Rocket Power

1
Rocket Power

• Introduction to Rockets and Missiles
• Scott Schoneman

2
Agenda

• What is a rocket?
• Definitions and Equations
• Types of Rocket Propulsion
• Launch Vehicles and Missiles

3
What is a Rocket?

• Any of a type of jet-propulsion device carrying
  either solid or liquid propellants that provide
  both the fuel and oxidizer required for
  combustion - Encyclopedia Britannica
• Produces thrust by expelling propellant at a
  high velocity

4
Key Rocket Terms

• Thrust, T Force Generated By a Rocket
• Measured in pounds (lbf) or Newtons
• Impulse (or Total Impulse), I Total Energy
  Produced by a the Rocket
• Impulse, I Thrust x Time
• Specific Impulse, Isp Measure of Rocket Motor
  Efficiency
• Amount Of Energy In One Unit Of Propellant Mass
• Isp Thrust/ Weight Flow per Second)

5
Key Rocket Terms, Contd

• Effective Exhaust Velocity Average Velocity at
  Which Propellant is Ejected
• Mass Ratio Total Mass at Liftoff Divided by
  Total Mass At Burnout
• Indication of Rocket Performance Less Empty Mass
  and More Propellant Are Good
• Mass Fraction Percentage of vehicle (or motor)
  that is propellant

6
Rocket Thrust

• Combination of Reaction to Mass Ejection and
  Pressure at Nozzle Exit Plane

Force
Ma
7
Types of Rocket Propulsion

• Liquid Propellant Rockets
• Solid Propellant Rockets
• Hybrid Rockets
• Exotic Rockets

8
Liquid Propellant Rockets

• Separate Liquid Fuel and Liquid Oxidizer
• Typical Fuel/Oxidizer Combinations
• Kerosene/Liquid Oxygen (LOX)
• Liquid Hydrogen/LOX
• Alcohol/LOX
• Kerosene/Hydrogen Peroxide
• Hydrazine/Nitrogen Tetroxide (Hypergolic)

9
Saturn V Stage 1 (F-1) Motor

• Length 5.6 meters (18 feet, 4 inches)
• Maximum diameter 5.6 meters (11 feet, 11 inches)
  
• Weight 8200 kilograms (18,000 pounds)
• Maximum thrust at sea level 690,000 kilograms
  (1,522,000 pounds)
• Propellants Liquid oxygen and kerosene
• Manufactured by Rocketdyne
• Each Saturn V Stage 1 Used Five!
• (1.15 Billion lb-sec Impulse!)

10
Solid Propellant Rockets

• Fuel and Oxidizer Combined in Single Compound
• Blend of Fuels, Oxidizer, Binders to Give Desired
  Characteristics
• Black Powder (Model Rocket Motors)
• Aluminum Powder (Fuel)/Ammonium perchlorate
  (Oxidizer)/Binder(Hydroxy-terminated
  polybutadiene, HTPB)

11
Orion Solid Rocket Motors

• Built by ATK, Utah
• Used for Orbitals Pegasus, Taurus, Minotaur and
  other Vehicles
• Composite Case
• Diameter
• 50 in. (Orion 50)
• 38 in. (Orion 38)

12
Hybrid Rocket Motors

• Combine Solid Propellant With Liquid or Gaseous
  Oxidizer
• Provides Benefits of Solid Motor (Storable) with
  Some Liquid Motor Benefits (Stop-Start, Variable
  Thrust)
• Typical Propellant Rubber, PVC
• Typical Oxidizer LOX, Nitrous Oxide

13
Exotic Motors Have Higher Isps(But Much Lower
Thrusts)
14
Launch Vehicles vs. Missiles

• Launch Vehicle Goes to Orbit
• Missile Suborbital and/or Stays In Atmosphere
  (Usually at a Target)

Space Launch Vehicle (Sea Launch)
Missile (Standard Missile)
15
A Couple Missiles.
AMRAAM
AIM-9X
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Pegasus Space Launch Vehicle

• Manufacturer Orbital Sciences Corp
• 1000 lbm to Low Earth Orbit (LEO) (100 nm)

17
Sea Launch Space Launch Vehicle

• Integrator Boeing
• Uses Russian Zenit Launch Vehicle

18
Delta Launch Vehicles

• Manufacturer Boeing
• Delta II - 891 to 2,142 kg (1,965 to 4,723 lb)
  GTO and from 2.7 to 6.0 metric tons (5,934 to
  13,281 lb) to low-Earth orbit (LEO).
• Delta III - 3,810 kg (8,400 lb) to GTO (Approx 2x
  Delta II)
• Delta IV (EELV)
• Medium 4,210 kg (9,285 lb) to GTO
• Heavy 13,130 kg (28,950 lb) to GTO

19
Atlas Space Launch Vehicles

• Manufacturer Lockheed Martin
• Atlas II - payloads mass from 6,200 lb (2,812 kg)
  to 8,200 lb (3,719 kg) to geosynchronous transfer
  orbit (GTO).
• Atlas III - payloads up to 9,920 lb (4,500 kg)
  to GTO.
• EELV Atlas V family is capable of lifting
  payloads up to 19,114 lb (8,670 kg) to GTO.

20
Titan Launch Vehicles

• Manufacturer Lockheed Martin
• Titan II Up to 4,200 lb (1909 kg) into polar
  low-Earth orbit
• Titan II w/ GEM Strap-Ons Up to 7,800 lb (3545.5
  kg) to polar low-Earth orbit
• Titan IV gt47,800 lb into LEO or gt 12,700 lb
  into geosynchronous orbit

21
Ariane Space Launch Vehicles

• Manufacturer Arianespace (European Consortium)
• Ariane 5 10,000 kg (22,000 lbm) to GTO
• Launches from French Guiana

22
Soyuz Launch Vehicle
23
Transfer Orbit Stage (TOS)

• Manufacturer Orbital
• Raises Spacecraft from Shuttle Orbit to Higher
  Orbits (or Escape Velocity)

24
Orbital Launch Vehicle Family
100
Suborbital and Target Vehicles
Space LaunchVehicles
InterceptorVehicles
80
60
Length(Feet)
40
20
0
Short-RangeTargetVehicle
Medium-RangeTargetVehicle
Long-RangeTargetVehicle
Missile DefenseInterceptorBoost Vehicle
Pegasus SpaceLaunch Vehicle
Minotaur SpaceLaunch Vehicle
Taurus SpaceLaunch Vehicle
25
Minotaur Space Launch Vehicle

• Upper Stack Assembly (USA)
• 50 In. Pegasus Payload Fairing
• OSP-Standard Avionics
• Inertial Guidance
• Modular Avionics Components
• Pegasus Avionics Structure and RCS
• Orion-38 Insertion Stage 4
• Orion-50XL Stage 3
• Interstage
• Lower Stack Assembly (LSA)
• Minuteman II Boosters Stages 1 2
• Solid Rocket Motors
• Unmodified, GFE Systems

26
Minotaur Stacking Flow
27
Minotaur Mission Profile
28
Inaugural Minotaur Launch JAWSAT Mission - 26
Jan 2000