The French and Indian War

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The French and Indian War

• An Outline
• Created by
• Mr. Stephenson

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A. Prelude to War

• Four nations claimed North American land France,
  Spain, Great Britain, and Russia

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A. Prelude to War

• France and Great Britain were the European powers
  who clashed most often--fighting over the
  American fur trade.

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A. Prelude to War

• Center of a land quarrel (between British and
  French) was the Ohio Valley located west of the
  Appalachian Mountains and south of the Great
  Lakes (between the Mississippi and Canada)
• The Ohio Valley includes Ohio, Kentucky,
  Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Indiana, Tennessee,
  and Illinois.

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A. Prelude to War
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A. Prelude to War

• Both France and Great Britain claim the Ohio
  Valley, but it was the French who moved into it
  first.
• France wanted Ohio Valley BECAUSE France owned
  the Louisiana Territory and the Quebec Territory
  and the Ohio Valley is right in between these two
  territories.

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A. Prelude to War

• Pennsylvanian (in other words, British) fur
  traders move into the Ohio Valley.
• Virginian (in other words, British) Land
  companies claimed they owned the Ohio Valley land
  and hoped to sell it for large profits.
• So even the British colonists were divided over
  the landPennsylvania vs. Virginia.

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A. Prelude to War

• Control of the Ohio Valley really depended on
  people who were generally ignored in colonial
  politics--the Native Americans.
• British had money and trade goods (more so than
  the French) to give to the Native Americans.
• But the French were more respectful towards the
  Natives and thereby won their friendship.

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A. Prelude to War

• So most indians joined with the French.
• However, the Iroquois, who controlled Great Lakes
  region and the fur trade within that region,
  joined with the British.

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B. During The War

• The War begins at Fort Necessity

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B. During The War

• Meeting occurs Iroquois natives and British
  colonists meet to settle some differences.
• British want Iroquois support and help.
• Iroquois get frustrated and leave, yet British
  colonists continue to talk
• Benjamin Franklin has an idea based on his
  observations of the Iroquois.

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B. During the War

• Benjamin Franklin proposes The Albany Plan
• Franklin reasons that if the savage natives can
  join and work together, why couldnt the
  civilized colonists work together?
• The Albany Plan
• King appoints representative from each colony
  with one overall leader
• These representatives (the Council) manage
  relations with Native Americans, raise/maintain
  army, and levy (collect) taxes to pay for council
  and army.
• The Plan FLOPPED None of the colonies approve
  it.

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B. During the War

• IMPORTANCE OF ALBANY PLAN (this is probably on a
  test) The Albany Plan was the first attempt by
  the colonies to work together as one unit, group,
  nation. It did not work, but it was the first
  attempt to unify the colonies.

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B. During the War

• British are not doing well in this conflict.
• British government formally declares war in 1756.
• With a formal declaration of war, William Pitt
  becomes the Minister of War for the British.
• War becomes a true world war called the Seven
  Years War and battles between the French and the
  English are fought in North America, Europe,
  Africa, and India.

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B. During the War
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B. During the War

• With renewed interest in the war, Britain sends
  more men and supplies to America.
• Britain begins to string together a series of
  victories in North America and the British decide
  to conquer the French parts of
  Canada.

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B. During the War

• British General James Wolfe decides to attack
  Quebec. Why? He wants to cut off French supplies
  coming from Canada and going to the Louisiana
  Territory.
• The French defend Quebec bravely for
  a while...

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B. During the War

• Until Gen. Wolfe finds a way into Quebec at the
  Plains of Abraham.
• British win the Battle on the Plains of Abraham
  British take Quebec and France wants a peace
  treaty

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B. During the War
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B. During the War
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B. During the War

• Pontiac was Ottawa leader and leads a rebellion
  against the British.
• Pontiac sends out messages to Chippewa, Miami,
  and other tribes to join together against the
  British.
• In 1763, the Indians attack the British post at
  Fort Detroit. This action becomes known as called
  Pontiacs Rebellion.
• Pontiac captures several other forts and frontier
  settlements.

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B. During the War
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B. During the War

• Pontiacs Rebellion stops when Pontiac and the
  French learn about newly created Treaty of Paris.
• With the signing of the treaty, the Indians
  realize that there will be no more French support
  and they stop attacking the British.

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C. After the War

• British and French ended the war by signing the
  Treaty of Paris in 1763.
• Treaty also involves many countries because the
  French and Indian War was part of the larger
  Seven Years War.
• The Seven Years War included the British, French,
  Russia, Austrian, and Prussian (German) nations
  among a few others.

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C. After the War

• Britain got lots of Frances New World
  possessions New France (Canada), the Ohio
  Valley, and the French lands EAST of Mississippi
  (except New Orleans).
• Spain got the Louisiana Territory Why? A beat up
  France needed money and resources from Spain.
  Louisiana was the repayment of the loan and was
  transferred to Spain before the treaty was
  created.
• France was left with practically NO land in North
  America, but did keep its sugar colonies in the
  Caribbean and 2 small fishing islands near
  Canada.

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C. After the War

• British find out that the American territory is
  HUGE and very costly to defend and govern.
• One problem involved the French settlers in North
  America. They remained in the territory and they
  worked with the Native American Indians to create
  trouble for the British colonists.

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C. After the War

• British King George II dies in 1760. His
  grandson, George III, takes over.
• King George III signs the Proclamation of 1763
• The Proclamation of 1763 says there will be NO
  MORE BRITISH SETTLEMENT of the western
  territories (Ohio Valley).
• The King make this proclamation because colonial
  settlement was continuing to create skirmishes
  and battles on the frontier. The King was trying
  to end those battles.

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C. After the War

• To enforce the Proclamation, the British station
  troops along the frontier which angers settlers.
• How do British colonists react? They were VERY
  upset. Many colonists wanted to settle in the
  Ohio Valley, and some settled there anyway
  despite the Proclamation.

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C. After the War

• The most pressing post war problem for the
  British was MONEY--or more correctly, the lack of
  money.
• The British government looked for solutions to
  raise money. The solution they found involved
  the colonists.
• The British reasoned that the victory during the
  war made the colonists safe from the French and
  had cost the colonists very little.
• Colonists held a different point of view The War
  was NOT about them and their need for protection,
  but INSTEAD the war was about protecting British
  trade and business interests in America. In other
  words, the colonists believe that the war was the
  cost of doing business.

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C. After the War

• British get new Prime Minister George Grenville.
• The British government under Grenville decides to
  tax the Colonists to repay the war debt.
• The first tax act to raise money to pay
  French/Indian War debts was the Sugar Act of
  1764.
• Another law which angered the colonists was the
  Quartering Act which forced colonies to house and
  feed British troops.

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SUMMARY

• The War caused by both French and British wanting
  the Ohio River Valley.
• The British win the war including Ohio Valley and
  Canada (New France) but they do not get the
  Louisiana Territory.
• France loses almost all North American
  possessions.
• Spain gains the Louisiana Territory.
• Results of the war Great Britain gets into
  financial debt and looks to the colonies to help
  pay the debt, and colonists refuse to do so.