Texas History

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The Country and Its Native People

• Texas History
• Chapter 1

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I. Types of Landforms in Texas

• Coastal plains
• Prairies
• Deserts
• Mountains
• Hills
• Sandy Beaches

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II. Faces of Texas

• Mountains- west Texas, Rocky Mountains
• Plains- West, North, Northwest, Gulf Coast
• Plateau- Edwards Plateau, west central part of
  state
• Hills- eastern part- gently rolling hills,
  Central Texas- rugged hills

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III. Water Resources

• 40 major rivers, 11,000 streams
• Aquifers- 7 major, Edwards
• Lakes- natural and man-made
• 3 River groups
• Rivers flow into Mississippi River- Red, Canadian
• 2. Rivers flow directly into Gulf of Mexico- San
  Antonio, Colorado, Trinity, Brazos
• 3. Rio Grande and its tributaries

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IV. Climate

• Elements- Wind direction, temperature, and
  precipitation
• Precipitation- rain, snow, sleet, hail, mist
• East- Hot and humid during the summer
• Panhandle- Northers- snow, ice, cold wind
• Rainfall- West- dry, East- wet
• Tornadoes and Hurricanes- affect Texas
  during spring and summer

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V. Natural Vegetations
A. Types

• Native Grasses
• Wildflowers
• Trees
• Brush
• Bushes
• Wild Plants

• B. Importance
• Food and shelter
• Prevent erosion
• Make soil fertile
• Makes Texas beautiful

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• The Regions of Texas

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I. Gulf Coastal Plains

• Largest region in Texas- wide variety of land and
  features
• Piney Woods
• Gulf Coast Plains
• South Texas Plains
• Post Oak Belt
• Blackland Prairie

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II. Central Plains

• Region of gently rolling prairies with forest on
  the rivers within the regions
• Grand Prairie
• Cross Timbers- East and West
• Rolling Plains

Fort Worth
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III. Great Plains

• Much of this land is flat, but becomes rugged in
  the southern part
• High Plains
• Edwards Plateau

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IV. Rocky Mountains

• One of the most rugged and colorful areas of
  Texas.
• Mountains and Basins

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The First Texans
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I. Studying Prehistory

• Prehistory- before written records
• Archaeologists- dig underneath ground for
  evidence of past cultures
• Artifacts- tools, weapons, and other objects made
  by people
• Historians- use the knowledge gained to try to
  write a history of the early people

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Path of migrations of early man from Asia to
North and South America
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II. Paleo-Indian Era

• 15,000 years ago
• Nomads- searched for food, followed animals
  around
• Leanderthal Lady- 10,000 years
• Midland Minnie- 8,000 years
• Llano Culture- hunted mammoths and bison
• Folsom Culture- tools made of flint, horns, and
  bones , atlatl- spear throwing stick, chased
  buffalo off of cliffs

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III. Archaic Era

• 6,000 B.C.- many animals became extinct, man had
  to change
• Hunted buffalo, deer, elk, bears,
• Ate berries, nuts, roots, and seeds
• More tools- knives, fishhooks, harpoons
• Domesticate wild animals- dogs
• Planted seeds so they would not have to move
  around

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IV. Formative Era

• 1,000 B.C.
• Pottery and the bow and arrow
• Spread of agriculture (farming)
• Corn, beans, squash, potatoes, pumpkins, tomatoes
• Cultivated cotton and tobacco
• Population increased, people lived longer
• Fewer people needed to grow food- culture began
• Cities began to develop

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Native Peoples

• Texas Indians

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I. Native People of Texas

• No dominant Texas Indian culture
• Groups differed greatly from region to region
• Early records of encounters misleading
• Historical understanding of Indian groups largely
  incorrect

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Wichita
Jumano
Attakapans
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II. Common Practices

• Family organizations and religious beliefs
  similar
• Believed in supreme being(s)
• Heavy into nature
• Supernatural powers (shaman)
• Marriage monogamous, men could marry more than
  one wife
• Women did the grunt jobs
• Men hunted, fished, planned for war

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III. Indian Groups

• Caddoes- East Texas- domelike houses, farmers
• Attakapans- mix of farming and hunting- East
  Texas
• Karankawas- Gulf Coast- mixture of food, mosquito
  repellent, cannibal
• Wichita and Tonkawa- Central Texas- buffalo very
  important-

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E. Coahuiltecans- South Texas- smorgasbord of
food, Nomadic, San Antonio area F. Jumanos- Rio
Grande- nomadic, lived in adobe huts G. Apaches-
West Texas- very warlike, nomads, buffalo, H.
Comanche- North and West Texas- High Plains area,
great horsemen, buffalo I. Kiowa- North Texas-
Allies to Comanche
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IV. Threats to Indian Way of Life

• Indians never united against invaders incursions
• American technology eventually will dominate
• White mans disease- smallpox- will ravage many
  Indian tribes

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V. Indian contributions

• Heritage of Indians still seen today
• Knowledge of land, rivers, etc. helped Europeans
• Part of the 1st four centuries of Texas history
• Helped determine the nature of frontier
  institutions
• Most European/Anglo-American attempts to
  civilize the Indians failed