Byzantium

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Chapter 21 The ByzantinesWords, Terms and
People to Know

• Byzantium
• Theology
• Icons
• Charlemagne
• Constantine
• Cyril
• Tribonian
• Hagia Sophia

• Justinian
• Theodora
• Belisarius
• Patriarch of Constantinople
• Metropolitans

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Byzantine Empire Istanbul-not Constantinople
The Byzantine Empire during its greatest
territorial extent under Justinian. c. 550.

• During its 1,000 year existence it copied and
  preserved Roman law and art and eventually
  Christianized the East.
• Byzantine culture was Romanbut it was in the
  east and attempting to maintain its western ideas
  among easterners was difficult.
• It took an average ship 15 days to go north to
  south, and over a month from Crete to Cadiz.
• It was simply too large to effectively govern.

• Called the 2nd Rome it was a city astride Europe,
  and Asia.
• Roman Empire in the West lasted 5 centuries.
  Persian Empire lasted 3 centuries.
• Only Egypt lasted longer and it lasted so long
  for similar reasons.
• Byzantines called themselves Romans
• Begun by Constantine in 330 A.D. lasted until
  1453 1,123 years!

3
Justinian bankrupts Byzantium by trying to
reestablish the empire in its entirety.
Belisarius may be the bearded figure on Emperor
Justinian I's right in the mosaic in the Church
of San Vitale, Ravenna that celebrates the
reconquest of Italy, performed by the Byzantine
army under the skillful leadership of Belisarius
himself.

• By the 6th century Byzantium was exhausted, its
  resources spent and a large part of Italys
  population was killed in the wars.
• The high point of Byzantine culture would come in
  the 8th an 9th centuries when it was smaller,
  more compact and better able to defend and
  oversee its interests.

4
The Byzantines were believers that the empire was
willed by and protected by GOD!

• Due to its religious convictions Byzantium was
  very conservative in nature.
• It was not so important who was emperor and a
  change of emperors did not mean a change in
  policy.
• In the West, men lived their lives under many
  different legal systems and types of government,
  including
• Manorial System
• Clans
• King and his central govt.
• Church
• In Byzantium there was only the Emperor.

5
In the Byzantine East the Emperor was Gods
emissary. It did not matter how he got therethru
assassination, election, intrigue or whatever it
was Gods will. He was chosen by heaven. He was
the supreme power over government, Church and law

• This view of God, religion, and the state,
  offered a stability the West did not enjoy.
• However, it made for some very interesting
  changes of governmental leadership.
• There were 88 Byzantine emperors. One third of
  them were usurpers. Byzantine emperors were
  poisoned, strangled, beheaded, blinded, pulled
  apart and struck by lightening. It didnt
  matterit was Gods will that it happen and the
  next person in line was the emperor!
• There was no constitutional way to remove an
  emperor from office.
• Only a successful revolution could remove an
  emperor. Success gave it the seal of approval of
  God and heaven.

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• Many Violent Deaths for Byzantine Emperors

(1077?1078)NIKEPHOROS Bryennios Rebel governor of
Durazzo defeated by Alexios Komnenos 1078?1081 N
IKEPHOROS III BotaneiatesSon of Mikhael
Botaneiates rebel general in Anatolia since
1077 deposed, died 1081
(1078?1079)NIKEPHOROS Basilakes Rebel governor
of Durazzo (1080?1081)NIKEPHOROS
Melissenos Rebel general in Anatolia subdued by
Alexios Komnenos 1081?1118 ALEXIOS I
Komnenos Son of Ioannes Komnenos brother of
Isaakios I 1118?1143 IOANNES II Komnenos Son of
Alexios I co-ruler 1092 died of infected
wound   ALEXIOS Komnenos Son of Ioannes II
co-ruler 1123?1142 1143?1180 MANOUEL I
Komnenos Son of Ioannes II 1180?1183 ALEXIOS II
Komnenos Son of Manouel I co-ruler 1172
murdered by Andronikos I 1183?1185 ANDRONIKOS I
Komnenos Son of Isaakios Komnenos son of Alexios
I co-ruler 1182 murdered (1184?1191)ISAAKIOS
Komnenos Grandson of Isaakios son of Ioannes II
rebel in Cyprus, deposed by Richard I, poisoned
1195 1185?1195 ISAAKIOS II Angelos Son of
Andronikos Angelos son of Konstantinos by
Theodora daughter of Alexios I deposed and
blinded by brother Alexios III
1195?1203 ALEXIOS III Angelos Brother of
Isaakios II fled to Thrace, died
1210/ (1200?1200)IOANNES Komnenos the Fat Son
of Alexios Axoukhes by Maria, daughter of Alexios
son of Ioannes II executed 1203?1204 ISAAKIOS
II Angelos Restored 1203?1204 ALEXIOS IV
Angelos Son of Isaakios II deposed and
murdered (1204?1204)NIKOLAOS Kanabos Rebel in
Constantinople subdued by Alexios
V 1204?1205 ALEXIOS V Doukas Mourtzouphlos Husban
d of Eudokia daughter of Alexios III blinded by
father-in-law, executed by Latins
1205?1222 THEODOROS I Laskaris Son of Manouel
Laskaris husband of Anna daughter of Alexios
III crowned 1208 1222?1254 IOANNES III Doukas
BatatzesSon of Basileios Batatzes husband of
Eirene daughter of Theodoros I 1254?1258 THEODORO
S II Doukas Laskaris Son of Ioannes III co-ruler
c1241 1258?1261 IOANNES IV Doukas Laskaris Son
of Theodoros II deposed and blinded, died
c1305 1261?1282 MIKHAEL VIII Palaiologos Son of
Andronikos Palaiologos by Theodora daughter of
Alexios Palaiologos by Eirene daughter of Alexios
III co-ruler 1259 1282?1328 ANDRONIKOS II
Palaiologos Son of Mikhael VIII co-ruler 1261
(crowned 1272) deposed by grandson Andronikos
III, died 1332   http//www-personal.umich.edu
/imladjov/ByzantineRulers.htm
(479?479) MARCIANUS Son of Anthemius and husband
of Leontia daughter of Leo I rebel in
Constantinople, defeated (484?488) LEONTIUS P
atrician crowned by Verina at Tarsus, captured
at Antioch and executed 491?518 ANASTASIUS I
Dicorus Decurion of the Silentiarii married
Ariadne widow of Zeno (513?515) VITALIANUS Magist
er Militum of Thrace submitted to Anastasius I,
murdered 520 518?527 IUSTINUS I Commander of
the Excubitores 527?565 IUSTINIANUS I Son of
Sabbatius by Vigilantia sister of Iustinus
I (532?532) HYPATIUS Son of Secundinus by
Caesaria sister of Anastasius I proclaimed
during Nika riot, executed 565?578 IUSTINUS
II Son of Dulcetius by Vigilantia sister of
Iustinianus I 578?582 TIBERIUS
CONSTANTINUSCommander of the Excubitores Caesar
572, co-ruler 578 582?602 MAURICIUS TIBERIUSSon
of Paulus husband of Constantina daughter of
Tiberius Constantinus Caesar and co-ruler
582 deposed and executed by Phocas
  THEODOSIUS Son of Mauricius Tiberius co-ruler
590?602 murdered (?) 602?610 PHOCAS Centurion
deposed and executed by Herakleios 610?641 HERAKL
EIOS Son of Heraclius exarch of
Arfica 641?641 HERAKLEIOS KONSTANTINOS Son of
Herakleios co-ruler 613 641?642 KONSTANTINOS
HERAKLEIOS Son of Herakleios co-ruler 638
(called Heraklonas) deposed and
mutilated   TIBERIOS DAUID Son of Herakleios
Caesar 641?642 deposed and mutilated 642?668 KON
STANTINOS III the Bearded, Herakleios, son of
Herakleios Konstantinos co-ruler 641 (called
Konstas) murdered (668?669) MIZIZIOS Rebel
general in Sicily captured and
executed 668?685 KONSTANTINOS IV Son of
Konstantinos III co-ruler 654   HERAKLEIOS Son
of Konstantinos III co-ruler 659?681 deposed
and mutilated   TIBERIOS Son of Konstantinos
III co-ruler 659?681 deposed and
mutilated 685?695 IOUSTINIANOS II the
Slitnosed Son of Konstantinos IV co-ruler 681
deposed and mutilated 695?698 LEONTIOS Leon,
general of the Helladikoi deposed and mutilated
executed 705 698?705 TIBERIOS II Apsimaros,
admiral of the Kybiraiotai deposed and executed
705 705?711 IOUSTINIANOS II the
Slitnosed Restored deposed and executed
711   TIBERIOS Son of Ioustinianos II co-ruler
705?711 murdered
MIKHAEL IX Palaiologos Son of Andronikos II
co-ruler 1281 (crowned 1294)?1320 1328?1341A
NDRONIKOS III Palaiologos Son of Mikhael IX
co-ruler 1308/13 1341?1376IOANNES V
Palaiologos Son of Andronikos III married
Helene daughter of Ioannes VI deposed by son
Andronikos IV 1347?1354 IOANNES VI
Kantakouzenos Rebel emperor in Thrace 1341?1347
abdicated, died 1383 (1354?1357)MATTHAIOS Asan
Kantakouzenos Son of Ioannes VI co-ruler 1353
captured by Serbs, abdicated, died
1383 1376?1379 ANDRONIKOS IV Palaiologos Son of
Ioannes V co-ruler 1366?1373 and 1381?1385
Selymbria usurped father deposed
1379?1390 IOANNES V Palaiologos Restored
deposed by grandson Ioannes VII 1390?1390IOANNES
VII Palaiologos Son of Andronikos IV co-ruler
1376?1379, 1385?1403 Selymbria, 1403?1408
Thessalonica usurped grandfather deposed
1390?1391IOANNES V Palaiologos Restored 1391?14
25MANOUEL II Palaiologos Son of Ioannes V
co-ruler 1373?1376, 1379?1381, 1382?1387
Thessalonica, 1385  ANDRONIKOS V
Palaiologos Son of Ioannes VII co-ruler
1403?1407 with father at Thessalonica 1425?1448IO
ANNES VIII Palaiologos Son of Manouel II
co-ruler 1408 (crowned 1421) 1448?1453KONSTANTINO
S XI Dragases Son of Manouel II killed against
the Ottomans
920?944 ROMANOS I Lakapenos Son of Theophylaktos
co-ruler 919 deposed by sons, died
948   KHRISTOPHOROS Son of Romanos I co-ruler
921?931 (senior co-ruler from 927) (944?945) STEP
HANOS Son of Romanos I co-ruler 924?945
deposed, died 967 (944?945) KONSTANTINOS Son of
Romanos I co-ruler 924?925 deposed, killed
946 959?963 ROMANOS II Son of Konstantinos VII
co-ruler 945 963?1025 BASILEIOS II the
Bulgar-Slayer Son of Romanos II co-ruler 960 and
963?976 963?969 NIKEPHOROS II Phokas Son of
Bardas Phokas married Theophano widow of Romanos
II murdered by Ioannes I Known as the Pale
Death of Sarasans. 969?976 IOANNES I
Tzimiskes Son of Theophilos Kourkouas by sister
of Nikephoros II married Theodora daughter of
Konstantinos VII (971 987?989)BARDAS Phokas Son
of Leon Phokas brother of Nikephoros II rebelled
971 and 987, killed in battle (976?979
987)BARDAS Skleros Brother of Maria wife of
Ioannes I rebelled 976, fled to Arabs 979,
captured 987, died 991 1025?1028 KONSTANTINOS
VIII Son of Romanos II co-ruler
962 1028?1041 ZOE Daughter of Konstantinos
VIII deposed by Mikhael V 1028?1034 ROMANOS III
Argyropoulos Prefect of Constantinople husband
of Zoe drowned in his pool 1034?1041 MIKHAEL IV
the Paphlagonian Married Zoe 1041?1042 MIKHAEL V
the Caulker Son of Stephanos by Maria sister of
Mikhael IV deposed and blinded 1042?1050 ZOE Re
stored 1042?1055 KONSTANTINOS IX Monomakhos Son
of Theodosios Monomakhos married
Zoe (1045?1045)GEORGIOS Maniakes Rebel general
in Italy killed against Konstantinos
IX (1047?1047)LEON Tornikios Rebel general in
Thrace captured and blinded 1055?1056 THEODORA
Daughter of Konstantinos VIII co-ruler
1042 1056?1057 MIKHAEL VI Bringas the
General Nominated successor by Theodora
abdicated 1057?1059 ISAAKIOS I Komnenos Son of
Manouel Komnenos rebel in Anatolia since 1057
abdicated, died 1062 1059?1067 KONSTANTINOS X
Doukas Son of Andronikos Doukas 1067?1078 MIKHAEL
VII Doukas ParapinakesSon of Konstantinos X
co-ruler c1060 and 1068?1071 deposed, died
c1090 1068?1071 ROMANOS IV Diogenes Son of
Konstantinos Diogenes married Eudoxia widow of
Konstantinos X captured by the Turks at
Mantzikert arrested and blinded by stepson
Mikhael VII, died 1072  KONSTANTIOS
Doukas Son of Konstantinos X co-ruler
1067?1078 killed in battle 1081  ANDRONIKOS
Doukas Son of Konstantinos X co-ruler
1068??  KONSTANTINOS Doukas Son of Mikhael VII
co-ruler c1074?1078 and 1081?1090 died c1095
711?713 PHILIPPIKOS Bardanes, son of Nikephoros
deposed and blinded 713?715 ANASTASIOS
II Artemios imperial secretary deposed,
executed after revolt in 718 715?717 THEODOSIOS
III Son of Tiberios II (?) deposed by Leon
III 717?741 LEON III the Syrian Konon, general
of the Anatolics (727?727) KOSMAS Rebel general
of the Helladikoi captured and
executed 741?775 KONSTANTINOS V Kopronymos Son
of Leon III co-ruler 720 in exile
741?743 (741?743) ARTAUASDOS Husband of Anna
daughter of Leon III usurper in Constantinople
deposed and blinded   NIKEPHOROS Son of
Artauasdos co-ruler 742?743 deposed and
blinded 775?780 LEON IV the Khazar Son of
Konstantinos V co-ruler 750 780?797 KONSTANTINOS
VI Son of Leon IV co-ruler 776 deposed and
blinded by mother Eirene, died 797 (792
797) NIKEPHOROS Son of Konstantinos V blinded
and exiled by Eirene, died 812/ 797?802 EIRENE Wi
dow of Leon IV and mother of Konstantinos VI
deposed, died 803 802?811 NIKEPHOROS I the
Logothete Finance minister of Eirene killed
against Bulgaria (803?803) BARDANES the
Turk General of the Anatolics rebelled
submitted to Nikephoros I (808?808) ARSABER Patri
cian captured by Nikephoros I 811?811 STAURAKIOS
Son of Nikephoros I co-ruler 803 mortally
against Bulgaria, abdicated, died
812 811?813 MIKHAEL I Rangabe Son of
Theophylaktos husband of Prokopia daughter of
Nikephoros I abdicated, died 844
  THEOPHYLAKTOS Son of Mikhael I co-ruler
812?813 abdicated 813?820 LEON V the
Armenian Son of Bardas husband of Theodosia
daughter of Arsaber murdered   KONSTANTINOS Symb
atios, son of Leon V co-ruler 814?820 deposed
and mutilated 820?829 MIKHAEL II the
Amorian General husband of Thekla daughter of
Bardanes the Turk (820?823) THOMAS the
Slav Rebel general in Anatolia captured and
executed 829?842 THEOPHILOS Son of Mikhael II
co-ruler 821   KONSTANTINOS Son of Theophilos
co-ruler 833?835 842?867 MIKHAEL III the
DrunkardSon of Theophilos co-ruler 840 murdered
by Basileios I 867?886 BASILEIOS I the
Macedonian Co-ruler 866 killed in hunting
accident   KONSTANTINOS Symbatios, son of
Basileios I co-ruler 869?879 886?912 LEON VI
the Wise Son of Mikhael III by Eudokia wife of
Basileios I co-ruler 870 912?913 ALEXANDROS Son
of Basileios I co-ruler 879 913?959 KONSTANTINOS
VII Porphyrogenitus Son of Leon VI co-ruler 908
and 920?945 married Helene daughter of Romanos
I
  Emperors of the Romans 307?337 CONSTANTINUS I
the Great Son of Constantius I Caesar
306   CRISPUS Son of Constantinus I Caesar
317?326 executed by father 337?340 CONSTANTINUS
II Son of Constantinus I Caesar 317 killed
against Constans 337?361 CONSTANTIUS II Son of
Constantinus I Caesar 324 337?350 CONSTANS Son
of Constantinus I Caesar 333   DALMATIUS son of
Constantius I Caesar 335?337 murdered   CONSTAN
TIUS GALLUS Son of Iulius Constantius son of
Constantius I Caesar 351?354 executed 361?363 I
ULIANUS Brother of Constantius Gallus Caesar
355 killed against Persia 363?364 IOVIANUS Son
of Varronianus 364?364 VALENTINIANUS I Son of
Gratianus resigned East to brother Valens, died
375 364?378 VALENS Brother of Valentinianus I
killed against the Visigoths (365?366) PROCOPIUS
Relative of Iulianus usurper in Constantinople
captured and executed by Valens 378?379 GRATIA
NUS Son of Valentinianus I co-ruler with father
367, resigned East to Theodosius I murdered
383 379?395 THEODOSIUS I the Great Son of
Theodosius 395?408 ARCADIUS Son of Theodosius
I co-ruler 383 408?450 THEODOSIUS II the
Younger Son of Arcadius co-ruler 402 died of a
fall off his horse 450?457 MARCIANUS Husband of
Pulcheria daughter of Arcadius 457?474 LEO I the
Butcher Officer of the general Aspar 474?474 LEO
II the Little Son of Zeno by Ariadne daughter of
Leo I Caesar and co-ruler 473 474?491 ZENO Tara
sius, son of Codissa husband of Ariadne daughter
of Leo I in exile 475?476 (475?476) BASILISCUS B
rother of Verina widow of Leo I usurper in
Constantinople deposed and starved to
death   MARCUS Son of Basiliscus, Caesar
475?476 deposed and starved to
death   BASILISCUS Son of Armatus Caesar
476?477
Mutilation in the Byzantine Empire was a common
method of punishment for criminals of the era but
it also had a role in the Empire's political
life. The mutilation of political rivals by the
Emperor was deemed an effective way of sidelining
from the line of succession a person who was seen
as a threat. In Byzantine culture the Emperor was
a reflection of heavenly authority. Since God was
perfect the Emperor also had to be unblemished
any mutilation, especially facial wounds or being
blinded would normally disqualify an individual
from taking the throne.
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In the eastern empire there was only one law and
it came from the emperor
set during the Crusades of the 12th century. A
French village blacksmith goes to aid the city of
Jerusalem in its defense against the Muslim
leader Saladin, who is battling to reclaim the
city from the Christians. Does a good job
protraying the religious fantasim that marked the
clash of two theocratic empires..

• Cesero Papas head of state/head of church.
• God ordained all!
• When Constantine died in 337 with his heir far
  from Constantinople, the embalmed remains of
  Constantine continued to rule thru a summer, an
  autumn, and a winter everyone continued to
  report to the corpse! http//www.learn360.com/Show
  Video.aspx?ID347435 Constantine, the Byzantium
  emperor, issued a gold coin, the byzat, the would
  become the mostly commonly used currency in the
  known world and would be the longest lived coin
  in history. 2min.

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In fact, since the emperor was chosen by God
divine will could be expressed in many ways. All
means were thus good, in particular exile in the
best case, murder preceded by torture in the
worst case.
Hair The hair is of moderate length, and is
parted in the centre. A short beard and moustache
are worn. Headdress A crown of hinged plates of
gold, set with un faceted gems and decorated with
figures of saints, has a bridge over the top to
which a gold cross is fastened. Garments The
under-tunic or talaris is of scarlet silk,
bordered at the wrists with gold embroidery and
pearls. Over it is a dalmatic, with three-quarter
sleeves, in gold brocade, with a deep border at
the hem of bands of gold braid and jewels and a
pattern of squares set with green and red enamel.
The vestigial toga draped over the dal matic, is
of scarlet silkem broidered in gold, sewn with
pearls and rubies and lined in dark green. The
paluda mentum is of gold brocade and is lined in
purple silk. The hose are scarlet. Footwear The
shoes are of red silk ornamented with gold and
jewels. Jewellery and Accessories A large brooch
of gold and jewels fastens the cloak on the right
side of the chest. The emperor wears a ring on
the third finger of his left hand.

• Of the 88 emperors having reigned from 324
  (Constantin I ) to 1453 (Constantin XI
  Paleologist), 29 died of violent death following
  a plot and 13 had to be exiled, sent to a
  monastery. A few died in combat.
• Symbol of the potentially transitory character
  of what they had, the Byzantine emperors were
  given a silk crimson purse full of dust which was
  meant to remind them that they were only men,
  who, like all men would eventually become again
  dust.

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Byzantium

• "Not since the world was made was there ever seen
  or won so great a treasure, or so noble or so
  rich, nor in the time of Alexander, nor in the
  time of Charlemagne, nor before, nor after, nor
  do I think myself that in the forty richest
  cities of the world had there been so much wealth
  as was found in Constantinople. For the Greeks
  say that two-thirds of the wealth of this world
  is in Constantinople and the other third
  scattered throughout the world."
• --Robert of Clari, a French crusader who
  witnessed the pillage of the city in 1204,
  describing Constantinople. Fourth Crusade,
  sanctioned by pope Innocent III (although not the
  taking and sacking of Constantinople!)

• The Byzantine Empire

The treasure, probably buried when Islamic forces
threatened, consists of fifteen objects--ten
chalices, three censers, a wine strainer, and a
dove--found buried in a giant terracotta cauldron
in the vicinity of the ancient town of
Attarouthi, a stopping point on trade routes.
They constitute a portion of the liturgical
vessels normally employed in the Christian church
service.
10
Byzantium has as its iconic images Hagia Sofia
and its many church icons.
11
Map of the Byzantine Empire 565 AD
Eastern Roman Empire, c. AD 480
12
Section One describes the Byzantine Empire from
the founding of Constantinople to the Turkish
conquest

• I. Constantinople
• A. Byzantium was a nexus of trading activity in
  the east, good harbor and was a good location for
  defense. Constantine chose as the site of his new
  capital
• B. modeled on Rome with many similar features,
  but Constantinople had a much more religious
  atmosphere
• C. Social life similar to that of Rome
• 1. army followed Roman military customs
• 2. poor people received free bread
• 3. circuses and chariot (other) races put on by
  govt.

Detail of the pedestal Theodosius I offers
laurels of victory we can see the water organ of
Ctesibius, in the lower right-hand corner.
13
I Continued

• 4. Constantine convinced many wealthy people to
  move to Constantinople by offering them palaces.
• D. family center of social life
• E. From beginning Constantinople was a Christian
  city and was viewed as the center of the
  Christian empire.
• 1. a career in the church was considered a high
  goal
• 2. churches were the most magnificent building
  in the city
• 3. relics were placed in public monuments,
  (satellite views) palaces and churches
• 4. bodies of saints rested in beautiful shrines
• 5. Wealthy Byzantines formed organizations to
  care for the poor, the aged and the blind.
• F. 600,000 people lived in Constantinople during
  Constantines rule. (nearly 1 million at its
  height)
• G. Most people used Latin as the official
  language of govt. and business but spoke Greek
  among themselves
• H. Most called themselves Romans and became
  Christians. Christianity was the most important
  factor unifying the Byzantine Empire

Chora Monastery - Constantinople
The first church built in Constantinople. Roman
emperor Constantine I commissioned the first
Hagia Irene church in the 4th century
An image from the Vatican Codex of 1162 believed
to be a representation of the Church of the Holy
Apostles. In 1461, however, it was destroyed by
the Ottomans to make way for the Fatih Mosque.
St. Helena, Constantines mother, died at the age
of 80 c. 330 A.D. Her body was brought to
Constantinople and laid to rest in the imperial
vault of the church of the Apostles. Today it is
in Rome, Vatican. Museo Pio-Clementino.
14
Section Two discusses the Byzantine
contributions to government and law

• II. Justinian I Justinian and the Byzantines
  Dark Ages, The
• Grade(s) 6-8, 9-12
• Run Time 1125 video
• A. in 527 a Macedonian named Justinian came to
  the throne and is considered the greatest
  Byzantine emperor
• B. trained in law, music, architecture and
  theology. Nephew of Emperor Justin I
• 1. people who served under him chosen because of
  merit
• 2. controlled the army, navy, made laws, was
  supreme judge,
• 3. believed his acts and decrees were inspired
  by God. In 533 sent his best general, Belisarius
  to reconquer North Africa from the Vandals.
  (The Problem of Procopius)

Byzantine  (bzn-tn, -tn, b-zntn) adj. 1. a.
Of or relating to the ancient city of Byzantium.
b. Of or relating to the Byzantine Empire. 2.
Of or belonging to the style of architecture
developed from the fifth century a.d. in the
Byzantine Empire, characterized especially by a
central dome resting on a cube formed by four
round arches and their pendentives and by the
extensive use of surface decoration, especially
veined marble panels, low relief carving, and
colored glass mosaics. 3. Of the painting and
decorative style developed in the Byzantine
Empire, characterized by formality of design,
frontal stylized presentation of figures, rich
use of color, especially gold, and generally
religious subject matter. 4. a. Of the Eastern
Orthodox Church or the rites performed in it.
b. Of a Uniat church that maintains the worship
of the Eastern Orthodox Church or the rites
performed in it. 5. often byzantine adj. a. Of,
relating to, or characterized by intrigue
scheming or devious "a fine hand for Byzantine
deals and cozy arrangements" (New York). b.
Highly complicated intricate and involved a
bill to simplify the byzantine tax structure.
Vitale, Ravenna
15
The Byzantine EmpireWriting history Or things
arent always what they seem! Procopius

• Procopius is one of those writers that present us
  with the little mysteries of history. He writes
  several books praising the emperor and his
  accomplishments, then he turns around and writes
  The Secret History, in which he describes the
  reigning emperor Justinian and his empress
  Theodora as the most dishonorable and treacherous
  people on the face of the Earth, always betraying
  their friends and supporters and condemning
  innocent men and women to exile, death, or
  dungeon.
• Procopius wrote all of his works while Justinian
  was still on the throne in that period of time
  when the Eastern Roman Empire was evolving into
  the Byzantine Empire. He was the personal
  secretary of Belisarius, Justinians very capable
  and successful general who reconquered North
  Africa and Italy for the Roman Empire, throwing
  the Vandals and Ostrogoths from power in these
  former Roman provinces.

16
According to Procopuus Secret History, Justinian
was perhaps possessed And some of those who
have been with Justinian at the palace late at
night, men who were pure of spirit, have thought
they saw a strange demoniac form taking his
place. One man said that the Emperor suddenly
rose from his throne and walked about, and indeed
he was never wont to remain sitting for long, and
immediately Justinian's head vanished, while the
rest of his body seemed to ebb and flow whereat
the beholder stood aghast and fearful, wondering
if his eyes were deceiving him. But presently he
perceived the vanished head filling out and
joining the body again as strangely as it had
left it.14

• In The Secret History, Procopius describes life
  in the great city of Constantinople during the
  first half of the Sixth Century A. D. He
  describes the power held by Justinian and
  Theodora, who is not just Sly Justinians wife
  but holds imperial power as well. Procopius also
  writes about Belisarius and his wife Antonina.
  While most other sources paint a picture of the
  imperial couple as very capable and strong
  rulers, kind to their subjects on many occasions
  but capable of being utterly ruthless, Procopius
  paints Justinian and Theodora with in the
  blackest colors of infamy. He describes Justinian
  as treacherous and incapable of being faithful to
  any friend, bending or breaking his own laws to
  suit any purpose he might have.

he was deceitful, devious, false, hypocritical,
two faced, cruel, skilled in dissembling
(concealing) his thoughts, never moved to tears
by either joy or painalways a liar. Procopious
on Justinian in The Secret Histories
17

• He describes Belisarius, Hammer of the Goths, as
  a cowardly yes-man, totally at the mercy of his
  own wife and the imperial couple, who manipulate
  and abuse him until he is of no further use of
  him. Other historians describe Belisarius as a
  strong, intelligent leader of the Roman armies
  and a hero to the empire. Procopius saves his
  most bitter invective for the two women. He
  openly accuses both of them of being prostitutes
  and goes on to provide some quite graphic
  descriptions of the deeds he accuses them of. He
  tells us that both men are completely under the
  power of their wives, afraid to displease them in
  any way.

Antonina, Belisarius's wife
18

• The things Procopius describes in The Secret
  History come as a surprise to most students of
  history, since he writes very highly of Justinian
  in his other histories. Procopius wrote The
  History of the Vandal Wars, in which he relates
  how Belisarius defeated the last Vandal king in
  north Africa and retakes this old Roman province
  for the empire. His History of the Gothic Wars
  tells a similar tale of Belisarius competent
  generalship in the retaking of Italy from the
  Ostrogoths. Procopius also wrote a book about
  the buildings erected by Justinian in the city of
  Constantinople and another about the wars against
  the Persians.

19

• Historians are still trying to guess why
  Procopius wrote so favorably about Justinian at
  first, then wrote the scandals in The Secret
  History, and then turned around and wrote glowing
  accounts of Justinians accomplishments again.
  Obviously, this work could not be published
  during the reign of Justinian and was only
  published after A. D. 535, the year in which both
  Justinian and Procopius died.

20
panegyric panegyric noun 1. a lofty oration
or writing in praise of a person or thing
eulogy. 2. formal or elaborate praise.

• The writing, style of this period in history is
  full of exaggeration and hyperbole. Procopius
  wrote in the Greek used by most educated people
  and writers of the late Roman Empire. The writing
  is filled with heroic sounding statements, lofty
  proclamations, and an incredible amount of
  flattering language in descriptions of those in
  power An account written in this style was known
  as a panegyric.

21

• Other aspects of contemporary writing included
  language that totally vilifies anyone opposed to
  the writers point of view or who is perceived as
  an enemy of the person whom the writer is
  flattering in his account. There is also a
  tendency to be quite vague about actual events
  while very vividly painting either a saintly or
  demonic picture of people. It is a style also
  used by the late Roman poet Claudian and others
  and causes no small amount of confusion for
  modern historians.

22
Ripples in the Time Pool Since the Fall of Rome
1453 A.D. Turkish armies capture Constantinople
(926 years after Justinian 1,123 years after
Constantine)
Charles Martel and the Battle of Tours 732 (205
years after Justinian becomes emperor)
Justinian I rules Byzantine Empire 527 A.D (46
years after Clovis is crowned)
Muhammad born 570 A.D. (43 years after Justinian
becomes emperor)
410 A.D
1054 Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic churches
separate (527 years after Justinian becomes
emperor)
Clovis chosen King of the Franks 481(46 years
before Justinian, 71 years after sack of Rome in
410.)
1453
800 Charlemagne crowned emperor (273 years after
Justinian becomes emperor)
1016 A.D. Canute conquers England (489 years
after Justinian becomes emperor)
23
My opinion is that now is a poor time for
flight, even though it bring safety. For any man
who has seen the light of day will also die, but
one who has been an emperor cannot endure to be a
fugitive. If now you wish to go, Emperor, nothing
prevents you. There is the sea, there are the
steps to the boats. But take care that after you
are safe, you do not find that you would gladly
exchange that safety for death. For my part, I
like the old saying that the empire is a fine
burial cloth. Empress Theodora according to
Procopius
My opinion is that now is a poor time for
flight,115 Theodora to Justinian History of
the Later Roman Empire by J. B. Bury

• C. Theodora
• 1. family was poor, worked as an actress
  (?)reading Procopius
• 2. Justinian abolished the law prohibiting upper
  and lower class citizens from marrying
• Theodora becomes empress
• 3. helped Justinian run the government and
  became his most influential adviser. When revolt
  threatened his best advice came from Theodora
• 4. women gain more rights with her urging
• (a.) women could own land equal to their dowry
• (b.) widow could raise and support her young
  without govt. interference
• (c.) 532 Theodora urges Justinian to suppress
  a rebellion in Constantinople (The Nika Revolt)
  reading details

24
Chapter 21 Reading AssignmentThe Nika Revolt
and the Courage of an Empress A.D. 532
The Porphyrius Monument (erected by the Green
Faction)
492 yards long and 142 yards wide

• 1. One would not think that fan loyalty to a
  popular team would cause a national rebellion
  against a powerful empire, but that is exactly
  what happened in the city of Constantinople in
  A.D. 532. The most popular pastime of the day was
  watching the wild and often dangerous chariot
  races in the magnificent citys Hippodrome, or
  oval race track. The two rival racing teams, the
  Blues and- the Greens, were also closely linked
  with- rival political factions and organized
  criminal gangs.

The Porphyrius Monument (erected by the Blue
Faction)
https//byzantinemilitary.blogspot.com/2012/09/the
-hippodrome-of-constantinople.html
25
"In every city the population has been divided
for a long time past into the Blue and the Green
factions So there grows up in them against
their fellow men a hostility which has no cause,
and at no time does it cease or disappear, ..for
it gives place neither to the ties of marriage
nor of relationship nor of friendship, and the
case is the same even though those who differ
with respect to these colours be brothers or any
other kin. They care neither for things divine
nor human in comparison with conquering in these
struggles and it matters not whether a sacrilege
is committed they pay no heed if only it is
likely to go well with their 'faction' I, for
my part, am unable to call this anything except a
disease of the soul." Procopius on the
factions in Constantinople

• 2. It was an arrangement that might seem strange
  to us in this day and age, somewhat like an
  alliance between popular football teams and
  political parties, each with its gangs of thugs
  bent on intimidating the people to support their
  program. Can you imagine the Pittsburgh Steelers
  linking up with the Republican Party against the
  Oakland Raiders and the Democratic Party?

26

• 3. These powerful political leagues, known as
  demes, after the Greek-word for neighborhood,
  usually opposed each other in the scramble for
  popularity and political power. In the year A.D.
  532, however, the emperor Justinians move to
  impose new taxes and collect other taxes that had
  seen lax enforcement in the past Caused many
  people to lose their fortunes and others to
  endure great economic hardship.

27

• 4. Discontented subjects, both rich and poor
  alike, began to settle in the city of
  Constantinople with hopes that they might present
  their case before the emperor and have the harsh
  levies reduced or forgiven altogether. When
  Justinian decided to crack down on the abuses of
  the demes and attempt to curb their power, the
  two rival factions united against him.

28

• 5. When Justinian ordered the execution of some
  of the ringleaders from both the Blues and the
  Greens who had been convicted of crimes,
  the-hangman bungled the job and two fell from the
  gallows alive. The angry crowd immediately tried
  to drag the two men to a church, where they would
  be able to claim sanctuary and be legally safe
  from the governments efforts to execute them.

29

• 6. Justinians troops tried to prevent, the
  crowd from carrying the victims to safety, and a
  riot broke out. Starting in the Hippodrome, the
  riot soon spread-to other parts of Constantinople
  and grew to become a full scale insurrection.
  Soon the rebels had set fires in all-parts of the
  city and were seeking a nephew of the former
  emperor Anastasius to put on the throne in the
  place of Justinian. This individual, Hypatius by
  name, attempted to flee, for, he knew that being
  elevated to the throne could only bring him
  misfortune.

30

• 7. It was most likely that Justinian would
  soon regain the upper hand and quell the revolt,
  in which case Hypatius would be condemned and
  executed as a traitor. Even if the mob succeeded
  in deposing Justinian, the unruly rebels would
  probably soon tire of him and give him the same
  vicious, humiliating death that Roman mobs had
  been delivering for centuries to those of whom
  they had no more use. The revolt continued for
  several days until the poor wretch was found and
  clothed in the purple robes that would eventually
  bring with them the kiss of certain death.

31

• 8. Justinian was in desperate straits. Having,
  barricaded himself in his palace with his
  advisors, he was on the verge of fleeing in a
  fast warship His advisors told him to save
  himself and make good his escape, but the empress
  Theodora stood up before the group of men and
  called upon Justinian to stand his ground and
  fight for his throne.

32
My opinion is that now is a poor time for
flight, even though it bring safety. For any man
who has seen the light of day will also die, but
one who has been an emperor cannot endure to be a
fugitive. If now you wish to go, Emperor, nothing
prevents you. There is the sea, there are the
steps to the boats. But take care that after you
are safe, you do not find that you would gladly
exchange that safety for death. For my part, I
like the old saying that the empire is a fine
burial cloth. Empress Theodora according to
Procopius

• 9. Any life after having once been an emperor
  was no life, she said, and a death shrouded in
  the purple robes of an emperor was much
  preferable to living in safety as a commoner and
  a coward. Justinian took strength and courage
  from his wife, and concocted a plan with his
  generals Narses, Belisarius and Mundus to deal
  with the rebels.

33

• 10. Justinian sent special agents into the
  Hippodrome to stir up trouble between the Blues
  and the Greens. Soon, most of the rebels,
  agitators, and other malcontents were gathered
  into the Hippodrome, which they had chosen for
  their base of operations. Belisarius and Mundus
  quietly closed the gates, trapping the mob
  inside. With Narses stationed at the one gate
  left open where he could deal with those who
  tried to escape, the two other generals led their
  German troops into the Hippodrome and
  systematically cut down all who were unlucky
  enough to be left inside.

34

• 11. Narses ruthlessly finished off those who
  attempted to escape through the one open gate.
  The seats and bleachers that had once been
  crowded with excited fans cheering their teams
  were now slippery with blood, and thirty thousand
  corpses now littered the sand of the arena which
  was stained a deep red.

35

• 12. With most of the rebels slaughtered and the
  few stragglers fleeing, for safety, the Nika
  revolt was over. Justinian was inclined to pardon
  the unfortunate Hypatius who never really had an
  opportunity to act as emperor, but Theodora
  insisted that he must die. The next day, Hypatius
  was put to death and the body of the man who
  never wanted to be emperor was cast into the sea.

36
The disease was first noticed in Pelusium.
Procopius wrote "It started from the Egyptians
who dwell in Pelusium. Then from there it seemed
to spread all over the world, this catastrophe
was so overwhelming that the human race appeared
close to annihilation." Procopius, History of
the Wars, 7 Vols., trans. H. B. Dewing, Loeb
Library of the Greek and Roman Classics,
(Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press,
1914), Vol. I, pp. 451-473.

• (2.) may 542 a plague (reading) raged for 4
  months killing thousands of people a day
  http//www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID348386
  Bubonic Plague 615 min.
• (3.) Justinian survives plague Theodora runs
  govt. while he is ill.
• Theodora died of an unspecified cancer on 28 June
  548 at the age of 48, and she was survived by
  Justinian until his own death in 565

37
The Great Plague devastates Constantinople
541-543 

• 1. In AD 542 a plague struck Constantinople that
  was so overwhelming, it changed the face of
  history forever. This plague occurred in the 15th
  year of the emperor Justinian's reign. At the
  height of the contagion's rampage, the daily
  death toll may have reached 10,000 or more.
  Justinian himself, was stricken with this
  disease. The final death count is not clearly
  known, but some historians feel that it may have
  reached into the upper hundreds of thousands.

38

• 2. Most of the information that is known about
  this plague comes from Procopius. Procopius was
  the legal advisor to the general Belisarius. He
  accompanied Belisarius on his missions throughout
  the Mediterranean Basin at the time that the
  plague erupted. It is through his accounts that
  the course of the disease, and the reality of the
  suffering became public to Europe.

39

• 3. The disease was first noticed in Pelusium.
  This is an Egyptian harbor town, which was
  infected with a huge rat problem (as was most of
  Europe at this time). It then ripped through
  Alexandria on its northern invasion towards Syria
  and Palestine. Procopius wrote "From there it
  seemed to spread all over the world, this
  catastrophe was so overwhelming that the human
  race appeared close to annihilation." The problem
  with this plague was that no one was sure of what
  caused it. In later years we have found out that
  the disease was caused by bacteria and parasites
  that used rats as hosts.

40

• 4. These rats would then infect drinking and
  eating sources, thus spreading the bacteria to
  hundreds of thousands of people. It was written
  by Procopius that all victims appeared to
  experience similar symptoms. (2) "They had a
  sudden fever, some while sleeping, some while
  walking, and others while engaged without any
  regard of what they were doing."

41

• 5. Soon after, the symptoms would escalate into
  a type of swelling. The abdomen, armpits, thighs,
  and ears were the most common body parts
  affected. The lymph glands were also commonly
  affected. They were called buboes and for this
  part of the body the illness was named. (3)

42

• 6. Normally the disease would then take a sharp
  turn for the worse. Some would die suddenly,
  while others would remain alive in a violent
  state of deliriousness. Some victims would fall
  into coma and die in their sleep. The most
  excruciating death, though, came from the victims
  who remained conscious and mentally awake as the
  contagion ravaged their bodies. In some cases, a
  discharge of puss signified that the victim was
  on the mend, in others the swelling simply
  disappeared, but the victim suddenly died, as if
  he was poisoned.

43

• 7. Finally, some survivors regained perfect
  health. These people that recovered were then
  believed to be immune. They were then put to work
  carrying off and burying the thousands of new
  bodies daily. Soon these "undertakers" were again
  taken ill, this time though often falling the
  fatal victim to the plague. Many problems now
  would arise what to do with the bodies since
  there was no one who could dispose of them, and
  the mass-graves were soon going to be filled.

44

• 8. The people of Constantinople began to place
  bodies anywhere they could. Bodies were placed in
  towers, on roofs, in water, and burned. Some were
  not dealt with at all, simply left in houses to
  rot. Famine set in to the city too, because mills
  where corn was ground stopped operating. (4)
  Money and food were handed out to these brave
  souls in the name of Justinian.

45

• 9. Just as the disease seemed to be at its peak,
  it disappeared. Winter halted the disease, along
  with the dispersion of people to the neighboring
  rural areas. The plague, however, held on to
  life. Though the bacteria retreated, it was by no
  means conquered. It would attack again in the
  14th century with such fury that it would earn a
  new name. That name would strike terror in the
  hearts and minds of people for years to come --
  Black Death. http//www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.asp
  x?ID348386 Plague 6 min.
• http//www.thenagain.info/WebChron/EastEurope/Plag
  ue.html

46
II. Cont.
Procopous on Tribonian Tribonian was a man of
great natural powers and had obtained as high a
culture as anyone of his time, Tribonian does
not turn up in the Secret History

• D. Law and Public Works
• TRIBONIANc.475 - 545Byzantine Scholar Tribonian
  was born in Turkey. As legal adviser to the
  emperor Justinian Tribonian codified Roman law,
  which became the basis for much European
  jurisprudence ('Corpus juris civilis') In
  addition he supervised the writing of the
  'Institutiones', a legal handbook, by the law
  teachers Dorotheus and Theophilus
• 1. Justinian chose 10 men to work out a simpler
  system of laws.
• 2. Group headed by scholar Tribonian

47
II. Cont.
From the Primary Chronicle The Greeks led us
to the building where they worship their God an
we knew not whether we were in heaven or on
earth. For on earth there is no such splendor or
such beauty, and were at a loss to describe it.
We only know that God dwells among men and we can
not forget that beauty

• 3. This code becomes known as the Justinian Code
• (a.) provides a summary of Roman legal systems
  in every western country.
• 4. built churches, bridges, monasteries and
  forums
• 5. Justinain builds Hagia Sophia
• Places to Locate Hagia Sophia
• (a.) figures of Justinian and Theodora lined the
  walls

Hagia Sophia, Istanbul. Mosaic of the Archangel
Gabriel, southern bema arch.
48
II. more
The story of the dedication of the church is
that, preceded by the Cross, Justinian and the
patriarch entered the vestibule. Then the Emperor
passed into the building alone and walked to the
pulpit, where he stretched his hands to heaven
and cried, "Glory be to God, who has thought me
worthy to finish this work! Solomon, I have
surpassed thee!"

• (b.) impressive huge dome rose high over central
  part of church
• (c.) thousands of candles lit the church at
  night and served as a beacon
• (d.) called St. Sophia and served as a religious
  center for 900 years

49
II. Still more.

• E. Conquest
• 1. Justinian reunites eastern and western parts
  of the empire by defeating the German kingdoms of
  the West North Africa
• http//www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID348385
  Justinian and Byzatines 1126 min.
• 2. appoints general Belisarius (reading) to lead
  the Byzantine army
• 3. Balearics battle maps reorganizes the army
  around loyal, heavily armed cavalry soldiers
• 4. develops new tactics
• 5. Byzantine navy developed Greek fire as a
  chemical weapon (reading slide 40)
  http//www.learn360.com/ShowVideo.aspx?ID515416
  Greek fire 6 min.
• 6. Byzantines were able to control more of the
  Mediterranean and win back much of Italy and
  North Africa.
• 7. defeat the Persians and secure borders of
  eastern empire

Byzantine cataphracts were a much feared force in
their heyday. The army of Emperor Nicephorus II,
the 'Pale Death (earns nickname in 961) of the
Saracens' himself, relied on its cataphracts as
its nucleus, coupling cataphract archers with
cataphract lancers to create a self-perpetuating
'hammer blow' tactic where the cataphract lancers
would charge again and again until the enemy
broke, all the while supported by cataphract
archers.
50
Chapter 21 reading Greek Fire The
Byzantine Empire
Byzantine ship using Greek fire in the late 11th
century.

• 1. In a world where new warfare technology is
  adopted so quickly by so many nations, its hard
  to imagine that the method of creating a weapon
  as devastating as Greek Fire would be lost to the
  passage of time. But the recipe for this weapon
  was so closely guarded that within only 50 years
  of its invention, the knowledge was lost even to
  the original owners.

51

• 2. While incendiary weapons had been in use
  for centuries (petroleum and sulfur had both been
  in use since the early days of the Christians)
  Greek fire was much, much more potent. Very
  similar to our modern napalm, it would adhere to
  surfaces, ignite upon contact, and water alone
  would not extinguish its flames.

52

• 3. The term Greek Fire was not attributed to
  the concoction until the time of the European
  Crusades. Some of the original names it was known
  by include liquid fire, marine fire,
  artificial fire and Roman fire. The latter
  was most probably due to the fact that the
  Muslims (against whom the weapon was most
  commonly used) believed the Byzantines to be
  Roman rather than Greek.

53

• 4. Greek Fire is believed to have been created
  in the seventh century (613 AD) by a Syrian
  engineer named Kallinikos (or Callinicus). The
  weapon was first used by the Byzantine Navy, and
  the most common method of deployment was to emit
  the formula through a large bronze tube onto
  enemy ships. Usually the mixture would be stored
  in heated, pressurized barrels and projected
  through the tube by some sort of pump while the
  operators were sheltered behind large iron
  shields.

54

• 5. The Byzantines used Greek Fire rarely,
  presumably out of fear that the secret mixture
  might fall into enemy hands. This was probably
  justifiable. The widespread usage of Greek Fire
  would be a far greater loss to the Byzantines
  then the loss of a single battle.

55

• 6. There are however two known incidents of
  the Byzantines using this weapon. In 678 they
  utterly destroyed a Muslim fleet (it is believed
  over 30,000 men were lost) and also in 717-718,
  when Caliph Suleiman attacked Constantinople.
  Most of the Muslim fleet was once again destroyed
  by Greek Fire, and the Caliph was ultimately
  forced to flee. As there is virtually no
  documentation of its usage after this time by the
  Byzantines, it is generally believed (partially
  due to the poor performance of the Byzantine
  fleets after this date) that it was during this
  era that the secrets of creating Greek Fire were
  lost.

56

• 7. While there has been much speculation
  involved in preparation of Greek Fire, no one to
  date has been able to successfully recreate this
  concoction. The closest would be the Arabian
  armies, who eventually created their own version
  (opinions differ as to exactly when this took
  place, presumably sometime between the
  mid-seventh century and the early tenth), but the
  formula was inexact and, compared to the original
  Byzantine substance, was relatively weak. This
  did not stop it from being one of the most
  devastating weapons of the era.

57

• 8. The Arabs used the Greek Fire in very
  effective ways much like the Byzantines, they
  used brass tubes aboard ships and upon castle
  walls. They also filled small glass jars with the
  substance, allowing them to hurl it by hand at
  their opponents. Arrows and spears would be used
  to carry the mixture further onto the battlefield
  and gigantic war engines could be used to hurl
  large amounts of the substance over a castle wall.

58

• 9. The Memoirs of the Lord of Joinville, a
  thirteenth century French nobleman, include these
  observations of Greek Fire during the seventh
  Crusade

It happened one night, whilst we were keeping
night-watch over the tortoise- towers, that they
brought up against us an engine called a
perronel, (which they had not done before) and
filled the sling of the engine with Greek fire.
59

• 10. Beyond the physical dangers of Greek
  Fire, this excerpt gives us an idea of its
  potency as a psychological weapon. The horrors of
  watching your comrades burn to death must have
  been a shattering blow to many a soldier. Many
  men were known to simply flee their posts rather
  than face the flames. However, as devastating as
  Greek Fire might have been, there were some
  methods of combating it as water alone was
  largely ineffective, common defenses included
  sand, vinegar and urine. http//www.learn360.com/S
  howVideo.aspx?ID515416 Greek fire 6 min.

60
As you weigh your options, consider the
advantages of diplomacy over war new diplomatic
strategies to stop the coming attack
circumstances that might convince you to
recommend war
61
Section Three discusses the effects of Orthodox
Christianity on Byzantine and eastern European
culture.

• III. The Church
• A. Church and government operated as one in
  Byzantine empire
• B. Emperor head of church and govt.
• 1. Leader of church in Constantinople called the
  Patriarch and was chosen by emperor
• 2. Under Patriarch were metropolitans in charge
  of empires important areas
• 3. bishops and priests
• (a.) most priests were married
• (b.) all higher church officials were not
• 4. monasteries ran hospitals, schools for needy
  children
• 5. monasteries sent missionaries, translated the
  bible
• 6. Cyril gave the Slavs a new alphabet based on
  Greek alphabet called the Cyrillic alphabet

"Saints Cyril and Methodius holding Cyrillic
alphabet,"
62
III. Cont.

• C. Religion important to the Byzantines
• 1. 100 year debate over icons and their use in
  worship
• Terms to Learn Icon
• People to Know Leo III
• 2. 726 Emperor Leo III ordered a stop to the use
  of icons (religious images) in religious worship
• 3. in 843 emperor reverses decision and icons
  were used
• 4. When Leo did away with icons the Pope in Rome
  
• declared the Leo and his supporters were no
  longer
• Church members.
• 5. The leader of the church in Byzantine Empire
  was the Patriarch. The Byzantine Patriarch
  refused to recognize the Pope as head of the
  Christian Church. As a result, Pope breaks ties
  with Byzantine and turns to Frankish kings for
  protection crowns (800) Charlemagne Emperor of
  the Romans
• 6. In 1054 Eastern and Western Church break apart

63
Section Four traces the decline of the
Byzantine Empire

• IV. Decline of the Empire
• A. Byzantine Empire lasted 1,100 years
• B. Preserved Greek culture and Roman law
• C. Spread Christianity east
• D. Helped growth of trade
• E. Empire changes policy of land for service.
• farmers found little reason to remain loyal after
  the policy change
• F. Vikings conquer lands in southern Italy in
  1080
• G. in exchange for Venetian help defeating
  Vikings the emperor gave them the right to do
  business tax-free in all empires cities and
  they took over trade using their own ships in the
  11th century.
• 1. loss of income

Byzantine Empire, c. 867 AD
64
IV. Cont.
Byzantium in 1453
On 5 April, he laid siege to Constantinople with
an army numbering 80,000 to 200,000 men. The
city was defended by an army of 7,000 of whom
2,000 were foreigners. By this time the
population had fallen From over 400,000 to just
50,000

• H. Christians from the West (1204 4th Crusade)
  and Muslims from east attack the empire
• I. Turkish armies attack Constantinople in 1453
  and
• (a.) conquer Orban the Byzantines

Mehmed II leading the Ottoman army as it marches
from Edirne to start the siege of Constantinople,
transporting the Great Turkish Bombardment
equipment
Mehmed II
The Hungarian Cannon, named after the engineer
Orban from Hungary who cast the gun for the
Ottoman besiegers of Constantinople. Today it
belongs to the British Royal Armouries
collection.
65
Run Time 1044 Watch as the Muslim Sultan
Mehmed II conquers Constantinople. He built a
Mosque that became the inspiration for all future
Mosques.
66
Pick one of the following essay questions to
prepare for tomorrows test.

• Write an essay explaining the reasons behind the
  separation of the Eastern Orthodox Church and the
  Roman Catholic Church in 1054.
• Explain why Justinian I is considered to be the
  greatest Byzantine emperor.
• Explain why the Roman Empire in the east was able
  to survive long after the empire in the west fell.