Organics – Non-Hydrocarbons

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Organics Non-Hydrocarbons

• Haloalkanes uses and sources
• Alcohols uses, sources and reactions
• Carboxylic acids uses, sources and reactions
• Esters uses, sources and reactions
• Types of reactions - A summary

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Haloalkanes Uses, sources and reactions

• Haloalkanes are saturated organic molecules with
  halogen atoms attached.
• Sources
• They can be made by adding halogens or hydrogen
  halides to unsaturated organic molecules
• Uses
• Haloalkanes can be used as solvents and they were
  once used as refrigerant gases (CFCs)
• Reactions
• We dont have to worry about reactions of
  haloalkanes in this section of work

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Alcohols Uses and sources

• Alcohols (also known as alkanols) are similar to
  alkanes except they have an OH group attached
  somewhere in their structure. They are miscible
  (when two liquids dissolve) in both water and
  non-polar substances
• Sources
• Ethanol can be made by fermentation or the
  hydration of ethene
• Methanol can be made from natural gas (methane)
• Uses
• Alcohols can be used as fuels, solvents and in
  beverages (ethanol only)

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Alcohols Structure

• The structure of alcohols is very important to
  recognise because only certain types of alcohols
  react in a certain way.
• Alcohols react differently based on the sort of
  carbon that the OH group is bonded to. See the
  three chemicals below? What makes these three
  molecules different?
• Primary alcohols the carbon is bonded to one
  other carbon
• Secondary alcohols the carbon is bonded to two
  other carbons
• Tertiary alcohols the carbon is bonded to three
  other carbons

Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
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Alcohols - Reactions

• Combustion Alcohols burn without producing soot
  or smoke (carbon)
• Oxidation Primary alcohols can be oxidised to
  create carboxylic acids. We can use acidified
  dichromate or acidified permanganate as oxidising
  agents
• Elimination As you might have guessed
  elimination reactions remove parts of the
  alcohol. In this case we remove the OH group and
  one other hydrogen using concentrated sulfuric
  acid. An alkene is the product of an elimination
  reaction

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Carboxylic Acids Uses and sources

• Carboxylic acids are weak acids. The short
  chained ones are miscible in water, but longer
  chained ones do not dissolve.
• Sources
• They can be made by oxidising primary alcohols
• Carboxylic acids are also produced by natural
  processes such as the oxidation of wine. Some
  ants, wasps and nettles also produce methanoic
  acid as a way of making people miserable
• Uses
• These acids can be used in food stuffs (e.g.
  Acidity regulator 260)
• They are also used in the production of fruit
  flavours (see the Ester section)

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Carboxylic Acids Reactions

• Neutralisation Because they are acids they will
  neutralise with bases to produce a salt and
  water. The salts names always end in oate e.g.
  sodium ethanoate
• Esterification When we mix an alcohol with a
  carboxylic acid (and some concentrated sulfuric
  acid) we get an ester formed

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Esters Uses and sources

• Esters are non-soluble in water. As seen earlier
  they are a product of reacting an alcohol with a
  carboxylic acid
• Uses
• Esters have a number of uses. The main one is in
  the production of fruit flavours some smell
  nice and fruity
• Esters can also make good solvents (i.e. nail
  polish remover)
• Esterification is also used to produce fats and
  oils
• Sources
• Esters are made by fruits (for flavour) and by
  all living things (fats and oils)
• Also as discussed earlier we can make them in the
  lab

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Esters - Reactions

• Hydrolysis This type of reaction involves water
  (hydro) breaking (lysis). In other words we get
  water, break it up and shove it inside the ester
  somehow. The result is that the water is absorbed
  and the ester breaks into the acid and the
  alcohol again
• Saponifaction This is the production of soap
  from a fat (a molecule containing three esters)
  reacting with NaOH.

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Types of Reactions a summary

• Match the terms with the summaries below

What reaction(s) could be describes as
dehydration reactions?
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Reaction Summary Ex.