Circulating portion of the extracellular fluid; 25% of total ECF

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• Circulating portion of the extracellular fluid
  25 of total ECF
• Acts as buffer between cells and external
  environment
• Carries nutrients, waste, fluid, signaling
  molecules
• Capable of partial repair of holes, fighting
  infection, detoxification
• Two main components
• Plasma
• Cells
• Red blood cells - erythrocytes
• White blood cells - glanulocytes lymphocytes

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• What do you know?
• When referring to a mixture of gasses, we say
  that each gas has its own partial pressure. What
  does this mean?
• What is the percentage of O2 in the air that we
  breathe? What is the percentage in the air on
  top of Mt. Everest?
• What effects do the following have on O2 binding
  to hemoglobin?
• Temperature increase
• Increase in altitude additional 2,3 DPG
• Increased H concentration

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Gas Laws Govern O2 and CO2 Saturation of Blood

• Daltons Law - total pressure of a mixture of
  gases sum of pressures of individual gases in
  the mix
• pressure of a single gas in the mixture partial
  pressure
• Boyles Law P 1/V this is what increases
  and decreases partial pressures as the lungs
  inflate and deflate with each breath

• Gases move from an area of high pressure toward
  an area of low pressure

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• Henrys Law the amount of gas that will
  dissolve in a liquid is determined by the partial
  pressure of the gas and the gass solubility in
  the liquid.
• O2 is not very soluble in water Why?

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• CO2 has good solubility in water, therefore there
  will be a greater partial pressure of CO2 in
  plasma than partial pressure of O2.
• Results
• Blood must find a better mechanism for carrying
  O2 to and from the tissues.
• CO2 can be carried in the plasma, on RBCs or is
  converted to bicarbonate.

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• Control of O2 Carrying Capacity of RBCs
• Presence of factors thought to regulate survival,
  proliferation and differentiation of RBCs and
  their precursors. These include erythropoietin
  (EPO), interleukins, and growth factors.
• Oxygen deficiency (hypoxia) increases the
  release of EPO and the production of more RBCs.
• The partial pressure of O2
• Temperature
• The presence of 2,3-DPG
• A change in pH

With deoxygenation the a1ß2 interface tightens
lessening the affinity of Hgb for oxygen. This
conformation is stabilized by proton binding and
2,3-DPG. Decreasing pH strengthens the a1ß2
interface, stabilizing the low-affinity
conformation and releasing O2 . 2,3-DPG binds
to hemoglobin, forming a link at the a1ß2
interface. This results in a stable low affinity
conformation promoting the release of O2 .
2,3-DPG also lowers the pH.
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This graph describes the loading of O2 onto
hemoglobin. Why is the curve not linear? How
saturated is hemoglobin at an O2 partial pressure
of 40 mm Hg? Where would you find this partial
pressure of O2? How saturated is hemoglobin at an
O2 partial pressure of 100 mm Hg? Where would
you find this partial pressure of O2?
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• What is the effect of increased termperature on
  the saturation of hemoglobin at the lungs? At
  the level of the tissues?
• Why do you think this happens?

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• Chronic hypoxia triggers an increase in 2,3-DPG
  in RBCs
• 2,3-DPG lowers the binding affinity of O2 for
  hemoglobin this shifts the curve to the right.
• After prolonged exposure to high altitude, what
  effect will increased 2,3-DPG have on O2 delivery?

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• Decreasing pH shifts the saturation curve to the
  right
• Why does this occur?
• When you are running sprints, what effect will
  this have on O2 delivery?

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• Stem cells are influenced by different trophic
  factors to differentiate into the different
  classes of blood cells

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• Some of the trophic factors include
• Thrombopoietin (Liver)
• Interleukin 3 (T lymphocytes)
• Erythropoietin (kidney cells)
• Colony stimulating factor (endothelial cells and
  fibroblasts of bone marrow)
• Granulocyte, macrophage colony stimulating factor
  (endothelial cells and fibroblasts of bone
  marrow)
• Macrophage colony stimulating factor
• Granulocyte colony stimulating factor

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• Neutrophil
• Most abundant of the white blood cells 40-75 of
  the circulating WBCs
• Highly motile phagocytic
• Important in the early phases of immune response
  and in injury repair

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Basophils and Mast Cells

• Granules contain heparin, histamine and other
  vasoactive substances
• Basophils and mast cells share many
  characteristics. Mast cells are sometimes called
  tissue basophils because they are located only in
  tissues.
• Have IgE antibodies in their cell membranes upon
  exposure to antigen, degranulate anaphylactic
  or hypersensitivity reaction
• Mast cells are found beneath epithelia, around
  blood vessels, and lining serous cavities. Can
  proliferate in the tissues after interacting with
  T lymphocytes

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Lymphocytes

• Second most numerous WBC numbers increase with
  viral insult
• Two main types T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes
• Active in cell mediated and antibody mediated
  immunity

Monocytes/Macrophages

• Largest of the leukocytes
• Monocytes are precursors to macrophages
• Macrophages are phagocytic and respond to
  hormonal and other cellular signals cytoplasm my
  be vacuolated
• Macrophages are antigen presenting cells and
  their numbers are depressed by corticosteroids

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Platelets

• Small, disc-shaped cells without a nucleus
• Formed by cytoplasmic fragmentation of
  megakaryocytes
• Have most organelles and granules that contain
  serotonin, coagulation factors, lysosomal enzymes
  and peroxidase
• Are involved in agglutination and blood clotting
  (agglutination is the tendency of platelets to
  stick together at the site of an injury to the
  endothelium of blood vessels)

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