The Integumentary System

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The Integumentary System

• Stephanie Childs
• Jean-Philippe Dion
• Valancy Miranda
• Genevieve Perreault-Murphy

2
Anatomy and Physiology of the Skin

• Epidermis

Dermis
Hypodermis/Subcutaneous Layer
3
The Skin
4
Epidermis
Protects, senses, insulates, and regulates
temperature

• Stratum Corneum

Consists of dead cells

• Stratum Granulosum

Stratified squamous

• Stratum Spinosum

Langerhans cells function in defense

• Stratum Basale

Columnar cells
Merkels cells function in sensation
Melanocytes produce melanin (skin shade)
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Epidermis
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Dermis

• Provides nutrients, removes wastes, protects,
  senses

• Collagen

Retain water
Connected by elastin fibres

• Hair Follicles

Insulate, protect and regulate temperature
Held by erector pili muscles
Oil and scent glands are located near the
follicle

• Sweat Glands

Produce sweat

• Blood Vessels

Bring nutrients and O2 to skin, and remove waste

• Nerves

Transmit sensory messages to brain
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Dermis
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Hypodermis/Subcutaneous Layer

• Made mostly of fat and connective tissue

• Insulates

• Cushions

• Connects skin tissue to surrounding tissues

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The Human Fingernail
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Cross-section of Human Hair
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How the System Contributes to the Overall
Well-Being of the Organism

• Protection

Homeostasis
Sensory Functions
Secretion
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ProtectionProvides a barrier against
potentially harmful agents

• Nails protect the tips of fingers and toes

• The skin serves as a barrier

• Melanocytes protect the skin by
• providing its colour

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Nail Bed
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HomeostasisPreserving the Internal External
Environments

• The skin and hair provide insulation

• The skin cells synthesize melanin and
• carotenes, which give the skin its colour

• The skin assists in the synthesis of
• vitamins

• The skin serves as a selectively permeable
• membrane, allowing the passage of certain
• substances to the bloodstream

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Sensory FunctionsProvides information and
responds to various stimuli

• The skin houses many types of sensory receptors
  called cutaneous receptors

• Include phasic receptors (hair follicle
• receptors and Meissners corpuscles)
• and tonic receptors (Ruffini endings
• and touch dome endings)

• Pacinian corpuscles are sensitive to
• pressure

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Sensory Receptors in the Skin
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SecretionSecretes Chemicals and Sweat

• The skin protects the body by secreting chemicals
  on its surface

• The skins pH is acidic (3 to 5), which inhibits
  
• the growth of many microorganisms, due to
• oil and sweat glands

• Sweat secretions also include the enzyme
• lysozyme, which digests bacterial cell walls

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Sweat Gland (Secretory Portion)
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Diseases Affecting the Integumentary System

• Skin Cancer

Alopecia Areata
Acne
Eczema
Rosacea
Psoriasis
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Skin Cancer

• Melanoma

It affects the melanocytes (cells that give skin
its colour)
Signs can be moles that appear and grow in size

• Basal Cell Carcinoma

Affects the basal cells located in the epidermis

• Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A type of skin cancer arising in squamous cells
(flat cells on surface of skin)
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Melanoma
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Basal Cell Carcinoma
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Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Acne

• Acne refers to plugged pores, pimples and even
  deeper lumps that can occur on the face, neck,
  chest, back and shoulders

• Types of acne include Comedo, Papule, Macule
  
• and Cyst

• Acne can be treated by
• Reducing sebum production in the skin
• Reducing P. acnes (acne bacteria)
• Normalizing the shedding of skin cells

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Acne
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Psoriasis

• A chronic, genetic, non-contagious disorder that
  can affect the skin, nails or scalp

• Types of Psoriasis include

     Pustular Psoriasis
Plaque Psoriasis 
Erythrodermic Psoriasis
Gutate Psoriasis
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Psoriasis
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Alopecia Areata

• Inflammatory, hair loss disease that can
  affect men, women and children

Possibly an autoimmune disease where an
individuals own immune system prevents hair
follicles from producing hair fibres
There are several other factors that may affect
the onset of alopecia
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Alopecia Areata
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Eczema

• It seems to be linked to an abnormal response
  of the bodys immune system. The inflammatory
  skin response to irritating substances is
  overactive.

Usually characterized by dry, red and itchy
patches on the skin
New drugs known as Topical immunomodulators can
be used to modulate the responses of the immune
system to different irritating substances
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Eczema
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Rosacea

• A chronic disease that causes redness and
  swelling, primarily of the face

Some scientists believe that heredity is what
causes the blood vessels in the face to dilate
Another theory is that a mite known as Demodex
folliculorum lives in the hair follicles and
could be the cause of rosacea
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Rosacea
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Comparative Anatomy of the Integumentary System

• All Vertebrates

Mammals
Other Vertebrates
Arthropods
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All Vertebrates Share

• Two basic layers, the dermis and epidermis

• Structures such as hair and feather follicles
• found in the dermis

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Mammals

• Some kind of hair covering their bodies

• Some non-human structures present
• in other mammals

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Horns
Antlers
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Comparison of Horn and Antler
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Claws
Hoofs
Nails
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Comparison of Claws, Hoofs and Nails
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Amphibian
Birds
Bony Fish
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Comparison of Other Vertebrates

• Amphibians

Skin is smooth, moist, loosely attached to
underlying muscles
No scales, hair or sweat glands instead mucous
glands in the upper dermis

• Bony Fish

Recovered by a coat of mucous to prevent
infections
Layers which compose scales

• Birds (Class Aves)

Feather types flight, down, contour, filoplumes
Scales similar to reptiles on legs and feet
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Arthropods

• Exoskeleton made primarily of chitin

• Most important layer of the exoskeleton is
  the cuticle

• Crustacean organisms tend to have large
  deposits of calcium carbonate, whereas many
  terrestrial organisms lack a waterproof lipid
  layer

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The Arthropod Integument
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Works Cited

• Comparative Anatomy - Topic 6 The Integument
  from the Auburn University website.
  http//www.auburn.edu/academic/classes/zy/0301/Top
  ic6/Topic6.html Last updated Feb. 12 2002,
  Accessed April 14 2004.
•  
• Johnson, Laubengayer Cole and DeLanney. Biology,
  Third edition. Holt Rinehart and Winston. New
  York 1966. p. 359
•  
• Winchester, A.M. Biology and its Relation to
  Mankind, Fourth Edition. Van Nostrand Reinhold
  company. New York 1969. p. 449-452.
•  
• Farb, Peter. The Insects from the Life Nature
  Library. Time inc. New York 1962.
• p.34-35.
•  
• Hutchison, Rob. How the Arthropod Skeleton has
  been exploited in the Colonization of the Land
  from Veterinary Entomology. http//www.roberth.u-
  net.com/ectoskel.htm. Last Update July 11
  1998. Accessed April 18, 2004.
• Raven, Peter H. Johnson, George B. Biology,
  Sixth Edition. McGraw Hill Publishing Company.
  New York 2002.

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