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Developmental Crises

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Chapter 7 Developmental Crises Developmental Crisis 1. Normal, expected, and often occur as we transition from one psychosocial stage of development to another. – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Developmental Crises


1
Chapter 7
  • Developmental Crises

2
Developmental Crisis
  • 1. Normal, expected, and often occur as we
    transition from one psychosocial stage of
    development to another.
  • 2. Erikson proposes psychosocial tasks which can
    precipitate a crisis.
  • Infancy Trust vs. mistrust
  • Toddlerhood Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
  • Preschool Years Initiative vs. Guilt
  • Middle School Years Industry vs. Inferiority
  • Adolescence Identity vs. Role Confusion
  • Young Adulthood Intimacy vs. Isolation
  • Middle Adulthood Productivity vs. Stagnation
  • Maturity Integrity vs. Despair

3
Evolutional Crisis
  1. Often occur as family structures change and
    adjustment in role functions are required.
  2. Minuchin offers the idea of subsystems and the
    need to meet evolving needs of family members as
    possible stages where crisis occurs.

Subsystem Adjustment Boundaries Role
A. Marital Families of Origin Spouse
B. Parental Children Parent
C. Grandparent Adult Child and Grandchild Grandparent
D. Siblings With Parents. Hierarchy
4
Adolescent Crises
  • Needs for individuation and identity may lead to
    risky behaviors.
  • Need both autonomy and nurturance
  • Failing family structures may lead to
    self-destructive behaviors
  • Either too controlling or to lax may lead to some
    of the following issues

5
Teen Pregnancy
  • About 433,000 teens gave birth in the U. S. in
    2002.
  • Highest rate in the industrialized world,
    California has the highest rate in the country.
  • Often linked to dropping out of high school,
    dependence on welfare, substance abuse, child
    abuse, domestic violence, and unemployment

6
Interventions
  • Clinics and residential facilities have been
    created to meet the needs of this group.
  • Can go to school
  • Learn parenting skills
  • Parents may be available to help
  • May provide information about adoption and
    abortion agencies

7
Gangs
  • Gangs exist in most cities in the U. S.
  • 84 of larger cities have gang problems
  • 640 increase in reported gang problems in the
    past 30 years.

8
Factors associated with gang involvement
  • Family dynamics, self-concept, societal
    stresses
  • Parental neglect, abandonment, family dysfunction
  • Low self-esteem, absence of personal safety and
    adult guidance, social alienation and boredom,
    lack of job opportunities

9
Intervention
  • Prevention is key its harder to intervene once
    child is in a gang
  • Education at elementary school level
  • Educate community and encourage involvement
  • Educate parents
  • Create programs in community that expose at risk
    kids to social activities

10
Runaways
  • About 1,682,900 youths run away a year
  • Some are thrown away.
  • Ages 15-17 make up the majority of runaways
  • Why? Achieve autonomy, unable to establish a
    mature identity, sexual and physical abuse,
    substance abuse

11
Interventions
  • Teen shelters provide crisis intervention to
    teen and the family
  • Teach effective communication skills, and address
    the need for autonomy
  • Cultural differences must be recognized and
    compromise sought
  • Family therapy is the model rather than blaming
    the teen
  • Deparentifying the teen may be helpful

12
Eating Disorders
  • Teenage girls make up 90-95 of those with eating
    disorders
  • 7 million females and 1 million males
  • 86 of girls develop before age of 20, 10 before
    age of 10!, 33 between the ages of 11 and 15.
  • Usually white and middle or upper class.

13
Types of eating disorders
  • Anorexia Nervosa intense fear of gaining weight,
    refusal to maintain adequate nutrition, erroneous
    complaints of being fat, loss of original body
    weight at least to a level 85 of that expected
    based on norms, disturbance of body image and
    absence of at least 3 menstrual periods.

14
  • Bulimia Nervosa binges on high-calorie food then
    engage in self-induced vomiting, taking laxatives
    and overexercising. Take great efforts to
    conceal behaviors.

15
Characteristics
  • Emotionally reserved and cognitively inhibited
  • Prefer routine and order
  • Conforming and show deference to others
  • Avoid risk, react to stress with strong feelings
    of distress
  • Focus on perfectionism, negative self evaluation
    and fears of becoming an adult

16
Intervention
  • If life-threatening, need physician involvement
    and perhaps hospitalization
  • Assess for suicide
  • Family involvement must face the seriousness of
    the condition
  • Explore her role in the family, her identity as a
    growing woman and needs for individuation

17
Crises of Old Age
  • Nearly 36 million elderly people in the U. S.,
    over 12 of the population.
  • It is expected to almost double in 25 years.

18
Alzheimers Disease and general senility
  • 4 million afflicted
  • Progressive degeneration of the brain
  • Impaired memory, thinking and behaviors.
  • Personality changes and inability to care for
    oneself require caretakers

19
  • Caretakers often seek crisis intervention because
    of the emotional drain.
  • Feel guilty to put parents in a facility, but may
    have to.
  • Respite care is available through the Alzheimers
    Association
  • Knowledge of resources is vital
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