Operational Level Lesson 3 Presentation

1
Operational Level Lesson 3 Presentation

• Hazardous Materials for First Responders, 3rd
  Ed.

2
Incident Priorities

• Life safety
• Incident stabilization
• Protection of property and the environment

3
Assessments to MakeBefore Taking Action

• Risk to rescuers
• Ability of rescuers to protect themselves
• Probability of rescue
• Difficulty of rescue
• Capabilities and resources of on-scene forces
• Possibilities of explosions or sudden material
  releases
• Available escape routes and safe havens
• Constraints of time and distance

4
Advantages of an Incident Management or Incident
Command System

• Common terminology
• Modular organization
• Integrated communication
• Unified command structure
• Consolidated action plans
• Manageable span of control

5
Elements of the Incident Management System (IMS)

• Command The function of directing, ordering,
  and controlling resources by virtue of explicit
  legal, agency, or delegated authority
• Operations The responsibility for the direct
  management of all incident tactical activities,
  the tactical priorities, and the safety and
  welfare of the personnel working in the
  Operations Section

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Elements of the IMS

• Planning The responsibility for gathering,
  assimilating, analyzing, and processing
  information needed for effective decision-making
• Examples Resources Unit, Situation Unit,
  Documentation Unit, Demobilization Unit
• Finance/Administration The financial services
  established at some, but not all, incidents
• Examples Time Unit, Procurement Unit,
  Compensation Unit, Claims Unit, Cost Unit

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Elements of the IMS

• Logistics
• The support mechanism for the organization
  provides services and support systems to all the
  organizational components involved in the
  incident
• Support Branch Medical, communications, and
  food services
• Service Branch Supplies, facilities, and ground
  support

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Command Staff Positions

• Incident commander (IC) The officer at the top
  of an incident chain of command and in overall
  charge of the incident
• Safety Officer The officer responsible for
  monitoring and identifying hazardous and unsafe
  situations and developing measures for ensuring
  personnel safety
• Operations Section Chief The officer
  responsible for managing all operations that
  directly affect the primary mission of
  eliminating a problem incident

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Incident Commander Functions

• Establishes the site safety plan
• Implements a site security and control plan to
  limit the number of personnel operating in the
  control zones
• Designates a safety officer
• Identifies the materials or conditions involved
  in the incident

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Incident Commander Functions

• Implements appropriate emergency operations
• Ensures that appropriate PPE is worn by all
  emergency responders in restricted zones
• Establishes a decontamination plan and operation
• Implements postincident emergency response
  procedures

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Safety Officer Functions

• Obtains a briefing from the IC
• Reviews Incident Action Plans (IAPs) for safety
  issues
• Participates in the preparation and monitoring of
  incident safety considerations
• Maintains communications with the IC, and advises
  the IC of deviations form the incident safety
  considerations and of any dangerous situations

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Safety Officer Functions

• Alters, suspends, or terminates any activity that
  is judged to be unsafe
• Conducts safety briefings for entry team
  personnel before entry

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Items to be Includedin a Safety Briefing

• Hazardous materials incident
• Status of the incident
• Hazards identified
• Description of the site
• Tasks to be performed
• Expected duration of tasks
• PPE requirements
• Monitoring requirements
• Notification of identified risks

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Items to be Includedin a Safety Briefing

• Incidents involving potential criminal or
  terrorist activities
• Being alert for secondary devices
• Not touching or moving any suspicious-looking
  articles
• Not touching or entering any damp, wet, or oily
  areas
• Wearing full protective clothing, including SCBA
• Limiting the number of personnel entering the
  crime scene

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Items to be Includedin a Safety Briefing

• Incidents involving potential criminal or
  terrorist activities
• Documenting all actions
• Not picking up or taking any souvenirs
• Photographing or videotaping anything suspicious
• Not destroying any possible evidence
• Seeking professional crime-scene assistance

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Setting up a Command Post for a Haz Mat Incident

• The command post
• Must provide accessibility for the IC
• Will ideally allow the IC to observe the scene
• Needs to be readily identifiable
• Note The command post can be a predetermined
  location, a conveniently located building, or a
  radio-equipped vehicle located in a safe area

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Establishing and Transferring Command at a Haz
Mat Incident

• The first person on the scene or the ranking
  individual of the first company on the scene
  assumes command.
• The IC of a hazardous materials incident must
  have IMS training and be at the hazardous
  materials Operational Level.
• Command is maintained by the arriving IC until a
  higher ranking or more extensively trained
  responder arrives on the scene and assumes
  command.

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Establishing and Transferring Command at a Haz
Mat Incident

• Command can only be transferred to someone who is
  on scene.
• Command can be transferred over the radio if it
  cannot tank place face to face.
• The person relinquishing command must provide the
  person assuming command as clear a picture of the
  situation as possible.
• There is only ONE IC.

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Unified Command System

• All agencies that have a jurisdictional
  responsibility at a multijurisdictional incident
  contribute to the process by
• Determining overall incident objectives
• Selecting strategies
• Accomplishing joint planning for tactical
  activities
• Ensuring integrated tactical operations
• Using all assigned resources effectively

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IMS Haz Mat Positions

• Hazardous Materials Group/Sector Supervisor
• Entry Leader
• Decontamination Leader
• Site Access Control Leader
• Assistant Safety Officer (Hazardous Materials)
• Technical Specialist (Hazardous Materials
  Reference/Science Technical Specialist)
• Safe Refuge Area Manager

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IMS Haz Mat Positions
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Roles and Guidelines ofPredetermined Procedures

• Provide a standard set of actions that are the
  core of every hazardous material incident plan
• Must comply with any procedures set forth in the
  local emergency response plan (LERP)
• Must incorporate specific regulatory
  requirements, such as those required by OSHA
• Must be written down and required to be used

23
Requesting AdditionalResources at a Haz Mat
Incident

• First responders must be able to communicate the
  need for assistance through their departments
  communications equipment.
• Consult departmental SOPs.

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Using Communications Equipment Correctly

• Radio procedures
• Use simple English (clear text)
• Transmit only essential information when sending
  information and orders
• Use appropriate channels to communicate with both
  the IC and the telecommunicator
• Use appropriate number of channels for the size
  and complexity of the incident
• Requesting additional help Know what types of
  additional help are available, according to the
  LERP

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Using CommunicationsEquipment Correctly

• Emergency radio traffic
• Make the urgency clear to the telecommunicator
• Wait while the telecommunicator gives an
  attention tone, advises all other units to stand
  by, and advises the caller to proceed with the
  emergency message
• When the emergency communication is complete,
  resume normal or routine radio traffic after the
  telecommunicator notifies all units to do so

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Using CommunicationsEquipment Correctly

• Evacuation signals
• Broadcast a radio message ordering evacuation
• Sound audible warning devices (sirens and air
  horns) on the apparatus at the incident scene for
  an extended period of time
• Broadcast the message several times

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Haz Mat Level I Incident

• Is within the capabilities of the fire or
  emergency services organization or other first
  responders having jurisdiction
• Is the least serious incident and the easiest to
  handle
• May pose a serious threat to life or property,
  but not often
• May require limited evacuation needs
• Example Small amount of gasoline or diesel fuel
  spilled from an automobile

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Haz Mat Level II Incident

• Is beyond the capabilities of the first
  responders on the scene and may be beyond the
  capabilities of the first response
  agency/organization having jurisdiction
• Requires the services of a formal haz mat
  response team
• Examples Spill or leak requiring large-scale
  evacuation, any major accident, spillage, or
  overflow of flammable liquids

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Haz Mat Level III Incident

• Requires resources from state/provincial
  agencies, federal agencies, and/or private
  industry
• Requires unified command
• Is the most serious of all incidents
• May require a large-scale evacuation
• Example Incidents that require an evacuation
  extending across jurisdictional boundaries

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Safety Procedures to beused on Incident Scenes

• Accountability systems/tracking resources
• Buddy system
• Is a system of organizing personnel into work
  groups in such a manner that each member has a
  buddy or partner, so that nobody is working alone
• Provides rapid help in the event of an emergency
• Backup personnel
• Stand by with equipment ready to provide
  assistance or rescue if needed

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The Problem-SolvingProcess for Haz Mat Incidents

• Analyzing the incident/Understanding the problem
• Planning the response/Setting strategic goals
  Action Plans
• Implementing the plan Tactics and tasks
• Evaluating progress/Looking back

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Analyzing a Haz Mat Incident

• Survey the scene (size-up) to detect the presence
  of hazardous materials, noting surrounding
  conditions to take into effect.
• Wind direction
• Topography
• Presence of victims
• Available personnel
• Conduct hazard and risk assessment.
• Identify those clues that indicate the presence
  of hazardous materials.

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Analyzing a Haz Mat Incident

• Interpret and verify those clues with emergency
  response agencies, shippers, and/or other
  resources in order to determine which hazardous
  material is involved
• Use resources such as the ERG to estimate the
  size of the endangered area and the potential
  harm posed by the material
• Use information gained from initial size-up to
  determine the strategy and tactics to be applied

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Common Elementsof Haz Mat Incidents

• Material or materials presenting hazards to
  people, the environment, or property
• Container or containers that have failed or have
  the potential to fail
• Exposure or potential exposure to people, the
  environment, and/or property

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Questions to ask WhenChoosing an Appropriate
Response

• How long will the harmful exposure exist?
• What has stressed or is stressing the container?
• How will the stressed container and its material
  behave?
• What are the harmful effects of the container
  materials?

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Elements of the General Hazardous Material
Behavior Model

• Stress
• Breach
• Release
• Dispersion/engulfment
• Exposure/contact
• Harm

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Types of Stress

• Thermal Excessive heat or cold causing
  intolerable expansion, contraction, weakening, or
  consumption of the container and its parts
• Chemical Uncontrolled reactions/interactions of
  contents in the container and the container
  itself
• Mechanical Physical application of energy
  resulting in container/attachment damage

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Ways in Which aContainer can Breach

• Disintegration Container suffers a general loss
  of integrity, such as a glass bottle shattering
  or a grenade exploding
• Runaway cracking Crack developing in a
  container as a result of some type of damage,
  which continues to grow rapidly
• Attachments (closures) open or break
  Attachments (such as discharge valves) fail,
  open, or break off when subjected to stress

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Ways in Which aContainer can Breach

• Puncture Occurs as a result of mechanical
  stress coming into contact with a container
• Split or tear Failure of a welded seam on a
  tank or drum or a ripped seam on a bag of
  fertilizer
• Metal reduction Caused by the corrosive action
  of an acid on steel

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Ways in Which Containerscan Release Contents

• Detonation Instantaneous and explosive release
  of stored chemical energy of a hazardous material
• Violent rupture Immediate release of chemical
  or mechanical energy caused by runaway cracks

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Ways in Which Containerscan Release Contents

• Rapid relief Fast release of a pressurized
  hazardous material through properly operating
  safety devices, damaged valves or attachments, or
  holes in the container
• Spill/leak Slow release of a hazardous material
  under atmospheric or head pressure through holes,
  rips, tears, or usual openings/attachments

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Hemispheric Dispersion Pattern

• Semicircular or dome-shaped pattern of the
  airborne hazardous material that is still
  partially in contact with the ground or water

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Cloud Dispersion Pattern

• Ball-shaped pattern of the airborne hazardous
  material where the material has collectively
  risen above the ground or water

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Plume Dispersion Pattern

• Irregularly shaped pattern of the airborne
  hazardous material where wind and/or topography
  influence the downrange course from the point of
  release

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Cone Dispersion Pattern

• Triangular-shaped pattern of the hazardous
  material with a point source at the breach and a
  wide base downrange

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Stream Dispersion Pattern

• Surface-following pattern of liquid hazardous
  material affected by gravity and topographical
  contours

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Pool Dispersion Pattern

• Three-dimensional, slow-flowing liquid dispersion

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Irregular Dispersion Pattern

• Irregular or indiscriminate deposit of the
  hazardous material

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Determining the Size of an Endangered Area

• Resources
• Pre-incident surveys
• Computer software
• ERG

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Types of Exposure

• People
• Environment
• Property

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Timeframes Associated with Exposure and Contact

• Immediate Milliseconds, seconds
• Short-term Minutes, hours
• Medium-term Days, weeks, months
• Long-term Years, generations

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Standard Strategic Goalsof Haz Mat Incidents

• Isolation
• Notification
• Identification
• Protection
• Spill control
• Leak control
• Fire control
• Recovery/termination

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The Defensive Mode of Operation

• Provides confinement of the hazard to a given
  area by performing diking, damming, or diverting
  actions
• Is selected when one of the following
  circumstances exists
• The facility or LERP calls for it based on a
  pre-incident evaluation of the hazards present at
  the site
• Responders have the training and equipment
  necessary to confine the incident to the area of
  origin

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The Offensive Mode of Operation

• Is beyond the scope of responsibilities for first
  responders
• Includes actions to control the incident such as
  plugging a leak

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The NoninterventionMode of Operation

• Allows the incident to run its course on its own
• Is selected when one or more of the following
  circumstances exist
• The facility or LERP calls for it based on a
  pre-incident evaluation of the hazards present at
  the site
• The situation is clearly beyond the capabilities
  of responders
• Explosions are imminent
• Serious container damage threatens a massive
  release

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Elements of anIncident Action Plan (IAP)

• Strategies/incident objectives
• Current situation summary
• Resource assignment and needs
• Accomplishments
• Hazard statement
• Risk assessment

• Safety plan and message
• Protective measures
• Current and projected weather conditions
• Status of injuries
• Communications plan
• Medical plan

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Questions to be Asked Before Committing to an IAP

• Are all emergency responders working as members
  of a team?
• Have all emergency responders been adequately
  briefed on the IAP and the hazards of the
  situation?
• Can reconnaissance be made visually?
• Can approach be made from upwind/uphill/upstream?
• Can contact with the material be avoided?
• Can the vapor cloud, mist, dust, or smoke spread?
• Is the risk worth the benefit?

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How to Determineif an IAP is Effective

• The IC should receive favorable progress reports
  from tactical and/or task supervisors.
• The incident should begin to stabilize.

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Operational Level Lesson 3 Presentation

• Hazardous Materials for First Responders, 3rd
  Ed.