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Title: Thursday Lecture Origin of Agriculture, continued


1
Thursday Lecture Origin of Agriculture,
continued
- Geographical origin of plant crops - Changes
under domestication
2
Assignment 3
List 5 plant foods that you have consumed this
week (they may be foods that consist entirely of
the plant or foods that contain the plant as one
of the ingredients). Prepare a one page world
map that is labeled to show where each plant food
originated (use Table 2.1 of your textbook as
your source of information)
Due Date Tuesday 2/1 Can Be Returned as Hard
Copy or File Attachment to e-mail message
3
  • Briefly explain the myth regarding Persephone,
    Demeter, Pluto and the pomegranate. How does it
    relate to agriculture?
  • Where and when did agriculture begin?
  • Who was Nikolai Vavilov?

4
Geological Time Scale
5
Geological Time Scale
6
Where did agriculture originate?
  • 4-5 Centers

North America
Near East
Mexico
Southeast Asia
South America
Sub-sahara Africa
7
What types of plants were utilized in early
agriculture?
  • Cereals Members of the Grass Family Poaceae
  • Near East
  • Far East
  • Subsaharan Africa
  • Mexico
  • South America

8
What types of plants were utilized in early
agriculture?
  • Cereals
  • Near East

Barley, Wheat
  • Far East

Rice
  • Subsaharan Africa

Millets
  • Mexico

Corn
  • South America

Acquired Corn
9
What types of plants were utilized in early
agriculture?
  • Legumes members of pea family Fabaceae
  • Near East
  • Far East
  • Subsaharan Africa
  • Mexico
  • South America

10
What types of plants were utilized in early
agriculture?
  • Legumes
  • Near East

Peas, Lentils
  • Far East

Soybeans, Mung Bean
  • Subsaharan Africa

Cowpeas (black-eyed peas) Vetch
  • Mexico

Common Bean
  • South America

Common Bean, Lima Bean, Peanut
11
What types of plants were utilized in early
agriculture?
  • Starchy Staples members of various families
  • Near East
  • Far East
  • Subsaharan Africa
  • Mexico
  • South America

12
What types of plants were utilized in early
agriculture?
  • Starchy Staples
  • Near East

Dates
  • Far East

Banana, Taro, Breadfruit
  • Subsaharan Africa

Yams
  • Mexico

Sweet Potato
  • South America

Potatoes, Manioc
13
Did agriculture have a single origin?
  • Criteria to evaluate
  • crops utilized
  • methods of cultivation
  • temporal considerations

14
Did agriculture have a single origin?
  • Criteria to evaluate
  • crops utilized
  • methods of cultivation
  • temporal considerations
  • Hypothesis 1 idea of agriculture so distinctive
    that it probably originated just once - humans
    carried it around the world, e.g. on long oceanic
    voyages (not recorded historically) a la Thor
    Heyerdahl

15
Did agriculture have a single origin?
  • Criteria to evaluate
  • crops utilized
  • methods of cultivation
  • temporal considerations
  • Hypothesis 1 idea of agriculture so distinctive
    that it probably originated just once - humans
    carried it around the world, e.g. on long oceanic
    voyages (not recorded historically) a la Thor
    Heyerdahl
  • Hypothesis 2 differences in plants and methods
    of cultivation ? most likely that agriculture was
    invented independently in different areas

16
Alternative Views Origin of Agriculture
  • Classical View sudden, dramatic event
    requires explanation
  • raises issue of single vs. multiple origins
  • New View (Box 2.1, text) gradual transition
  • issue of origin less significant
  • Major Points
  • Once adopted, agriculture stayed with culture
  • Agriculture adopted in various parts of the
    world, with differing sets of plants

17
What are the consequences for people of origin of
agriculture?
  • Cities

18
What are the consequences for people of origin of
agriculture?
  • Cities
  • Civilization, associated with need to keep track
    of events (possibly stimulated development of
    writing)

19
What are the consequences for people of origin of
agriculture?
  • Cities
  • Civilization, associated with need to keep track
    of events (possibly stimulated development of
    writing)
  • increased population size

20
What are the consequences for people of origin of
agriculture?
  • Cities
  • Civilization, associated with need to keep track
    of events (possibly stimulated development of
    writing)
  • increased population size
  • did not eliminate hunger


21
Nikolai Vavilov Scientific Contributions
  • Russian/Soviet scientist (1887-1943)
  • Institutional Leader All Union Institute of
    Plant Industry

22
Nikolai Vavilov Scientific Contributions
  • Russian/Soviet scientist (1887-1943)
  • Institutional Leader All Union Institute of
    Plant Industry
  • staff of 20,000 in 400 research laboratories
    160,000 plant/seed samples

23
Nikolai Vavilov Scientific Contributions
  • Russian/Soviet scientist (1887-1943)
  • Institutional Leader All Union Institute of
    Plant Industry
  • staff of 20,000 in 400 research laboratories
    160,000 plant/seed samples
  • Centers of Origin of Cultivated Plants (Book
    - 1926)
  • Novel approach to biogeography center of
    diversity center of origin

24
Nikolai Vavilov Scientific Contributions
  • Russian/Soviet scientist (1887-1943)
  • Institutional Leader All Union Institute of
    Plant Industry
  • staff of 20,000 in 400 research laboratories
    160,000 plant/seed samples
  • Centers of Origin of Cultivated Plants (Book
    - 1926)
  • Novel approach to biogeography center of
    diversity center of origin
  • Law of Homologous Series of Variation (paper -
    1920)

25
The Lysenko Affair
T. D. Lysenko Russian/Soviet Plant Breeder
(1989-1976)
26
The Lysenko Affair
T. D. Lysenko Russian/Soviet Plant Breeder
(1989-1976) - Discovery of vernalization
(induction of early flowering in biennial crops
through use of cold treatment)
27
The Lysenko Affair
T. D. Lysenko Russian/Soviet Plant Breeder
(1989-1976) - Discovery of vernalization
(induction of early flowering in biennial crops
through use of cold treatment) - Renunciation of
Darwinian Evolution in favor of a
Lamarckian-type explanation
28
The Lysenko Affair
  • T. D. Lysenko Russian/Soviet Plant Breeder
    (1989-1976)
  • - Discovery of vernalization (induction of
    early flowering in biennial crops through use of
    cold treatment)
  • - Renunciation of Darwinian Evolution in favor
    of a Lamarckian-type explanation
  • Ascension to political power (dictator of
    science under Stalin) misuse of science to
    support socio-political philosophy

29
The Lysenko Affair
  • T. D. Lysenko Russian/Soviet Plant Breeder
    (1989-1976)
  • - Discovery of vernalization (induction of
    early flowering in biennial crops through use of
    cold treatment)
  • - Renunciation of Darwinian Evolution in favor
    of a Lamarckian-type explanation
  • Ascension to political power (dictator of
    science under Stalin) misuse of science to
    support socio-political philosophy
  • Falsification of experimental results
  • Suppression of science/scientists

30
Vavilov vs. Lysenko
  • Vavilov
  • broadly trained scientist
  • Lysenko
  • narrowly trained agronomist

31
Vavilov vs. Lysenko
  • Vavilov
  • broadly trained scientist
  • spoke/read 12 languages
  • Lysenko
  • narrowly trained agronomist
  • spoke/read Russian only

32
Vavilov vs. Lysenko
  • Vavilov
  • broadly trained scientist
  • spoke/read 12 languages
  • traveled around world
  • Lysenko
  • narrowly trained agronomist
  • spoke/read Russian only
  • never left Russia

33
Vavilov vs. Lysenko
  • Vavilov
  • broadly trained scientist
  • spoke/read 12 languages
  • traveled around world
  • embraced and added to scientific advances,
    including Mendelian genetics and Darwinian
    evolution
  • Lysenko
  • narrowly trained agronomist
  • spoke/read Russian only
  • never left Russia
  • rejected scientific advances, especially
    Mendelian genetics and Darwinian evolution

34
Vavilov vs. Lysenko
  • Vavilov
  • broadly trained scientist
  • spoke/read 12 languages
  • traveled around world
  • embraced and added to scientific advances,
    including Mendelian genetics and Darwinian
    evolution
  • major contributions to agriculture in Russia
  • Lysenko
  • narrowly trained agronomist
  • spoke/read Russian only
  • never left Russia
  • rejected scientific advances, especially
    Mendelian genetics and Darwinian evolution
  • inadvertantly damaged Russian agricultural
    system through poor policies

35
Vavilov vs. Lysenko
  • Vavilov
  • broadly trained scientist
  • spoke/read 12 languages
  • traveled around world
  • embraced and added to scientific advances,
    including Mendelian genetics and Darwinian
    evolution
  • major contributions to agriculture in Russia
  • died in prison, 1943
  • Lysenko
  • narrowly trained agronomist
  • spoke/read Russian only
  • never left Russia
  • rejected scientific advances, especially
    Mendelian genetics and Darwinian evolution
  • inadvertantly damaged Russian agricultural
    system through poor policies
  • forced out in 1950s

36
Changes under Domestication
Law of Homologous Series gt similar changes in
different species
37
Changes under Domestication
  • larger size of organs being utilized (fruits,
    seeds)

38
Changes under Domestication
  • larger size of organs being utilized (fruits,
    seeds)
  • loss of natural means of dispersal

39
Changes under Domestication
  • larger size of organs being utilized (fruits,
    seeds)
  • loss of natural means of dispersal
  • loss of delayed and irregular germination of
    seeds

40
Changes under Domestication
  • larger size of organs being utilized (fruits,
    seeds)
  • loss of natural means of dispersal
  • loss of delayed and irregular germination of
    seeds
  • simultaneous ripening

41
Changes under Domestication
  • larger size of organs being utilized (fruits,
    seeds)
  • loss of natural means of dispersal
  • loss of delayed and irregular germination of
    seeds
  • simultaneous ripening
  • loss of toxic or bitter substances

42
Changes under Domestication
  • larger size of organs being utilized (fruits,
    seeds)
  • loss of natural means of dispersal
  • loss of delayed and irregular germination of
    seeds
  • simultaneous ripening
  • loss of toxic or bitter substances
  • loss of mechanical means of protection

43
Changes under Domestication
  • larger size of organs being utilized (fruits,
    seeds)
  • loss of natural means of dispersal
  • loss of delayed and irregular germination of
    seeds
  • simultaneous ripening
  • loss of toxic or bitter substances
  • loss of mechanical means of protection
  • change in color of fruits and seeds

44
What is a Fruit?
Fruit mature ovary (for a botanist)
45
What is a Fruit, continued
Fruit mature ovary (for a botanist)
Fruits are Fruits
46
What is a Fruit, continued
Fruit mature ovary (for a botanist)
Fruits are Fruits Nuts are Fruits
47
What is a Fruit, continued
Fruit mature ovary (for a botanist)
Fruits are Fruits Nuts are Fruits Grains are
Fruits
48
What is a Fruit, continued
Fruit mature ovary (for a botanist)
Fruits are Fruits Nuts are Fruits Grains are
Fruits Some Vegetables are Fruits
49
What is a Fruit, continued
Fruit mature ovary (for a botanist)
Fruits are Fruits Nuts are Fruits Grains are
Fruits Some Vegetables are Fruits Some Botanists
are Nuts?
50
Vegetable Fruits and Meaty Nuts
51
Vegetable Fruits and Meaty Nuts
52
Vegetable Fruits and Meaty Nuts
53
Vegetable Fruits and Meaty Nuts
54
Vegetable Fruits and Meaty Nuts
55
Flowers to Fruits
56
Flowers to Fruits
57
Flowers to Fruits
Ovary (in flower) With ovule
58
Flowers to Fruits
Ovary (in flower) With ovules
59
Flowers to Fruits
Fruit (with 1 seed )
Ovary (in flower) With ovules
60
Flowers to Fruits
Fruit (with 1 seeds)
Ovary (in flower) With ovules
61
Fruit Types
  • Major Distinctions
  • dry vs. fleshy
  • dehiscent vs. indehiscent
  • product of 1 ovary vs. 2 ovaries
  • product of 1 flower vs. multiple flowers

See Table 3.1, p. 54 Also Fig. 3.1, 3.2, 3.3
pages 56-57
  • Pericarp fruit wall
  • endocarp (inside)
  • mesocarp (middle)
  • exocarp (outside)

62
Dry, Indehiscent Fruits Achene, Grain
Achene 1-seeded, fruit and seed wall separate
Chapter 5
Grain 1-seeded, fruit and seed wall fused
63
Dry Indehiscent Fruits - Nut
Nut 1 seeded, enclosed by hard pericarp,
surrounded by husk
See Figs. 3.15, 3.16, pages 70-71
64
Dry, Dehiscent Fruits Follicle
Follicle from simple ovary, splits along 1 seam
only
See Figs. 3.4, p. 58
Spiraea Fruits
milkweed
65
Dry, Dehiscent Fruits - Legume
Legume from simple ovary, splits along 2 seams
Chapter 6
Fruit of Fabaceae, only beans, peas, lentils
etc.
66
Fleshy Fruits from 1 Ovary - Berry
Berry multiple seeds, embedded in fleshy pulp
Special types of Berries
Pome most of flesh hypanthium
Hesperidium flesh juice-filled hairs
Pepo hard rind
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