Title: Just-In-Time and Lean Production
1Chapter 15
- Just-In-Time and Lean Production
2 JIT In Services
- Competition on speed quality
- Multifunctional department store workers
- Work cells at fast-food restaurants
- Just-in-time publishing for textbooks - on demand
publishing a growing industry - Construction firms receiving material just as
needed
3What is JIT ?
- Producing only what is needed, when it is needed
- A philosophy
- An integrated management system
- JITs mandate Eliminate all waste
4Lean Operations Best Implementation is Toyota
Production System
- TPS is a production management system that aims
for the ideal through continuous improvement - Includes, but goes way beyond JIT. Pillars
- Synchronization
- Reduce transfer batch sizes
- Level load production
- Pull production control systems (vs. push)
Kanban - Quality at source
- Layout Cellular operations
- Continuous Improvement (Kaizen) through
visibility empowerment
....
5Basic Elements of JIT
- Flexible resources
- Cellular layouts
- Pull production system
- Kanban production control
- Small-lot production
- Quick setups
- Uniform production levels
- Quality at the source
- Total productive maintenance
- Supplier networks
6Toyotas waste elimination in Operations
- 1. Overproduction
- 2. Waiting
- 3. Inessential handling
- 4. Non-value adding processing
- 5. Inventory in excess of immediate needs
- 6. Inessential motion
- 7. Correction necessitated by defects
7Other Important Points
- Only make what you need
- only buy what you need,when you need it
- SMED single minute exchange of dies
- continuous process improvement
- as the level of the water lowers, new problems or
inefficiencies are identified
8Reducing waste Increase Problem
Visibility Lower the Water to Expose the Rocks
9Waste in Operations
10Waste in Operations
11Waste in Operations
12Flexible Resources
- Multifunctional workers
- General purpose machines
- Study operators improve operations
13The Push System
- Pre-planned issues of supplies/merchandise
regardless of customer demand criteria - Creates excess and shortages
- not efficient over the long run
14The Pull System
- Material is pulled through the system when needed
- Reversal of traditional push system where
material is pushed according to a schedule - Forces cooperation
- Prevent over and underproduction
15Kanban Production Control System
- Kanban card indicates standard quantity of
production - Derived from two-bin inventory system
- Kanban maintains discipline of pull production
- Production kanban authorizes production
- Withdrawal kanban authorizes movement of goods
16A Sample Kanban
17The Origin of Kanban
18Types of Kanbans
19Types of Kanbans
20Types of Kanbans
- Bin Kanban - when bin is empty replenish
- Kanban Square
- Marked area designed to hold items
- Signal Kanban
- Triangular kanban used to signal production at
the previous workstation - Material Kanban
- Used to order material in advance of a process
- Supplier Kanbans
- Rotate between the factory and suppliers
21Determining Number of Kanbans
where N number of kanbans or containers d
average demand over some time period L
lead time to replenish an order S safety
stock C container size
22Determining the Number of Kanbans
d 150 bottles per hour L 30 minutes 0.5
hours S 0.10(150 x 0.5) 7.5 C 25 bottles
N
3.3 kanbans or containers
Round up to 4 (to allow some slack) or down to 3
(to force improvement)
23Small-Lot Production
In theory
- Requires less space capital investment
- Moves processes closer together
- Makes quality problems easier to detect
- Makes processes more dependent on each other
24Components of Lead Time
- Processing time
- Reduce number of items or improve efficiency
- Move time
- Reduce distances, simplify movements, standardize
routings - Waiting time
- Better scheduling, sufficient capacity
- Setup time
- Generally the biggest bottleneck
25SMED Principles
- Separate internal setup from external setup
- Convert internal setup to external setup
- Streamline all aspects of setup
- Perform setup activities in parallel or eliminate
them entirely
26Common Techniques for Reducing Setup Time
- Preset Buttons/settings
- Quick fasteners
- Reduce tool requirements
- Locator pins
- Guides to prevent misalignment
- Standardization
- Easier movement
27Uniform Production
- Results from smoothing production requirements
- Kanban systems can handle /- 10 demand changes
- Smooths demand across planning horizon
- Mixed-model assembly steadies component production
28Quality at the Source
- Jidoka is authority to stop production line
- Andon lights signal quality problems
- Undercapacity scheduling allows for planning,
problem solving maintenance - Visual control makes problems visible
- Poka-yoke prevents defects (mistake proof the
system)
29Visual Control
30Visual Control
In use at Harley-Davidson and at Opal Plant -
Russelsheim
31Visual Control
32Kaizen
- Continuous improvement
- Requires total employment involvement
- Essence of JIT is willingness of workers to
- Spot quality problems
- Halt production when necessary
- Generate ideas for improvement
- Analyze problems
- Perform different functions
33Total Productive Maintenance (TPM)
Commercial industry answer to PMCS
- Breakdown maintenance
- Repairs to make failed machine operational
- Preventive maintenance
- System of periodic inspection maintenance to
keep machines operating - TPM combines preventive maintenance total
quality concepts
34TPM Requires Management to
- Design products that can be easily produced on
existing machines - Design machines for easier operation, changeover,
maintenance - Train retrain workers to operate machines
- Purchase machines that maximize productive
potential - Design preventive maintenance plan spanning life
of machine
35Supplier Policies
- Locate near to the customer
- Use small, side loaded trucks and ship mixed
loads - Consider establishing small warehouses near to
the customer or consolidating warehouses with
other suppliers - Use standardized containers and make deliveries
according to a precise delivery schedule
(preferably reusable, standard size containers) - Become a certified supplier and accept payment at
regular intervals rather than upon delivery
36Goals of JIT
- Reduced inventory - where?
- Improved quality
- Lower costs
- Reduced space requirements
- Shorter lead time
- Increased productivity
- Greater flexibility
- Better relations with suppliers
- Simplified scheduling and control activities
- Increased capacity
- Better use of human resources
- More product variety
- Continuous Process Improvement
37JIT Implementation
- Use JIT to finely tune an operating system
- Somewhat different in USA than Japan
- JIT is still evolving
- JIT as an inventory reduction program isnt for
everyone - JIT as a CPI program is! - Some systems need Just-in-Case inventory
38Reverse Logistics Important or Irritant?
Estimated 100 billion industry in 2006
39In an ideal world, reverse logistics would not
exist.
Jim Whalen, In Through the Out
Door, Warehousing Management, March 2001
40Now, more than ever, reverse logistics is seen
as being important.
Dale Rogers, Going Backwards, 1999
41Reverse Logistics - What is it?The Armys
Definition
- The return of serviceable supplies that are
surplus to the needs of the unit or are
unserviceable and in need of rebuild or
remanufacturing to return the item to a
serviceable status
42Reverse Logistics - What is it?The Commercial
Perspective
- Reverse Logistics is the process of moving
products from their typical final destination to
another point, for the purpose of capturing value
otherwise unavailable, or for the proper disposal
of the products.
43Typical Reverse Logistics Activities
- Processing returned merchandise - damaged,
seasonal, restock, salvage, recall, or excess
inventory - Recycling packaging materials/containers
- Reconditioning, refurbishing, remanufacturing
- Disposition of obsolete stuff
- Hazmat recovery
44Why Reverse Logistics?
- Competitive advantage
- Customer service
- - Very Important 57
- - Important 18
- - Somewhat/unimportant23
- Bottom line profits
45Reverse Logistics - New Problem?
- Sherman
- Montgomery Wards - 1894
- Recycling/remanufacturing in 1940s
- World War II - 77,000,000 square feet of storage
across Europe with over 6.3 billion in excess
stuff - Salvage and reuse of clothing and shoes in the
Pacific Theater World War II
46Key Dates in Reverse Logistics
- World War II the advent of refurbished
automobile parts due to shortages - 1984 - Tylenol Scare - Johnson and Johnson
- 1991 - German ordinance that put teeth in
environmental reverse pipeline - Summer 1996 UK Packaging and Packaging Waste
Legislation - 1998 - first real study of reverse logistics in
the US - University of Nevada, Reno - 2001 EU goal of 50-65 recovering or recycling
of packaging waste
47Reverse Logistics
48Operation Iraqi Freedom
- The US Army moved the equivalent of 150
Wal-Mart Supercenters to Kuwait in a matter of a
few months
49Military Operations and Excess
- In battle, troops get temperamental and ask
for things which they really do not need.
However, where humanly possible, their requests,
no matter how unreasonable, should be answered.
George S. Patton, Jr.
50Janes Defence Weekly
Recent report (Aug 2003) There is a 40 hectare
(100 acres) area in Kuwait with items waiting
to be retrograded back to the US.
51Does this create a problem?
From GAO Audit Report
52From GAO Audit Report
53Reverse Logistics
- The Commercial Perspective
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57 Reverse Logistics
- Rate of returns?
- Cost to process a return?
- Time to get the item back on the shelf if
resaleable?
58 Costs - above the cost of the item
- Merchandise credits to the customers.
- The transportation costs of moving the items from
the retail stores to the central returns
distribution center. - The repackaging of the serviceable items for
resale. - The cost of warehousing the items awaiting
disposition. - The cost of disposing of items that are
unserviceable, damaged, or obsolete.
59Costs
- Process inbound shipment at a major distribution
center 1.1 days - Process inbound return shipment 8.5 days
- Cost of lost sales
- Wal-Mart Christmas 2003 - returns 4 Days of
Supply for all of Wal-Mart 2000 Containers - PalmOne - 25 return rate on PDAs
60More Costs
- Hoover - 40 Million per year
- Cost of processing 85 per item
- Unnamed Distribution Company - 700K items on
reverse auction - 2001 - over 60 billion in returns 52 billion
excess to systems 40 billion to process
61Is it a problem?
- Estimate of 2004 holiday returns 13.2 billion
- of estimated 2004/2005 holiday returns 25
- Wal-Mart 6 Billion in annual returns 17,000
truck loads (gt46 trucks a day) - Electronics 10 Billion annually in returns
- Personal Computers 1.5 Billion annually
approximately 95 per PC sold - 79 of returned PCs have no defects
- Home Depot 10 million in returns in the stores
alone - Local Wal-Mart 1 million a month in returns
62Is it a Problem?
- European influence spread to US - Green Laws
- Estee Lauder - 60 million a year into land fills
- FORTUNE 500 Company - 200 million over their
300 million budget for returns - Same Provider - 40,000 products returned per
month 55 no faults noted - K-Mart - 980 million in returns 1999
- Warranty vice paid repairs
63More consequences
- Increased Customer Wait Times
- Loss of Confidence in the Supply System
- Multiple orders for the same items
- Excess supplies in the forward pipeline
- Increase in stuff in the reverse pipeline
- Constipated supply chain
64Impact?
- Every resaleable item that is in the reverse
supply chain results in a potential stock out or
zero balance at the next level of supply. - Creates a stockout do-loop
65Results?
- This potential for a stock out results in
additional parts on the shelves at each location
to prevent a stock out from occurring. - More stocks larger logistics footprint the
need for larger distribution centers and returns
centers.
66Dawes Six Symptoms of a Problem
Dr. Richard Dawes, University of San Francisco
- 1. Returned merchandise or supplies arrive
faster than they are processed or disposed of. - 2. There are large amounts of returned inventory
held in the distribution center or warehouse. - 3. There are unidentified or unauthorized
returns. - 4. There is a lengthy processing cycle time for
returned goods.
67Six Symptoms (Continued)
- 5. The total cost of the returns process is
unknown. - 6. Customers lose confidence in the repair
activities.
68Reverse Logistics
reverse logistics is The process of planning,
implementing, and controlling the efficient,
cost effective flow of raw materials, in-process
inventory, finished goods and related
information from the point of consumption to the
point of origin for the purpose of recapturing
value or proper disposal. More precisely,
reverse logistics is the process of moving goods
from their typical final destination for the
purpose of capturing value, or proper disposal.
Remanufacturing and refurbishing activities also
may be included in the definition of reverse
logistics. Reverse logistics is more than
reusing containers and recycling packaging
materials. It includes redesigning packaging to
use less material, or reducing the energy and
pollution from transportation are important
activities.
69Reverse Logistics
- For "industrial equipment" the return rate is
over 8 and the total revenue impacted by returns
is 105.6 billion in 2005, in just the U.S.
alone. - For computers and network equipment, the return
rate reaches as high as 20, for a 2005 total of
65.8 billion, up from 61.4 billion in 2004.
70Reverse Logistics
- According to the Reverse Logistics Executive
Council, the percent increase in costs for
processing a return, as compared to a forward
sale, is an astounding 200-300. - In the U.S. alone, the cost is an annual 100
billion. Forbes, March 2005 - Typically, as many as 8-12 more steps per item in
the reverse pipeline than items in the forward
pipeline
71The truth is, for one reason or another,
materials do come back and it is up to those
involved in the warehouse to effectively recover
as much of the cost for these items as possible.
- Whalen, In Through the Out Door
72RFID and Returns
- Visibility Tracking
- Component tracking
- Data Warehouse on what, why, when
- Altered products
- Not for every product
73Impacts of Reverse Logistics
- Forecasting
- Carrying costs
- Processing costs
- Warehousing
- Distribution
- Transportation
- Personnel
- Marketing
74Upcoming
- Chapters 14, 16, 4
- 4 May no class