Haematology Module

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Haematology Module
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Anaemia

• Clinical Manifestations of Anaemia
• Presented by Prof. M.Y.Jan, Professor of
  Paediatrics

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• 
  
• 
  CHILD
• 
  SYMPTOMS
•           
• Fever
• Headaches
• Joint pain or muscle pain
• Nasal congestion
• Nausea or vomiting
• Skin rashes
• Sore throat
• Urinary problems
• Vision problems
• Wheezing

Symptom checker
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Symptom checker
ADULT SYMPTOMS

• Abdominal pain
  
• Blood in stool
• Chest pain
• Constipation
• Cough
• Diarrhea
• Difficulty swallowing
• Dizziness
• Eye discomfort and redness
• Foot pain or ankle pain
• Foot swelling or leg swelling
• Headaches
• Knee pain
• Heart palpitations
• Hip pain
• Knee pain
• Low back pain
• Nasal congestion
• Nausea or vomiting

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Because a low red blood cell count decreases
oxygen delivery to every tissue in the body,
anemia causes many signs and symptoms.
It makes almost any other underlying medical
condition worse.
How severe the anemia is will determine how
severe the signs and symptoms will be.
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Initially, anaemia can be so mild it goes
unnoticed. But signs and symptoms increase as the
condition worsens. Signs and symptoms The main
symptom of most types of anemia is fatigue.
Other anemia symptoms include Weakness

Headache
(Fatigue) Pale skin
A fast or irregular heartbeat

Palpitation
exercise
induced dyspnea

(Shortness of breath)

Chest pain


Dizziness

Cognitive problems Numbness or coldness in
your extremities
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Signs of Anaemia may include Black and
tarry stools (sticky and foul smelling)
Maroon, or visibly bloody stools
Tachycardia
Tachypnea Pale or
cold skin
Jaundice
low blood pressure
Heart
murmur

Enlargement of the spleen



Constipation

syncope (particularly following exercise)
bounding pulse syncope or postural
hypotension tinnitus or vertigo
irritability, restlessness
(difficulty sleeping
or
concentrating more frequent in severe chronic
anemia)
Sweating, thirst and air hunger
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Iron Deficiency Anaemia

• Symptoms
• weakness, Fatigue, or lack
  of stamina
• shortness of breath
• headache frontal
• difficulty concentrating
• irritability, apathy
• dizziness
• pale skin
• craving substances that
  are not food (pica)

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Iron Deficiency Anemia

• Signs
• rapid heart beat
• brittle nails (also spoon nails)
• cracked lips (angular stomatitis)
• smooth sore tongue (Glossitis)
• decreased appetite (especially in
  children)
• decreased rate of growth
• delay in skills like walking ,
  talking ..
• and relatively later ?

Blue sclera
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Fanconi Anemia

• Symptoms
• Thrombocytopenia ? purpura, petechiae,
  bleeding
• Neutropenia ? severe or recurrent
  infections
• Anemia ? weakness, fatigue, and pallor

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Fanconi Anemia

• Signs
• Congenital anomalies are present in at least 50
  of patients.

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Skin Manifestations in Anaemia

• 1- Pallor ? looked for
• ? in
  the skin in general, at palms, more precise in
  the
• 
  palmar creases
• ? at
  the conjunctiva of the eyes
• ?
  Mouth mucosa
• ?
  nail beds
• 2- Jaundice as in Haemolysis ? Skin, Eye
  Sclera, Mucous Membrane
• 3- Hyperpigmentation , café au-lait spots ?
  Fanconi Anaemia

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Head Manifestations

• 1- Frontal Bossing ? Thalassaemia
• 2- Microcephaly ? Fanconi Anaemia

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Mouth Manifestations

• 1- Glossitis ? Vit. B12 deficiency, Fe deficiency
• 2- Angular stomatitis ? Fe deficiency anaemia

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Chest Manifestations

• Chest
• Chest Pain
• Murmer ? Severe anemia,
  Endocarditis
• Rapid Breathing
• Rapid Heart Rate

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Abdomen

• Abdomen ? Abdominal pain
• ? Hepatomegaly, Splenomegaly

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Manifestations on the Extremities

• Extremities
• ? brittle nails, Spoon Nails
  ?
• 
  Iron deficiency

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Nerves

• Nerves ? Ataxia, Peripheral neuropathy
• (Vitamin
  B12)

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General

• General
• ? Poor weight gain or Weight
  loss
• ? Short Stature ? Thalassaemia
• ?
  Sickle cell disease

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A Case of Thalassaemia
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A Case of Thalassaemia cont ..
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Sickle cell anemia

• SCD is characterized by its presentation
• 1- Vaso-occlusive crises
• 2- Sequestration crises
• 3- Hemolytic crises
• 4- Aplasic crises
• and much more clinical disease!

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Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)
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SCD
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Readings

• 1- Nelson Essentials of Pediatrics
• 2- www. Google.com