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GEOG 2250 – INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS

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Title: GEOG 2250 – INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS


1
GEOG 2250 INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION SYSTEMS
  • INTRODUCTORY LECTURE

2
JOBS IN GIS
  • (1) System developers
  • highest level of technical skills
  • programmers in Visual Basic, Java, C, C,
    Python, UML, Visio, CASE
  • 1,000 people
  • (2) System maintainers
  • moderate to high technical skills
  • modify existing code in Visual Basic, Java,
    Python
  • 10,000 people

3
JOBS IN GIS
  • (3) System users
  • moderate technical skills
  • know how to use the tools
  • familiar with the technical issues
  • know the application domains
  • work for universities, corporations, govts.
  • 100,000 people

4
CONTEXT OF GIS
D. Wright
5
CONTEXT OF GIS
  • GISystems (GIS)
  • emphasis on technology and tools
  • implements storehouse of GISci knowledge
  • GIScience (GISci)
  • fundamental issues raised by the use of GIS and
    related technologies (e.g. spatial analysis, map
    projections, accuracy, scientific visualization)
  • systematic study of the use of geographic
    information
  • GIStudies (GISt)
  • how systems and science are embedded in a
    societal context, applications

6
INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS
  • OUTLINE
  • What is a GIS
  • Context of GIS
  • Why is a GIS important
  • History of GIS

7
WHAT IS AN INFORMATION SYSTEM?
  • information system provides a specific set of
    facts (the information) arranged in an orderly
    manner (the system)
  • i.e. payroll, financial information and library
    holdings
  • produces information which can be useful in
    decision-making

8
WHAT IS A GIS?
  • a particular form of information system applied
    to geographical/spatial data (together with
    non-spatial information) for spatial analysis

9
WHAT IS A GIS?
  • a GIS is a computer-based system that provides
    the following four sets of capabilities
  • input
  • data management (data storage and retrieval)
  • manipulation and analysis
  • output
  • connection between elements of system is
    geography
  • the common purpose is decision-making, for
    managing use of any spatially distributed
    entities (i.e. land, resources, transportation)

10
WHAT IS A GIS?
  • organized collection of
  • hardware
  • software
  • network
  • data
  • people
  • procedures

11
WHAT IS A GIS?
  • Hardware
  • computer on which a GIS operates.
  • i.e. centralized computer servers to desktop
    computers
  • Data
  • spatial and non-spatial information
  • raster vs vector data models

12
WHAT IS A GIS?
  • Software
  • provides the functions and tools needed to store,
    analyze, and display geographic information.
  • key software components are
  • tools for the input and manipulation
  • database management system (DBMS)
  • tools that support geographic query, analysis,
    and visualization
  • graphical user interface for easy access to tools

13
WHAT IS A GIS?
  • People
  • users range from technical specialists to those
    who use it to help them perform their everyday
    work (researchers).
  • interaction needed between GIS group and users to
    plan analytical procedures and data structures
  • Procedures
  • data acquisition, data input, data storage, data
    analysis

14
QUESTIONS A GIS CAN ANSWER?
  • Location What is at...?
  • Condition Where is it?
  • Trends What has changed since...?
  • Patterns What spatial patterns exist?
  • Modelling What if...?
  • Spatial and Aspatial Queries
  • aspatial query What is average population?
  • spatial query Which cities are within 1000 km of
    each other? How many live in cities in Western
    Canada?

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18
WHAT IS A GIS?
  • contributing disciplines and technologies
  • Geography
  • Cartography
  • Remote sensing
  • Photogrammetry
  • Surveying
  • Statistics
  • Computer Science
  • Mathematics

19
WHAT IS A GIS NOT?
20
WHAT IS A GIS NOT?
  • a cartographic query gives information on design
    features
  • a GIS query yields details or parameters about
    the features themselves, where the data are
    stored in a database.
  • we can't "ask" a simple mapping system to display
    only where forest cover is "spruce" and average
    tree height is 50 metres.
  • we can ask a GIS the same question and it will
    show where the query is true.

21
WHY IS A GIS IMPORTANT?
  • offers consistent framework for analyzing
    geographical data (integrates spatial and other
    information into a single system)
  • allows access to administrative records via their
    geographical positions
  • makes connections between activities based on
    geographic proximity
  • looking at data geographically can often suggest
    new insights, explanations
  • e.g. we can link toxic waste records with school
    locations through geographic proximity

22
HISTORY OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS
23
HISTORY OF GIS
  • GIS as we know it around for last 40 years
    roots are much earlier
  • built upon knowledge from geography, cartography,
    mathematics and computer science
  • development of GIS was influenced by
  • key groups, companies and individuals
  • timely development of key concept

24
HISTORY OF GIS
  • Motivations
  • Academics - driven by pure and applied research
    potential
  • Government - driven by potential enhancements to
    management
  • Corporate - driven by commercial potential of GIS

25
HISTORY OF GIS
  • 1700s
  • modern surveying techniques topographic mapping
  • data collection (scientific, census) thematic
    mapping
  • idea of portraying different layers of data on a
    series of base maps, has been around much longer
    than computers

26
HISTORY OF GIS
  • maps of the Battle of Yorktown (American
    Revolution) drawn by the French Cartographer
    Louis-Alexandre Berthier contained hinged
    overlays to show troop movements

27
HISTORY OF GIS
  • 1800s
  • first recognized spatial analysis and use of
    overlays (mid 1850s)
  • i.e. Dr. John Snow used a map showing the
    locations of death by cholera in central London
    in 1854 to track source of outbreak to
    contaminated well

28
HISTORY OF GIS
  • 1800s
  • rudimentary elements of digital techniques for
    recording and analysis of geographic information
  • i.e. 1890 Census used a punched-card system for
    manipulation and analysis of data

29
HISTORY OF GIS
  • Early 1900s
  • photo-lithography
  • first computers (mainframes for GIS)
  • separation of maps into layers

30
HISTORY OF GIS
  • 1960s
  • interest in computer mapping
  • Harvard Lab major influence on GIS until early
    1980s (major pioneers grew up at Harvard Lab)
  • development of SYMAP, SYMVU, GRID

31
HISTORY OF GIS
  • Canadian Geographic Information System (1963)
  • example of one of the earliest GISs developed
  • Purpose
  • analyze the data collected by the Canada Land
    Inventory (CLI)
  • produce statistics to be used in developing land
    management plans
  • developed at map scales of 150,000
  • uses a simple rating scheme 1 (best) to 7
    (poorest)

32
HISTORY OF GIS
  • Innovations
  • digitizing and scanning used for map input
  • required development of new techology
  • geo-coordinates for entire country
  • coding of lines with embedded topology
  • separation of attribute and location files

33
HISTORY OF GIS
  • 1970s
  • first commercial mapping software (Intergraph and
    ESRI)
  • development of mini-computers as GIS platforms
  • launch of first remote sensing satellite

34
HISTORY OF GIS
  • 1980s (GIS Decade)
  • first software solely for GIS (Arc/Info)
  • first global data sets
  • Unix workstations (stable platform for GIS)
  • first GIS textbook, journal, conferences

35
HISTORY OF GIS
  • 1990s 2000s
  • geometric increase in power, decrease in costs
  • Windows NT and 95 as alternative to Unix
  • viewer software (ArcView) user interface
    software
  • consolidation of GIS software
  • Web GIS (i.e. Mapquest)
  • integration of multi-media
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