Basic Instrument Tools

1
Basic Instrument Tools Tackle Introduction

• Tools Tackle
• A tool or device is a piece of equipment that
  most commonly provides a mechanical advantage in
  accomplishing a physical task. the most basic
  tools are simple machines.
• Example Hammer, calibrator etc

2
Basic Instrument Tools and Tackles Lists

• List of Instrument Tools Tackles
• Multimeter
• Milliamps Source
• Pressure Calibrator
• HART communicator
• Wrenches
• Pliers
• Allen keys
• Crimping tools
• Fixed spanners and so on..,

3
What do meters measure

• A meter is a measuring instrument.
• An ammeter measures current,
• A voltmeter measures the potential difference
  (voltage) between two points, and
• An ohmmeter measures resistance.
• A multimeter combines these functions, and
  possibly some additional ones as well, into a
  single instrument.
• Before going in to detail about multimeter, it is
  important to have a clear idea of how meters are
  connected into circuits.
• Diagrams in Next Slides show a circuit before and
  after connecting an ammeter.

4
What do meters measure

• To measure current, the circuit must be broken to
  allow the ammeter to be connected in series.
• Ammeters must have a LOW resistance .
• All the current flowing in the circuit must pass
  through the ammeter.
• Meters are not supposed to alter the behavior of
  the circuit, or at least not significantly, and
  it follows that an ammeter must have a very LOW
  resistance.

5
What do meters measure

• To measure potential difference (voltage), the
  circuit is not changed the voltmeter is
  connected in parallel .
• voltmeters must have a HIGH resistance .
• The voltmeter is connected in parallel between
  the two points where the measurement is to be
  made.
• Since the voltmeter provides a parallel pathway,
  it should take as little current as possible.
• In other words, a voltmeter should have a very
  HIGH resistance.

6
What do meters measure

• To measure resistance, the component must be
  removed from the circuit altogether
• Ohmmeters work by passing a current through the
  component being tested
• Ohmmeters work by passing a small current through
  the component and measuring the voltage produced.
  
• If we try this with the component connected into
  a circuit with a power supply, the most likely
  result is that the meter will be damaged.
• Most multimeters have a fuse to help protect
  against misuse.

7
Multimeters

• A multimeter or a multitester is an electronic
  measuring instrument that combines several
  functions in one unit.
• The most basic instruments include an ammeter,
  voltmeter and ohmmeter.
• Analog multimeters are sometimes referred to as
  "volt-ohm-meters", abbreviated VOM.
• Digital multimeters are usually referred to as
  "digital-multi-meters", abbreviated DMM.
• A multimeter can be a handheld device useful for
  basic fault finding and field service work or a
  bench instrument
• Such an instrument will commonly be found in a
  calibration lab and can be used to characterize
  resistance and voltage standards or adjust and
  verify the performance of multi-function
  calibrators.

8
Analogue Multimeter

• An analogue meter moves a needle along a scale.
  Switched range analogue multimeters are very
  cheap. The meter movement is delicate and
  dropping the meter is likely to damage it.
• Each type of meter has its advantages. Used as a
  voltmeter, a digital meter is usually better
  because its resistance is much higher, 1 M ohm
  or 10 M ohm , compared to 200 ohm for a analogue
  multimeter on a similar range.
• On the other hand, it is easier to follow a
  slowly changing voltage by watching the needle on
  an analogue display.
• Used as an ammeter, an analogue multimeter has a
  very low resistance and is very sensitive, with
  scales down to 50 µA. More expensive digital
  multimeters can equal or better than this
  performance.
• Most modern multimeters are digital and
  traditional analogue types are destined to become
  obsolete.

9
Digital Multimeter

• Multimeters are designed and mass produced for
  electronics engineers.
• Digital meters give an output in numbers, usually
  on a liquid crystal display.
• The central knob has lots of positions.
• We must choose which one is appropriate for the
  measurement you want to make.
• If the meter is switched to 20 V DC, for example,
  then 20 V is the maximum voltage which can be
  measured.
• This is sometimes called 20 V fsd, where fsd is
  short for full scale deflection.
• For circuits with power supplies of up to 20 V,
  which includes all the circuits you are likely to
  build, the 20 V DC voltage range is the most
  useful. DC ranges are indicated by on the meter.
• Sometimes, we will want to measure smaller
  voltages, and in this case, the 2 V or 200 mV
  ranges are used.

10
Hart Communicator Introduction

• The HART Communicator is a menu driven system.
  Each screen provides a menu of options that can
  be selected as outlined above, or provides
  direction for input of data, warnings, messages,
  or other instructions.
• When the HART Communicator is turned on, one of
  two menus will appear.
• If the HART Communicator is connected to an
  operating loop, the communicator will find the
  device and display the Online Menu (see below).
• If it is not connected to a loop, the
  communicator will indicate that no device was
  found. When you press OK (F4), it will display
  the Main menu.
• The Main Menu provides the following options
• Offlinesaves or retrieves transmitter
  configuration information.
• Onlineconnects the communicator to a
  compatible device.

11
Hart Communicator Introduction

• Frequency DeviceThe Frequency Device option
  displays the frequency output and corresponding
  pressure output of current-to-pressure
  transmitters.
• UtilityThe Utility option provides access to the
  contrast control for the HART Communicator LCD
  screen and to the auto poll setting used in
  multidrop applications.
• Once selecting a main menu option, the HART
  Communicator provides the information you need to
  complete the operation.
• The Online Menu can be selected from the main
  menu as outlined above, or it may appear
  automatically if the HART Communicator is
  connected to an active loop and can detect an
  operating transmitter.
• On-line mode is used for direct evaluation of a
  particular meter, reconfiguration, changing
  parameters, maintenance, and other functions.

12
Hart Communicator Keys

• The keys of the HART Communicator include action,
  function, and alphanumeric and shift keys.
• Action Keys
• ON/OFF Key Use this key to power the HART
  Communicator.
• When the communicator is turned on, it searches
  for a transmitter on the 420 mA loop.
• If a device is not found, the communicator
  displays the message, No Device Found. Press
  OK.
• If a HART-compatible device is found, the
  communicator displays the Online Menu with device
  ID and tag.

13
Hart communicator Keys

• Directional Keys
• Use these keys to move the cursor up, down, left,
  or right.
• The right arrow key also selects menu options,
  and the left arrow key returns to the previous
  menu.
• HOT Key
• Use this key to quickly access important,
  user-selectable options when connected to a
  HART-compatible device.
• Pressing the Hot Key turns the HART Communicator
  on and displays the Hot Key Menu.
• See Customizing the Hot Key Menu in the HART
  Communicator manual for more information.

14
Hart communicator Keys

• Use the four software-defined function keys,
  located below the LCD, to perform software
  functions. On any given menu, the label appearing
  above a function key indicates the function of
  that key for the current menu. As you move among
  menus, different function key labels appear over
  the four keys.
• For example, In menus providing access to on-line
  help, the label may appear above the F1 key.
  Simply press the key to activate the function.
• In menus providing access to the On-line Menu,
  the label may appear above the F3 key. Simply
  press the key to activate the function.

15
Hart communicator Keys

• Alphanumeric and Shift Keys
• The alphanumeric keys perform two functions the
  fast selection of menu options and data entry.
• Data Entry
• Some menus require data entry. Use the
  alphanumeric and shift keys to enter all
  alphanumeric information into the HART
  Communicator. If we press an alphanumeric key
  alone from within an edit menu, the bold
  character in the center of the key appears. These
  large characters include the numbers 0 through
  9, the decimal point (.), and the dash symbol
  ().
• To enter an alphabetic character, first press
  the shift key that corresponds to the position
  of the letter you want on the alphanumeric key.
  Then press the alphanumeric key.
• For example, to enter the letter R, first press
  the right shift key, then the 6 key (see
  Figure). Do not press these keys
  simultaneously, but one after the other.

16
Hart Communicator Fast Key Sequences

• HART fast key sequences provide quick on-line
  access to transmitter variables and functions.
  Instead of stepping our way through the menu
  structure using the action keys, we can press a
  HART fast key sequence to move from the Online
  Menu to the desired variable or function.
  Onscreen instructions guide you through the rest
  of the screens.
• HART Fast Key Example
• HART fast key sequences are made up of the series
  of numbers corresponding to the individual
  options in each step of the menu structure.
• For example, from the Online Menu we can change
  the Date. Following the menu structure,
• press 1 to reach Device Setup,
• press 3 for Basic Setup,
• press 4 for Device Info,
• press 5 for Date.
• The corresponding HART fast key sequence is
  1,3,4,5.
• HART fast keys are operational only from the
  Online Menu. If we use them consistently, we will
  need to return to the Online Menu by pressing
  HOME (F3) when it is available. If we do not
  start at the Online Menu, the HART fast key
  sequences will not function properly.

17
Hart Communicator Fast Key Sequences
18
Hart Communicator Fast Key Sequences
19
Hart Communicator Connections

• The HART Communicator Model 275 / 375 can
  interface with a transmitter from the control
  room, the instrument site, or any wiring
  termination point in the loop through the rear
  connection panel as shown in Figure next slide.
• To communicate, connect the HART Communicator in
  parallel with the instrument or load resistor.
  The connections are non-polarized.
• Avoid contact with leads and terminals.
• Do not make connections to the serial port or
  NiCad recharger jack in an explosive atmosphere.
• Before connecting the HART Communicator in an
  explosive atmosphere, make sure the instruments
  in the loop are installed in accordance with
  intrinsically safe or non incendive field wiring
  practices.
• Both transmitter covers must be fully engaged to
  meet explosion proof requirements.
• The HART Communicator needs a minimum of 250 ohms
  resistance in the loop to function properly. The
  HART Communicator does not measure loop current
  directly.

20
Hart Communicator Connections
21
Hart Communicator Menu tree
22
Hart Communicator Menu tree
23
Milliamp Calibrator Introduction

• Basic functions Sources Reads Mill volts,
  Volts, Milliamps, Sources Frequency, Simulates
  RTD values Sink Reads Millivolt / Volts,
  Milliamps, Indicates Continuity.
• portable calibrator is the result of many years
  of combined field experience that sets a new
  standard of portable multifunction calibrators.
• calibrator can be used to calibrate any
  instrument in the industry Its dual operation of
  source sink of signals make it useful in Labs
  Process Plants.

24
Calibrator Instruction

• Turn-on
• Each time you turn on the Model 434-KP the LCD
  will display all segments for about 1 second. It
  then displays the most recently selected scaling
  for the function selected by the selector knob.
• Turn-off
• Press the POWER push-button to turn the 434-KP
  off. If AUTO-OFF is enabled the 434-KP will turn
  itself off after 30 minutes of inactivity.
• Choosing milliamp or percent
• You may choose to display from 0.000 to 24.000 mA
  or -25.00 to 125.00. Press the MILLIAMP /
  PERCENT push-button to toggle the display. When
  scaled in percent, 100.00 corresponds to 20.000
  mA and 0.00 corresponds to 4.000 mA.
• Auto cal
• To maintain accuracy, the Model 434-KP
  periodically recalibrates its measuring circuitry
  against internal references. While this is
  occurring the word CAL will appear on the display
  for less than 2 seconds.

25
Calibrator General Details

• General
• Milliamp accuracy (0.015 of reading 0.002
  mA)
• Temperature effect 0.008/C based on 23C
  25C
• Batteries Six "AA" batteries (Alkaline supplied
  and recommended)
• Battery life
• Milliamp Source 2-wire Modes Nominal 44 hours
  at 12 mA, 30 hours at 20 mA into 250 Ohm load
• Other Functions Nominal 75 hours
• AC Adapters Optional, 120 or 240 VAC, 50/60 Hz
  Low battery indication "BAT" indication on the
  display at 6.5 V nominal, approximately 4 hours
  left
• Operating temperature range -5 to 130F (-20 to
  55C)
• Storage temperature range -13 to 130F (-25 to
  55C)
• Relative humidity 10 to 90, non-condensing for
  24 hours
• Warm up time 10 seconds to rated accuracy, 2
  minutes to full
• accuracy
• Overall size 6.23 x 3.27 x 1.94 inches (158.1 x
  83.1x 49.3 mm)
• Weight 1lb, 2oz (0.5 kg)

26
Calibrator Specification

• Milliamp source
• Ranges 0.000 to 24.000mA with 1 micro amp
  resolution -25.00 to 125.00 of 4-20mA with 0.01
  resolution
• Typical drive capability 1200 Ohms _at_ 20.000 mA
• Power to drive receiver Nominal 24 VDC
• Compliance voltage 0 to 500 Ohm Load 12 V
  nominal _at_ 20.000 mA
• 500 to 1200 Ohm load 24 V nominal _at_ 20.000 mA
• Power measure 2-wire transmitters
• Ranges Same as Milliamp Source
• Output current up to 24.000 mA
• Typical drive capability 1200 Ohms _at_ 20.000 mA
• Power to external 2-wire transmitter Nominal 24
  VDC
• Read milliamps
• Ranges Same as Milliamp Source
• Voltage burden 0.9 V at 4 mA, 1.2 V at 20 mA,1.4
  V at 24 mA

27
Calibrator Specification

• Read transmitter test jacks or across loop diodes
• Ranges Same as Milliamp Source
• Over voltage protection Fuse, 5 x 20 mm, 250 mA,
  250 V
• Input impedance 15 ohms
• Simulate 2-wire transmitters
• Ranges 1.000 to 24.000 mA
• Loop voltage limits Minimum, 2 VDC Maximum 50
  VDC
• Measure DC Volts
• Range -100.0 to 100.0 DC Volts
• Accuracy 0.5 of Full Scale Reading from 0.0 to
  100.0V
• Input resistance gt 1 Meg ohm
• Source resistance effect 0.01 per 100 Ohms

28
Universal Calibrator Applications

• APPLICATION
• Calibrations of instruments 
• Commissioning of  field instruments
• Repair Maintenance of field instruments
• Use as millimeter with limited facilities
• USER INDUSTRIES
• Chemical Process Industries
• Cement Plant
• Paper Pulp Industries
• Petrochemical Industries
• Textile Industries 
• Fertilizer Industries
• Pharmaceutical Industries
• Instrument manufacturing unit
• Automobile Industries
• Instrument Calibration Labs

29
Introduction about Calibrator

• MC5-IS is an Intrinsically Safe, documenting,
  All-In-One Multifunction Calibrator with
  calibration capability of pressure, temperature,
  electrical and frequency signals.
• MC5-IS performs automatic calibration of
  electrical and temperature process instruments.
• MC5-IS also communicates with HART field
  instruments.
• MC5-IS represents the state of the art in
  accuracy, adaptability and all-round usability.
• The Upper Panel
• The upper panel has 5 places for the following
  modules/connectors
• External Pressure Modules
• MC5-IS has a connector for External Pressure
  Modules (EXTs). The connector is located on the
  right hand side of the upper panel and is marked
  with PX1 in a sticker on the upper panel.

30
Calibrator Introduction

• Internal Pressure Modules
• Up to three Internal Pressure Modules may be
  installed in MC5-IS.One of them may be an
  internal barometric module. The connectors for
  Internal Pressure modules start from the second
  connector on the left. The possible Barometric
  Module is always located as second from right and
  it measures the barometric pressure through a
  connection in the back panel of MC5-IS. Normally
  nothing need to connected to the barometric
  pressure modules connector.
• Internal pressure modules are marked with P1
  P3.
• The recommended pressure medium for all internal
  pressure modules is clean air.
• Clean non-corrosive liquids may optionally be
  used in modules with a measuring range of 20
  bar/300 psi or more.
• Avoid spilling liquid on MC5-IS when
  connecting/disconnecting pressure hoses to/from
  pressure modules.
• To avoid damaging the calibrator, use hand
  tightening only when connecting the pressure
  measurement hoses (max. torque 5 Nm,approx. 3.6
  lbf ft).
• If the use of tools is required to secure the
  connection (typically pressure modules with a
  pressure range higher than 20 bar), apply the
  counterforce with a spanner on the connector
  bodys hexagonal part.
• The overpressure protection of the internal
  pressure modules vents to the back of the
  calibrator.

31
Operational section and connection
32
Calibrator Front Panel Section

• Electrical Module (E module)
• The E module can measure the following
  quantities voltage, current and frequency.
• It can also be used when counting pulses or
  detecting the state of a switch.
• Additionally there is a possibility to sink
  current.
• The E module also includes the optional HART
  modem.
• This allows communication with an instrument with
  HART capabilities.
• To ensure proper HART communication, make sure
  that the loop also includes a resistor with a
  resistance between 250 to 600 ohm or
• that the impedance of the loop itself is at least
  250 ohms.

33
Calibrator Front Panel Section

• Electrical and Temperature Module (ET module)
• The ET module is specially designed for
  temperature instrument calibration needs.
• It is not however restricted to only temperature
  instrument use because it can also generate
  voltage, frequency and pulses. Additionally the
  ET module is able to sink current.

34
Calibrator Measuring capability

• Measuring capabilities
• Low Voltage measurement and T/C measurement using
  either the internal reference junction or the Low
  Voltage connectors.
• Resistance and RTD measurement.
• Generation/simulation capabilities
• T/C simulation using either the internal
  reference junction or the Low Voltage connectors.
• Resistance and RTD simulation.
• Voltage, frequency and pulse generation.
• Current sink.

35
Calibrator Reference Junction Module

• The T/C measurement/ simulation internal
  reference junction is an optional addition to the
  ET module.
• It is specially designed for MC5-IS and therefore
  best suited for reference junction compensation
  when calibrating thermocouples or instruments
  connected to a thermocouple.

36
Calibrator Reference Junction Module

• The Reference Junction Module is suited for all
  standard T/C plugs and stripped wires.
• Open the fixing screw on the left side of MC5-IS
  before connecting the wires/plug to the Reference
  Junction Module.
• Make sure to connect the wires/plug as the
  polarity is indicated on the Reference Junction
  Module.
• Remember to tighten the fastening screw when the
  wires/plug are connected.
• Hand tightening is adequate.
• Do not pull out the wires/plug without first
  opening the fixing screw. Otherwise you might
  damage the contact surface of the connectors.
• T/C measurement and simulation may also be done
  without the internal reference junction by using
  the Low Voltage terminals in the ET module.

37
Calibrator Display

• MC5-IS has a reflective display. The resolution
  of the display is 240 x 320 pixels.
• To quickly tune the contrast of the display
• Press and hold the contrast button down.
• Use the up and down arrow keys to change the
  contrast.
• The changed setting is automatically saved as
  default settings.

38
Calibrator Keyboard functions

• The Cursor keys and the Enter key are located
  close to the upper left corner of the display.
• The Cursor keys are used when moving the cursor
  on the screen.
• They also have several special functions in
  certain situations, e.g. when tuning the contrast
  of the display.
• The Enter key finishes the entering of values.

39
Calibrator Keyboard functions

• The Contrast key together with the and cursor
  keys are used when setting the contrast of the
  display.
• The Help key displays case sensitive help.
• The On/Off key switches MC5-IS on and off. Press
  the On/Off key for about half-a-second to switch
  on/off.
• This delayed function prevents accidental on/off
  switching of MC5-IS.
• Pressing the /- key toggles the sign of the
  entered numeric value. Note. The /- key is
  applicable only in numeric fields.
• The Decimal key adds the decimal point to the
  numeric value that is currently edited.

40
Calibrator Keyboard functions

• The Numeric Keys
• The Numeric keys are not only used when entering
  numbers
• Keys 1 to 7 are used as menu selector keys.
• Keys 0 and 8 are used to scroll through several
  pages of menu options. They may also be used when
  browsing through options in a pop-up list.
• Key 9 can be used when accepting a selection or
  when finishing a data entry. The functionality of
  the 9 key is almost similar to the Enter key,
  except for one situation
• When entering numbers, the 9 key produces the
  number 9. To finish entering a number, you will
  have to use the Enter key or use the D/OK
  Function Key when available.

41
Calibrator General Description
42
Calibrator General Description

• Startup Procedure
• Every time MC5-IS is started the Startup
  Procedure checks the functionality of the device
  by performing a self test.
• If the self-test is passed successfully, some
  basic calibrator data is displayed.
• After that MC5-IS automatically proceeds to
  Basic Mode.
• Basic Mode
• In Basic Mode you can measure and
  generate/simulate signals. There are two
  separately configurable windows available. Basic
  Mode is often used for testing connections before
  starting the actual calibration procedure of an
  instrument.
• Stepping and Ramping tools enable
  generating/simulating signals that vary with
  time.
• Maintenance
• This main function handles calibrator
  configuration settings. Additionally there is the
  possibility to recalibrate MC5-IS (requires a
  password).

43
Calibrator User interface
44
Calibrator User interface

• The Status Bar at the top of the display is
  visible all the time. It is divided into four
  main sections.
• The first (leftmost) section displays the charge
  level of the battery. The battery symbol is
  replaced by a plug symbol ( ) if you are using
  the battery charger.
• The second section displays the time and date.
• The third section displays the temperature
  measured with the optional environment sensor, if
  the sensor is connected to MC5- IS.
• The fourth section (rightmost) section displays
  additional information in the form of symbols,
  like
• 1.An hourglass when MC5-IS is working on
  something that takes time.
• 2.A question mark when an error occurred.
• Note that the fourth section is empty for most
  of the time. The symbols are visible only when
  needed.

45
Calibrator User interface

• The Function Keys are located below the display.
• The meaning of each Function Key varies depending
  on the situation.
• The lower part of the display indicates what the
  Function Key stands for at the moment.
• The Function Key Bar at the bottom of the display
  is visible all the time.
• The meaning of the Function Keys varies depending
  on the situation.

46
Calibrator Menus

• The Function Key for opening the menu is always
  D/Menu. The same key is used when closing the
  menu.
• If a menu is not needed for the current subject,
  the fourth Function Key is used for other needs.
• If the opened menu has several pages, the menus
  uppermost and/or lowermost item includes an
  up/down triangle.
• In that case, use the 0 and8 keys to browse
  through the available menu pages.
• A menu option is selected with the numeric keys 1
  to 7. Selecting a menu option results in one of
  the following events

47
Calibrator Menus

• An immediate action follows and the menu closes
  automatically,e.g. when selecting the Zero
  Pressure Module option in the picture above.
• A pop-up list opens for selecting one of the
  available options. The current selection is
  displayed inside brackets in the menu.
• Use the up and down keys, the 0 and 8 keys or the
  same numeric key that opened the pop-up list to
  scroll the list.
• To select an option in the pop-up list, use
  either the enter key or the 9 key. To close the
  pop-up menu without selecting anything, press the
  right side key or the D/Close Function Key.
• Another menu with new options replaces the
  previous menu. Sometimes the Function Keys can
  also open another menu.
• In the previous picture, the Window 1 setup menu
  is opened. In this case Function Key B/Window 2
  Setup and Function Key C/Others can be used for
  opening other menus.
• A new window opens for, e.g. viewing additional
  information or for configuring the selected task.

48
Calibrator Display Area

• The layout of the display area varies according
  to the needs of the active tasks/settings. The
  following pictures give an overview of typical
  elements seen in different display area layouts.
• Basic Measurement/Generation
• The display area is divided into two windows with
  informative texts and numeric measurement/generati
  on values.
• A border surrounding a numeric value indicates
  that the field is editable. It is, e.g. a
  generation field for entering generation values.
• If several editable fields are visible, choose
  the active field with the cursor keys or the
  B/Field Function Key.
• Calibration
• The display area is divided into three windows
  during a calibration.
• The first window displays data related to the
  instruments input signal. The second
  corresponding data related to the output signal.
• The third window displays the error graph. The
  error graph is also seen among calibration result
  data.

49
Calibrator Ramping

• Configuration Window
• There are plenty of configuration windows in
  MC5-IS. The picture beside is the configuration
  window for Ramping settings.
• The common thing for all configuration windows is
  that they reserve the whole display area for the
  configuration fields.
• Use the cursor keys to move between fields.

50
Calibrator Table

• Tables
• Tables are used, e.g. when viewing calibration
  results in numeric format. Tables reserve the
  whole display area.
• The tables are often larger than the display. In
  that case there are small arrows added to the
  table borders. They indicate that more
  information may be seen by using the arrow keys.
• The up and down arrow keys scroll the list one
  line at a time. The 0 and 8 keys scroll the list
  one page at a time (if applicable).
• Hint.
• If the table has more columns than can be seen,
  use the numeric keys to quickly jump to
  corresponding column

51
Calibrator Help window

• Help window
• The help window is a special window.
• It displays help text that the user called using
  the ? key.

52
Calibrator data editing

• There are four different fields/elements that are
  used for editing data in the display area.
• Use the B/Field Function Key to move between
  editable fields in Basic Mode. In configuration
  windows, use the cursor keys.
• Numeric Fields
• There are two ways to start editing a numeric
  field
• Press a numeric key, /- or . key. Then the
  entered value replaces the old value.
• Press the enter key or the C/Edit Function Key
  available in some configuration windows.
• Then you can edit the old value. New digits
  appear at the end of the old value.
• Accept the new value by pressing the Enter key.
  To discard the edited value, use the A/Cancel
  Function Key.

53
Calibrator Text fields

• Text fields
• Press any of the numeric keys or the C/Edit
  Function Key available in some configuration
  windows to start editing a text field. Then the
  menu with the available characters opens for
  selecting.
• Use the numeric keys (1 to 7) to select the
  character. Use the cursor keys to move the cursor
  in the text field.
• Select the character with the enter or the 9 key.
  Use the C/Delete Function Key to remove unwanted
  characters.
• If the character you want to use is
• not seen in the list of available characters, try
  the 0 or the8 key to see more alternatives.
• Accept the new text with the D/Accept Function
  Key. To discard
• (cancel) the edited text, use the A/Cancel
  Function Key.

54
Calibrator Safety Precautions

• MC5-IS calibrator is a precision calibration tool
  that should be used by skilled people.
• Working with MC5-IS involves the usage of
  pressure, temperature and/or electrical
  instruments. Be sure to know how to work with
  these instruments and how to safely
  connect/disconnect pressure hoses as well as
  electrical test leads clips, etc.
• Use MC5-IS only if you are certain of that it can
  be used safely. Safe use of MC5-IS is no longer
  possible if one or more of the following cases
  are true
• When the case of MC5-IS is evidently damaged
• When MC5-IS is not functioning as expected
• After prolonged storage in unfavorable
  conditions
• After serious damage during transport
• Sometimes it is necessary to use a portable radio
  transceiver while working with the calibrator.
• To prevent calibration errors caused by the radio
  frequency interference, keep the radio far (at
  least 1 meter) from the calibrator and the
  circuit under calibration while sending.

55
Introduction About Allen Keys

• A Hex key, Allen wrench, Allen key or hex head
  wrench is a tool used to drive hex screws and
  bolts, which have a hexagonal socket in the head.
• Some of the features of this type of tool are
• The tool is simple, small and light.
• The contact surfaces of the screw or bolt are
  protected from external damage.
• The tool can be used with a headless screw.
• The bolt can be inserted into its socket using
  the key.
• There are six contact surfaces between bolt and
  driver.
• Torque is constrained by the length and thickness
  of the key.
• Very small bolt heads can be accommodated

56
Hex Key Standard Sizes

• (American National Standard)Machinery's
  Handbook, 26th Edition
• Nominal 6,8,10,1/4,5/16,3/8,7/16,1/2,5/8,3/4,7/8,1
  .
• Socket Size 7/64,9/64,5/32,3/16,1/4,5/16,3/8,3/8,1
  /2,5/8,3/4,3/4.
• Standard metric sizes are 0.7, 0.9, 1.3, 1.5, 2,
  2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 mm
  and larger.
• Metric hex wrench sizes are sometimes referred to
  using the designation "M" followed by the size in
  millimeters of the tool or socket, e.g. "M6".
• Using a hex wrench on a socket that is too large
  may result in damage to the fastener or the tool.
  An example would be using a 5 mm tool in a 5.5 mm
  socket.
• Because hex-style hardware and tools are
  available in both metric and English sizes it is
  also possible to select a tool that is too small
  for the fastener by using an English-unit tool on
  a metric fastener, or the converse.

57
Introduction About Screw Driver

• A screwdriver is a device specifically designed
  to insert and tighten, or to loosen and remove
  screws.
• The screwdriver comprises a head or tip which
  engages with a screw, a mechanism to apply torque
  by rotating the tip, and some way to position and
  support the screwdriver.
• A typical hand screwdriver comprises an
  approximately cylindrical handle of a size and
  shape to be held by a human hand, and an axial
  shaft fixed to the handle, the tip of which is
  shaped to fit a particular type of screw.
• The handle and shaft allow the screwdriver to be
  positioned and supported and, when rotated, to
  apply torque.
• Screwdrivers are made in a variety of shapes, and
  the tip can be rotated manually or by an electric
  or other motor.

58
Screw Driver

• A screw has a head with a contour such that an
  appropriate screwdriver tip can be engaged in it
  in such a way that the application of sufficient
  torque to the screwdriver will cause the screw to
  rotate.
• There are many types of screw heads, of which the
  most common are the
• A. slotted, B. Phillips, C. Pozidriv, D. Torx, E.
  Hex Key, F. Robertson, G. Tri-wing, h. Torg-set,
  I. spanner
• It is important to use a screwdriver that is the
  right size and type for the screw used, or it is
  likely that the screw will be damaged in the
  process of tightening it.
• which are designed specifically to be more
  tolerant of size mismatch. When tightening a
  screw with force, it is important to press the
  head hard into the screw, again to avoid damaging
  the screw.

59
Introduction about Pliers

• Pliers are hand tools, designed primarily for
  gripping objects by using leverage. Pliers are
  designed for numerous purposes and require
  different jaw configurations to grip, turn, pull,
  or crimp a variety of things. They are a tool
  common to many dexterous trades and occupations.
• Many types of pliers also include jaws for
  cutting.

60
Introduction about Linemans Pliers

• Lineman's pliers (US English), also called
  combination pliers are a type of pliers used by
  Electricians and other tradesmen for gripping
  small objects, to cut and bend wire and cable,
  and to hammer other small tools, such as a chisel
  or screwdriver, and to hammer various types of
  hardware, especially staples and small nails.
• Lineman's pliers have a gripping joint at their
  snub nose, and cutting edge in their craw, and
  insulating handle grips that reduce (but do not
  eliminate) the risk of electric shock from
  contact with live wires (versions with properly
  tested and guaranteed insulation in two colors to
  make faults visible are also available).
• Some versions include either an additional
  gripping or crimping device at the crux of the
  handle side of the pliers' joint. Lineman's
  pliers typically are machined from forged steel
  and the two handles precisely joined with a
  heavy-duty rivet that maintains the pliers'
  accuracy even after repeated use under extreme
  force on heavy-gauge wire -- and even use as a
  hammer.

61
Introduction about Nose Player

• Needle-nose pliers (also known as Long-nose
  pliers) are both cutting and gripping pliers used
  by electricians and other tradespersons to bend,
  re-position and cut wire.
• Their namesake long gripping nose provides
  excellent control and reach for fine work in
  small or crowded electrical enclosures, while
  cutting edges nearer the pliers' joint provide
  "one-tool" convenience.
• Given their long shape, they are useful for
  reaching into cavities where cables (or other
  materials) have become stuck or unreachable to
  fingers or other means.

62
Diagonal Crimping Pliers

• Diagonal pliers or wire cutters are wire Cutting
  pliers. They are sometimes called side cutting
  pliers or side cutters,
• Diagonal pliers are useful for cutting copper,
  brass, iron and steel wire.
• Crimping is joining two pieces of metal or other
  malleable material by deforming one or both of
  them to hold the other. The bend or deformity is
  called the crimp.
• Crimping is commonly used to join bullets to
  their cartridge cases, and for rapid but lasting
  electrical connectors.
• Because it can be a cold-working technique,

63
Wrench\Spanners

• A wrench or spanner is a tool used to provide a
  mechanical advantage in applying torque to turn
  bolts, nuts or other hard-to-turn items.
• In American English, wrench is the standard term
• In British English, spanner is the standard term.
  Hinged tools
• Open-end wrench, or Open-ended spanner a
  one-piece wrench with a U-shaped opening that
  grips two opposite faces of the bolt or nut.
• This wrench is often double ended, with a
  different sized opening at each end.
• The ends are generally oriented at an angle of
  around 30 degrees to the longitudinal axis of the
  handle.
• This allows a greater range of movement in
  enclosed spaces by flipping the wrench over.

64
Ring Adjustable Spanner

• Ring spanner a one-piece wrench with an enclosed
  opening that grips the faces of the bolt or nut.
• The recess is generally a six-point or
  twelve-point opening for use with nuts or bolt
  heads with a hexagonal shape.
• The twelve-point fits onto the fastening at twice
  as many angles, an advantage where swing is
  limited.
• Eight-point wrenches are also made for square
  shaped nuts and bolt heads.
• Ring spanners are often double-ended and usually
  with offset handles to improve access to the
  nut/bolt (as illustrated).
• In the --- they are sometimes refer to as a
  Box-end wrench, or Box spanner
• Adjustable Spanner, or Shifting spanner (commonly
  known as a shifter) an open-ended wrench with
  adjustable (usually smooth) jaws, also sometimes
  called by the original patent holder's brand name
  as a Crescent Wrench (Crescent Tool and
  Horseshoe Company).

65
Introduction about Pipe Wrench

• The pipe wrench, or Stillson wrench is an
  adjustable wrench used for turning soft iron
  pipes and fittings with a rounded surface.
• The design of the adjustable jaw allows it to
  rock in the frame, such that any forward pressure
  on the handle tends to pull the jaws tighter
  together.
• Teeth angled in the direction of turn dig into
  the soft pipe. They are not for use on hard hex
  nuts.
• Pipe wrenches are usually sold in the following
  sizes (in inches) 10, 14, 18, 24, 36, and 48.
• They are usually made of either Steel or
  aluminum.