ascension to political power (dictator of
science under Stalin) misuse of science to
support socio-political philosophy - Falsification of experimental results
- Suppression of science/scientists
30Vavilov vs. Lysenko
- Vavilov
- broadly trained scientist
- Lysenko
- narrowly trained agronomist
31Vavilov vs. Lysenko
- Vavilov
- broadly trained scientist
- spoke/read 12 languages
- Lysenko
- narrowly trained agronomist
- spoke/read Russian only
32Vavilov vs. Lysenko
- Vavilov
- broadly trained scientist
- spoke/read 12 languages
- traveled around world
- Lysenko
- narrowly trained agronomist
- spoke/read Russian only
- never left Russia
33Vavilov vs. Lysenko
- Vavilov
- broadly trained scientist
- spoke/read 12 languages
- traveled around world
- embraced and added to scientific advances,
including Mendelian genetics and Darwinian
evolution
- Lysenko
- narrowly trained agronomist
- spoke/read Russian only
- never left Russia
- rejected scientific advances, especially
Mendelian genetics and Darwinian evolution
34Vavilov vs. Lysenko
- Vavilov
- broadly trained scientist
- spoke/read 12 languages
- traveled around world
- embraced and added to scientific advances,
including Mendelian genetics and Darwinian
evolution - major contributions to agriculture in Russia
- Lysenko
- narrowly trained agronomist
- spoke/read Russian only
- never left Russia
- rejected scientific advances, especially
Mendelian genetics and Darwinian evolution - inadvertantly damaged Russian agricultural
system through poor policies
35Vavilov vs. Lysenko
- Vavilov
- broadly trained scientist
- spoke/read 12 languages
- traveled around world
- embraced and added to scientific advances,
including Mendelian genetics and Darwinian
evolution - major contributions to agriculture in Russia
- died in prison, 1943
- Lysenko
- narrowly trained agronomist
- spoke/read Russian only
- never left Russia
- rejected scientific advances, especially
Mendelian genetics and Darwinian evolution - inadvertantly damaged Russian agricultural
system through poor policies - forced out in 1950s
36Changes under Domestication
Law of Homologous Series gt similar changes in
different species
37Changes under Domestication
- larger size of organs being utilized (fruits,
seeds)
38Changes under Domestication
- larger size of organs being utilized (fruits,
seeds)
- loss of natural means of dispersal
39Changes under Domestication
- larger size of organs being utilized (fruits,
seeds)
- loss of natural means of dispersal
- loss of delayed and irregular germination of
seeds
40Changes under Domestication
- larger size of organs being utilized (fruits,
seeds)
- loss of natural means of dispersal
- loss of delayed and irregular germination of
seeds
41Changes under Domestication
- larger size of organs being utilized (fruits,
seeds)
- loss of natural means of dispersal
- loss of delayed and irregular germination of
seeds
- loss of toxic or bitter substances
42Changes under Domestication
- larger size of organs being utilized (fruits,
seeds)
- loss of natural means of dispersal
- loss of delayed and irregular germination of
seeds
- loss of toxic or bitter substances
- loss of mechanical means of protection
43Changes under Domestication
- larger size of organs being utilized (fruits,
seeds)
- loss of natural means of dispersal
- loss of delayed and irregular germination of
seeds
- loss of toxic or bitter substances
- loss of mechanical means of protection
- change in color of fruits and seeds
44What is a Fruit?
Fruit mature ovary (for a botanist)
45What is a Fruit, continued
Fruit mature ovary (for a botanist)
Fruits are Fruits
46What is a Fruit, continued
Fruit mature ovary (for a botanist)
Fruits are Fruits Nuts are Fruits
47What is a Fruit, continued
Fruit mature ovary (for a botanist)
Fruits are Fruits Nuts are Fruits Grains are
Fruits
48What is a Fruit, continued
Fruit mature ovary (for a botanist)
Fruits are Fruits Nuts are Fruits Grains are
Fruits Some Vegetables are Fruits
49What is a Fruit, continued
Fruit mature ovary (for a botanist)
Fruits are Fruits Nuts are Fruits Grains are
Fruits Some Vegetables are Fruits Some Botanists
are Nuts?
50Vegetable Fruits and Meaty Nuts
51Vegetable Fruits and Meaty Nuts
52Vegetable Fruits and Meaty Nuts
53Vegetable Fruits and Meaty Nuts
54Vegetable Fruits and Meaty Nuts
55Flowers to Fruits
56Flowers to Fruits
57Flowers to Fruits
Ovary (in flower) With ovule
58Flowers to Fruits
Ovary (in flower) With ovules
59Flowers to Fruits
Fruit (with 1 seed )
Ovary (in flower) With ovules
60Flowers to Fruits
Fruit (with 1 seeds)
Ovary (in flower) With ovules
61Fruit Types
- Major Distinctions
- dry vs. fleshy
- dehiscent vs. indehiscent
- product of 1 ovary vs. 2 ovaries
- product of 1 flower vs. multiple flowers
See Table 3.1, p. 54 Also Fig. 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
pages 56-57
- Pericarp fruit wall
- endocarp (inside)
- mesocarp (middle)
- exocarp (outside)
62Dry, Indehiscent Fruits Achene, Grain
Achene 1-seeded, fruit and seed wall separate
Chapter 5
Grain 1-seeded, fruit and seed wall fused
63Dry Indehiscent Fruits - Nut
Nut 1 seeded, enclosed by hard pericarp,
surrounded by husk
See Figs. 3.15, 3.16, pages 70-71
64Dry, Dehiscent Fruits Follicle
Follicle from simple ovary, splits along 1 seam
only
See Figs. 3.4, p. 58
Spiraea Fruits
milkweed
65Dry, Dehiscent Fruits - Legume
Legume from simple ovary, splits along 2 seams
Chapter 6
Fruit of Fabaceae, only beans, peas, lentils
etc.
66Fleshy Fruits from 1 Ovary - Berry
Berry multiple seeds, embedded in fleshy pulp
Special types of Berries
Pome most of flesh hypanthium
Hesperidium flesh juice-filled hairs
Pepo hard rind