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CHAPTER 8: POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY Centripetal Forces promote

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CHAPTER 8: POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY Centripetal Forces promote unity Charismatic leaders, external threats ( Iraq) Nationalism religion, education, national ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: CHAPTER 8: POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY Centripetal Forces promote


1
CHAPTER 8 POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY
2
Key Ideas What is a State?
  • - A state is an area organized into a political
    unit and ruled by an established government that
    has control over its internal and foreign affairs.

3
Other Characteristics of a State
  • 1. A state has a defined territory on earths
  • surface.
  • 2. A state has a permanent population.
  • 3. A state has sovereignty, which means
  • independence from control of its internal
  • affairs by other states.

4
Characteristics of a State
  • 4. An entire area of a state is managed by a
  • national government with laws, leaders,
  • military apparatus, and an internal currency
  • system.
  • 5. A state is a good example of a uniform or
  • formal region.
  • 6. A state is synonymous with the term
  • country.

5
Problems of Defining States
  • - In 2003 there where 191 states according to
    the United Nations.
  • - However, there is some dispute over the actual
    number of sovereign states in the world today.
  • - Why? Because some places test the definition
    of what constitutes a state.

6
Problems of Defining States
  • - Among places that test the definition of what
    constitutes a state are
  • 1. Korea
  • 2. China
  • 3. Western Sahara ( Sahrawi Republic )

7
Korea One State or Two?
  • - The Korean Peninsula is divided into two
    countries along the 38th parallel.
  • - The Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (
    North Korea ) and The Republic of Korea ( South
    Korea )
  • - Both countries are committed to uniting the
    country into one sovereign state.

8
The Problem With Korea
  • - The North is ideologically very different from
    the South. North Korea is authoritarian socialist
    while South Korea is a republic based upon
    democratic principles.

9
China and Taiwan One State or Two?
  • - According to Chinas government officials,
    Taiwan is not a separate sovereign state but is a
    part of China.
  • - Until 1999 the government of Taiwan agreed.

10
China and Taiwan
  • - This confusing situation arose as a result of
    a civil war between the Nationalist and the
    Communist in China.
  • - After losing, the Nationalist fled to the
    island of Taiwan. The Nationalist proclaimed that
    they were still the legitimate rulers of all
    mainland China.

11
China and Taiwan
  • - The Mainland Chinese refuse to recognize
    Taiwans claims.
  • - In 1999 Taiwans president stated that in
    addition to its claims on mainland China, it
    would regard itself as an independent sovereign
    state.
  • - This heightened tensions between The Mainland
    and Taiwan.

12
China and Taiwan
  • - Most other governments consider mainland China
    ( the Peoples Republic of China ) and the island
    of Taiwan ( the Republic of China ) as two
    separate and sovereign states.

13
Western Sahara ( Sahrawi Republic )
  • - The Sahrawri Arab Democratic Republic, also
    known as the Western Sahara, is considered to be
    an independent sovereign state by most African
    countries.
  • - The western Sahara lies on the west coast of
    Africa between Morocco and Mauritania.

14
Western Sahara ( Sahrawi Republic )
  • - At one time, both Morocco and Mauritania laid
    claims to the area.
  • - Mauritania has withdrawn its claims but
    Morocco has not.
  • - Morocco has built a 3000 mile wall around the
    territory to keep rebels ( Polisario Front ) out.

15
Western Sahara ( Sahrawi Republic )
  • - Cease fire signed in 1991, but sporadic
    fighting continues.

16
  • Human Territoriality a countrys (or more local
    communitys) sense of property and attachment
    toward its territory, expressed by its
    determination to keep it inviolable and defended
  • State politically organized territory,
    administered by a govt, recognized by the
    international community. Must contain 1) a
    permanent pop., 2) an organized economy, 3) a
    functioning internal circulation system (state
    country State internal division)
  • Nation tightly knit group of people who feel a
    belonging to a cultural community, share a common
    history (stateless nations no national
    territory Kurds, Palestinians)

17
  • Evolution of the Nation-State
  • Treaty of Westphalia (1648) sets legal
    precedent for national sovereignty
  • Doctrine of nationalism, creates supreme loyalty
  • Colonialism rose from an instable core (Europe)
    countries
  • sought out colonies to support the mother country

18
  • Territorial Morphology
  • Size not always an advantage
  • U.S. yes (resources, relative location)
  • former USSR no (vast size, many cultures
    languages)
  • MicrostatesLiechtenstein, Andorra, San Marino
  • Relative location - situation
  • Resources exceptions Congo (resource-rich but
    unable to use for own benefit) Switzerland
    Japan (few resources, but in economic cores)
  • Global Activity Singapore is b/w busy shipping
    routes Myanmar Sierra Leone, for example, are
    not

19
  • Shape
  • Compact distance from geometric center is
    similar
  • Elongated a.k.a. attenuated
  • Fragmented two or more separate pieces
  • Perforated territory completely surrounds that
    of another state
  • Protruded a.k.a. prorupt have a protruded area
    that extends from a more compact core

20
  • Evolution of Boundaries
  • Boundary a vertical plane that cuts through the
    subsoil airspace (even outer space)
  • Definition legal document or treaty drawn up to
    specify actual points in the landscape
  • Delimitation cartographers put the boundary on
    the map
  • Demarcation boundary is actually marked on the
    ground w/ wall, fence, posts,
  • Types of Boundaries
  • Geometric straight-line, unrelated to physical
    or cultural landscape, lat long (US/Canada)
  • Physical-political (natural-political) conform
    to physiologic features (Rio Grande US/Mexico
    Pyrenees Spain/France)
  • Cultural-political mark breaks in the human
    landscape (Armenia/Azerbaijan)

21
  • Origin-Based Classification
  • a.k.a. genetic boundary types
  • Antecedent existed before the cultural
    landscape emerged
  • Subsequent developed contemporaneously with the
    evolution of the cultural landscape
  • Superimposed placed by powerful outsiders on a
    developed landscape, usually ignores pre-existing
    cultural-spatial patterns
  • Relict has ceased to function, but its imprint
    can still be detected on the cultural landscape
  • Frontier zone of separation, a territorial
    cushion that keeps rivals apart

22
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23
  • Boundary Disputes
  • Definitional focus on legal language (e.g.
    median line of a river water levels may vary)
  • Locational definition is not in dispute, the
    interpretation is allows mapmakers to delimit
    boundaries in various ways
  • Operational neighbors differ over the way the
    boundary should function (migration, smuggling)
  • Allocational disputes over rights to natural
    resources (gas, oil, water)

24
Major area of dispute w/ Iraq in 1990s
Relative Location of Kuwait
25
Iron Curtain
NATO
Above the State Boundaries
26
State Organization andNational Power
27
Colonialism has changed the global order of
politics often creating unequal cultural and
economic relations
28
  • Core-Periphery Model
  • World Systems Analysis (Immanuel Wallerstein)
    view the world as an interlocked system of states
  • Core economically dominant states
  • Periphery developing states have little
    autonomy or influence
  • Semi-periphery middle keeps the world from
    being polarized into two extremes
  • The world must be seen as a system of
    interlinking parts ties political and economic
    geography together

29
  • OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
    Development, 2001

30
  • Geopolitics Friedrich Ratzel (Ger)
  • State resembles a biological organism birth,
    maturity, decline, death
  • Nourishment through acquisition of less powerful
    territories space is essential
  • Organic Theory (stated above) led to
    expansionist Nazi policies of 1930s
  • Heartland Theory Halford Mackinder (Br)
  • Heart of Eurasia resource-rich, land-based
    pivot area, E. Eur is key to World Island
  • Rimland Theory Nicholas Spykman (US)
  • Eurasian rim, not heart key to global power

31
Mackinders Heartland Theory Spykmans Rimland
Theory
32
  • Core areas center, heart relates to scale
  • State national heartland largest pop., most
    productive region, greatest centrality, may
    contain the capital (multicore Nigeria, US)
  • Region several economically strong states
  • Capital city pol. nerve center, seat of govt,
    center of nat. life, nat. headquarters
  • Forward capital capital city moved for a nat.
    objective culture, disputed territory,
  • Primate city states largest city most
    expressive of culture, may be capital Mexico
    City, Paris, Jakarta, (many countries dont
    have e.g. US)

33
  • Unitary state nation-state w/ highly
    centralized govt, central authority exerts power
    equally over its territory (UK, Fr)
  • Federal state central govt represents various
    entities w/in a nation-state, allows entities to
    retain some power (most geographically
    expressive)
  • Electoral geography US 435 seats in House.

34
  • Centripetal Forces promote unity
  • Charismatic leaders, external threats ( Iraq)
  • Nationalism religion, education, national
    ideology,
  • Centrifugal Forces divisive forces
  • Internal religious, linguistic, ethnic, or
    ideological differences
  • Tribalism people identify more w/ their local
    affiliation than with their country

35
  • Supranationalism
  • Venture involving three or more states for pol.
    (UN), econ. (EU), mil. (NATO) and/or cultural
    (African Union) objectives
  • Benelux first multinational union no tariffs,
    quotas, licenses joined EEC later
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