Cambodia Kampuchea Angkor Kambuja

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CambodiaKampuchea Angkor Kambuja

• History 354
• Campbell University

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Cambodia Location and Features
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An Ancient Prophecy

• A darkness will settle on the people of
  Cambodia. There will be houses but no people in
  them, roads but not travelers the land will be
  ruled by barbarians with no religion blood will
  run so deep as to touch the belly of the
  elephant. Only the deaf and mute will survive.
• The Lost Executioner bv Nic Dunlop

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Cambodia

• Size 69,898 Sq. Miles. Slightly smaller than
  Oklahoma.
• Population 14 Million (90 Khmer, 5 Vietnamese,
  1 Chinese).
• Arable Land 20.44
• Median Age 21.
• Life Expectancy 57M/62F
• Religion Theravada Buddhist.
• GDP/capita 1,800.00

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Government/Economy

• Form Constitutional Monarchy.
• System Parliamentary bicameral. P.M.- Hun Sen
• Capital Phnom Penh
• Resources Timber, gem stones, coastal oil
  natural gas. (2005)
• Industry Garment Manufacture Tourism.
• Agriculture Rice, rubber, corn, cashews, tapioca
  cardamom.

King Norodom Sihamoni, son of Norodom Sihanouk,
assumed throne in 2004. He was trained as a
ballet dancer. No heir.
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Questions

• Q1. How large is Cambodia? What is its
  population? What is the nationality and religion
  of most of the population?
• A1. Cambodia is about the size of Oklahoma. Its
  population is 14 million. 90 of the people are
  Khmer and Theravada Buddhist.
• Q2. What is the form of government? Where is the
  capital?
• A2. Constitutional monarchy. The capital is
  Phnom Penh.

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More Questions

• Q3. What proportion of the Cambodian population
  is under 21 years of age?
• A3. One half or 7 million. Why?
• Q4. What industry has recently provided the
  greatest boost to the Cambodian GNP?
• A4. The garment industry.
• Q5.What country is Cambodias largest export
  customer?
• A5. The USA with over 51.

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Earliest Civilization

• Human remains - 1500 BC.
• Major Indian cultural influences
• Agriculture Cattle-raising and rice
  cultivation.
• Religion Hinduism with Shiva/phallic worship.
  Later, Buddhism.
• Government Concept of monarchy Deva-raja.
• Language
• At the Royal Court Sanskrit aural written.
• In the country side aural and written Khmer of
  the common people.

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Pre-Colonial Kingdoms

• Funan - 1st thru 6th Century
• Chenla 6th to 8th Century
• Water (Lower) Chenla 706 to 802
• Angkor/Kambujia 9th to 15th Century
• Phonom Penh/Lovek 1432 to 1863
• French Protectorate 1863 to 1887

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Funan

• Earliest kingdom - 1st 6th Century. Mon-Khmer.
• Capital Ba Phnom
• Major port Oc Eo.
• Described in Chinese records by Kang Tai.
• Composed of costal areas from Nha Trang on the
  S.China Sea to the Upper Malay Peninsula

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Oc Eo
Gold coin from Oc Eo, a major port of the kingdom
of Funan. Oc Eo may have been known to the
Romans as Kattigara. Its in Ptolemys geography
and may have influenced Columbus.
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Chenla

• Chenla was a vassal state of Funan. It became an
  independent in 550 CE.
• King Ishanavarman conquered Funan during 612-628.
• During the next three centuries, Chenla annexed
  central and lower Laos and southern Thailand.
• In the 8th Century, factional disputes led to it
  becoming two states in 706 Land (Upper) Chenla
  and Water (Lower) Chenla.

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Water Chenla

• During the late 8th Century, Water (Lower) Chenla
  suffered repeated attacks by pirates from Java,
  Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula.
• In the 9th Century, it became a vassal state of
  Sailendra (Java). In 790, the king of Water
  Chenla was killed by the Javanese monarch whom he
  had offended, leading to a power vacuum.
• The king of a small Khmer state north of the
  Mekong Delta assumed the throne as Jayavarman II
  (r.802-850) This was the beginning of the Angor
  Kingdom.

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The Devaraja Cult

• In 802, Jayavarman II proclaimed himself god-king
  of Cambodia. He did so through a Hindu ritual
  involving worship of Shiva, king of the gods.
• A royal cult developed, involved an annual
  festival during which a statue of Shiva was
  paraded thru the capital city.
• The ceremony not only proclaimed the devaraja but
  Cambodia permanent separation from Java.

Ritually sanctifying a symbol of the devaraja.
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Questions

• Q1. What three kingdoms composed Cambodias
  earliest (pre-Angkorian) history?
• A1. Funan, Chenla and Water Chenla.
• Q2. What country provided the dominant cultural
  influence for these early kingdoms?
• A2. India.
• Q3. What evidence do we have of Funans existence
  and role as an entrepot?
• A3. Chinese records, Ptolemys geography and the
  archeological remains, e.g., Oc Eo.

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More Questions

• Q4. What was the impact of the collapse of the
  Roman empire on Funan?
• A4. Contributed to Funans collapse. Why?
• Q5. What happened to Land (Upper) Chenla?
• Q5. It became Laos, eventually.
• Q6. What SEAsian country dominated Water Chenla?
• A6. Sailandra/Java.
• Q7. Name the king who initiated the move to
  Angkor. His coronation involved what cult?
• A7. Jayavarman II. Shiva/Devaraja.

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Angkor/Kambuja

• Angor or Kambuja - late 9th to late 15th
  Centuries.
• From 802 to 1471, it was the mightiest kingdom in
  S.E. Asia, receiving tribute from its neighbors.
• Indravarman I (A.D. 877-89) extended control to
  the Korat Plateau and began a program of
  constructing reservoirs and canals to provide
  irrigation for wet rice cultivation.

The Angkor complex is north of the Tonle Sap and
the modern city of Sien Reap. The location
provided protection from Javanese incursions.
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Angkor Wat

• Suryavarman II (1113-50) built Angkor Wat. He
  expanded the kingdoms territory thru successful
  wars with Champa, Nam Viet, the Mons in Burma and
  Thai people, who he reduced to vassalage.
• Thirty years later the Cham revenged their losses
  by destroying the city of Angkor in 1177.

Angkor Wat is the largest religious edifice in
the world and the greatest architectural work in
Southeast Asia.
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Angkorian S.E.Asia
Cham statue of Shiva
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Angkor Wat Complex

• The Angkor Wat complex was dedicated to the Hindu
  god Vishnu and reflects the structure of the
  Hindu mythological universe. The five towers at
  the center represent the peaks of Mount Meru, the
  center of the universe the outer walls represent
  the mountains that ring the worlds edge and the
  moat depicts the cosmic ocean.

The Angkor Wat complex as seen from the air.
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Angkor Thom

• Angkor Thom was built by Jayavarman VII
  (r.1181-1218) following the expulsion of the
  Cham. It was a governmental complex. The
  statuary and relief carvings are Mahayana
  Buddhist rather than Hindu. They depict Buddha's,
  gods and kings.
• Jayavarman VII also built 200 rest houses and
  hospitals and maintained a system roads between
  the capital and provincial towns.
• A Thai army captured Angkor Thom in 1431.

Angkor Thom South Gate
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Bayon

• Angkorian society was strictly hierarchical. The
  king was divine and owned both the land and his
  subject. The Brahman priesthood and about 4,000
  official were below the monarch and his family
  and administered the country.
• The commoners bore the burden of corvee labor.
  There was also a large slave class that built the
  monuments.

Bayon is a Buddhist temple. It was built in the
Angkor Thom complex in the 12th 13th Century.
216 faces of Buddhas, gods and kings are carved
into the stone. The central face is that of
Jayavarman VII.
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Questions

• Q1. Why did Jayavarman II move the capital of
  Cambodia to the Angkor area?
• A1. To find a safer location.
• Q2. What was the source of Angkorian wealth?
• A2. Agriculture. Wet rice cultivation made
  possible through the construction of reservoirs
  and canals.
• Q3. To what god was Angor Wat dedicated? What did
  its design reflect?
• A3. The Hindu god, Vishnu. Its design reflected
  the Hindu mythological universe.

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More Questions

• Q4. What country conquered Angkor in 1177?
• A4. Champa.
• Q5. Bayon was built as part of what complex?
  Whose face is carved in the temple?
• A5. Angkor Thom. Jayavarman VII.
• Q6. Angkor Thom reflects what religious
  tradition?
• A6. Mahayana Buddhism.

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Cambodias Dark Ages

• From 1432 to 1887, was a period of economic,
  social and cultural stagnation together with
  increasing Thai and Vietnamese encroachment and
  control.
• The capital was moved to near Phnom Penh after
  the capture of Angkor Thom in 1431, giving the
  Khmers control over trade along the Mekong and
  Tonle Sap.

Sample of relief carvings on Angkor Wat. These
are devatas, Hindu guardian spirits, usually
female.
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Western Contact

• King Ang Chan (1516-66) moved the capital north
  along the Tonle Sap to Lovek in 1553. Lovek
  became the site of the flourishing foreign
  trade, including the Portuguese Spanish and
  later Dutch English.
• Thai pressure led Khmer King Sattha (1576-94) to
  ask the Spanish governor of the the Philippines
  for aid in 1593. The Spanish saw this as an
  opportunity to establish a protectorate and sent
  a 120 man force. It was too late. The Thai had
  captured Lovek in 1594.

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French Protectorate

• Under King Norodom, Cambodia became a French
  protectorate in 1863 to avoid Thai and Vietnamese
  encroachment.
• The treaty provided French protection in exchange
  for permission for a French resident plus
  rights of exploration along the Mekong and
  exploitation of natural resources.
• The Thai relinquished their influence in exchange
  for the Provinces of Battambang Siem Reap in
  1867.

French dominion in Vietnam (1862) Cambodia
(1863).
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Questions

• Q1. Which country conquered Angkor Thom in 1431
  leading to Cambodias Dark Age.
• A1. Thailand.
• Q2. To where was the Cambodian capital moved in
  1432?
• A2. Phnom Penh.
• Q3. The movement of the capital to what location
  in 1532 led to flourishing foreign trade with
  western nations?
• A3. Lovek.

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More Questions

• Q4. In 1593, the king of Cambodia asked the
  colonial governor of what country for aid?
• A4. The Philippines.
• Q5. Why did King Norodom seek French protection
  in 1863?
• A5. Fear of Thai and Vietnamese encroachment.
• Q6. In 1867, what induced Thailand to relinquish
  its influence in Cambodia to the French?
• A6. The gift of the provinces of Batambang and
  Siem Reap.

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French Indochina

• France proclaimed the Union of Indochina in 1887.
  It included Laos, Tonkin, Annam and Cochinchina
  in addition to Cambodia.
• The extent of French control in Cambodia was
  determined thru an 1884 treaty and a declaration
  in 1897. It was a rare example of direct rule.

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Direct Rule

• The 1884 treaty was imposed by gun boat
  diplomacy. It required the abolition of slavery,
  instituted private land ownership, and
  established of French residents in provincial
  cities.
• In 1897, the resident declared King Norodom
  incompetent and received permission from France
  to assume the king's authority to issue decrees,
  collect taxes, and appoint royal officials in his
  name.

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Cambodian Resistance

• King Norodom stymied the enforcement of the 1884
  treaty reforms until his death in 1904.
• Norodoms son, Prince Yukanthor, was highly
  critical of the French administration during his
  travels in Europe in the 1890s.
• Yukanthors attitude reflected the feelings of
  many Cambodians when he said to the French people
  You have created property in Cambodia, and thus
  you have created the poor.

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Cambodian Resistance

• King Sisowath proved more cooperative.
  Nevertheless, the country remained mired in
  patronage, violence, fatalism, corruption,
  inefficiency and banditry.
• The Cambodians felt threatened by change,
  especially modernization.
• The French administration focused on rice, rubber
  and efficient tax collection. They increasingly
  relied upon immigrant Chinese and Vietnamese for
  labor and local administration.

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1916 Affair and Murder

• The French convinced themselves that all was well
  in the provinces, ignoring unexpressed feelings
  in an unvarying calm.
• The 1916 Affair involved 100,000/- peasants
  converging in groups on Phnom Penh to petition
  the King for lower taxes.
• The murder in 1925 of the French Resident, Felix
  Louis Bardez, in a village in Kompong Chhnang
  should have been more predictable.

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Free Khmer Movement

• Son Ngoc Thanh was the leader of the Free Khmer
  Movement.
• He founded the first Khmer-language newspaper in
  Phnom Penh, Nagaravatta in 1936.
• He was a leader in the Buddhist Institute of
  Phnom Penh.
• In 1945, he organized the Khmer Issarak with
  2,000 armed volunteers.
• He returned from exile in France to actively
  campaigned against Cambodia being part of the
  French Union in 1951-52 and founded a second
  newspaper, Khmer Krok.

Son Ngoc Thanh
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1942 Monk Demonstration

• In 1942, a 1,000 persons (half monks) marched
  in Phnom Penh demanding the release of a monk
  arrested for allegedly plotting against the
  French.
• The leader of the demonstration was Pach Chhoeum,
  who was sentenced to life in prison for
  presenting the French resident superior with a
  petition demanding the monks release.
• Son Ngoc Than who planned the demonstrations
  escaped to Thailand and eventually Tokyo.
• The Japanese anti-colonial attitude may have
  encouraged the demonstrations.

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Questions

• Q1. What territorial entities composed the French
  Union?
• A1. Tonkin, Annam, Cochinchina Laos and Cambodia.
• Q2. What were the reforms required by the treaty
  the French imposed on Cambodia in 1884? When were
  they enforced?
• A2. Aboliton of slavery, private land ownership
  and provincial French residents. After King
  Norodoms death in 1904.

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More Questions

• Q3. What was so shocking to the French about the
  1916 Affair?
• A3. There was no prior warning of
  dissatisfaction.
• Q4. What led to Resident Bardezs murder in 1925?
  
• A4. His attempt to publicly humiliate Cambodians
  from whom he was trying to collect taxes.
• Q5. Who was the leader of the Free Khmer
  movement?
• A5. Son Ngoc Thanh.

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Still More Questions

• Q6. What sentence did the French impose on Pach
  Chhoeum for his role in the Monks Demonstration?
• A6. Life in prison.

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Norodom Sihanouk

• During his reign, Cambodia became a
  constitutional monarch (1947) and achieved
  limited autonomy as part of the French Union
  (1949).
• He became a highly sympathetic figure and a much
  loved monarch and hero.
• In 1953, he conducted a Crusade for
  Independence, visiting Paris, Washington and New
  York before going into self-imposed exile in
  Bangkok. It was only by granting complete
  independence that the French were able to induce
  him to return.

King/Prince Norodom Sihanouk (b.1922 r. 1941-55,
1993-2004)
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Geneva Accords

• Dien Bien Phu fell in May 1954 leading to
  collapse of support by the French public for the
  war against the Viet Minh. A peace conference
  involving all of Indochina was held in Geneva.
• The conference produced the Geneva Accords in
  July 1954. Under the accords
• a. The French and Vietnamese ceased hostilities.
• b. Vietnam was divided into North and South, the
  Viet Minh withdrew to the North and the French
  withdrew their forces from Indochina.
• c. All former French colonies in Indochina were
  declared independent.

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Keeping Cambodia Independent

• With respect to Cambodia, the Geneva Accords
  specified
• The withdrawal of all Viet Minh forces in 90
  days.
• Demobilization of Cambodian resistance forces in
  30 days.
• Withdrawal of all French and Vietnamese forces by
  October 1954.
• Cambodia refused to accept the demand of absolute
  and complete neutrality as the price of the
  withdrawal of Vietnamese forces from its
  territory.

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Sihanouk Abdicates

• Sihanouk resigned on March 2, 1955 in favor of
  his father, Norodom Suramarit, and took the title
  Prince so that he could directly participate in
  politics.
• Sihanouk formed the Sangkum Reastr Niyum (Popular
  Socialist Community), aka, Sangkum to combat Son
  Ngoc Thanhs Khmer Independence party and the
  leftists Citizens Party.
• The Sangkum party won 83 of the vote.

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Sangkum Party Platform

• Sihanouks ideology was expressed in the Sangkum
  platform.
• Nationalism.
• Loyalty to the monarchy.
• Struggle against injustice and corruption.
• Protection of Theravada Buddhism.
• Karma as an explanation of social and economic
  inequalities and hope for the next life.

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Sihanouks Policies

• Sihanouk was suspicious of U.S. intentions and
  considered Red China to be a valuable ally.
• His admiration of China led to royal
  socialism
• Nationalized Banking and Insurance.
• Created National Export-Import Corporation.
• He opened the Sangkum to multiple candidates. A
  surge in conservative votes resulted and Lon Nol
  became Prime Minister in 1966 and again in 1969.

Lon Nol (1913-85)
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Questions

• Q1. Why did Cambodia refuse to accept demands for
  its absolute neutrality at the 1954 Geneva
  Conference?
• A1. It would have compromised Cambodias
  sovereignty and right of self-defense.
• Q2. Under which king did Cambodia become a
  constitutional monarchy (1947) and achieve
  independence (1953)?
• A2. King Norodom Sihanouk

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More Questions

• Q3. Why did Norodom Sihanouk resign as king in
  1955?
• A3. He wanted to participate in politics.
• Q4. What political party did Prince Sihanouk
  establish?
• A4. Sangkum Reastr Niyum (Popular Socialist
  Community), aka, Sangkum.

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And More Questions

• Q5. What was Sangkums explanation for social and
  economic inequality?
• A5. Karma.
• Q6. What led Sihanouk to indulge in royal
  socialism?
• A6. Sihanouks admiration for Maoist China.
• Q7. How did Lon Nol become Prime Minister?
• A7. Sihanouk opened Sangkum to multiple
  candidates leading to a rise in the conservative
  vote. Lon Nol was backed by the military.

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Nonaligned Foreign Policy

• In the 1960s, Sihanouk sought to play one power
  against another to retain Cambodias
  independence.
• 1954 Considered but rejected joining SEATO.
• 1955 Accepted U.S. military aid and a MAAG.
• 1963 Expelled the MAAG and severed relations
  with Saigon in favor of Hanoi and the NFLSVN.
• 1965 Severed diplomatic relations with the U.S.
• 1966 _ Sihanouk agreed to a PAVN/ NLF Base area
  in Cambodia and the use of the port at
  Sihanoukville.
• 1967 Signaled no objection to U.S. hot pursuit
  of communist forces and bombing.
• 1969 Reestablished diplomatic relations with
  U.S.

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Lon Nols Coup detat

• On March 18, 1970, Lon Nol staged a coup detat,
  ousting Prince Sihanouk as head of state.
• He established close ties with the U.S. and SVN
  and agreed to their forces operating on Cambodian
  territory.
• In October 1970, he declared Cambodia a republic,
  ending the monarchy.
• Pitted FANK against PAVN/NFL forces.
• Sihanouk sought refuge in China and aligned
  himself with the Khmer Rouge.

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The War In Cambodian

• The PAVN/NLFs base area grew to encompass about
  1/4th of Cambodia.
• The area was secretly bombed by B-52s under the
  Menu Series from March 1969 to May 1970.
• The ground incursion involved 30,000 U.S. ARVN
  troops and lasted from May thru July 1970. Huge
  amounts of equipment and supplies were destroyed,
  but COSVN headquarters was never found.
• U.S. air operations continued in Cambodian into
  1973.

President Richard Nixon explained the April 1970
incursion of U.S. ground forces into Cambodia in
terms of a future withdrawal from SEA.
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Cambodian Incursion
53
Impact of War on Cambodia

• All told, 539,129 tons of ordinance were dropped
  in Cambodia.
• As many as 600,000 Cambodians were killed.
• The popularity of Khmer Rouge forces increase.
  Khmer Rouge forces grew to 100,000.
• By 1973, the Khmer Rouge controlled 60 of
  Cambodian territory and 25 of its population.
• In 1975, Phnom Penh fell and Year Zero was
  declared.

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Questions

• Q1.Who agreed to the use of Cambodian territory
  and ports by the PAVN/NLF? Why was the decision
  later reversed?
• A1. Prince Sihanouk. Cambodia was loosing control
  of its own country to an ancient enemy.
• Q2. What was SEATO?
• A2. The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization formed
  in 1954 as a military alliance for the protection
  of SEA.
• Q3. What is a MAAG?
• A3. Military Assistance Advisory Group.

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More Questions

• Q4. Who ended the Cambodian monarchy?
• A4. Lon Nol.
• Q5. Where did Sihanouk seek refuge following the
  coup detate in 1970?
• A5. China, where he was graciously received.
• Q6. What was the Menu Series.
• A6. The US bombing of Cambodia in 1969-70.
• Q7. What were the long and short term results of
  the incursion into Cambodia?
• A7. Delayed the fall of Vietnam but further
  destabilized Cambodia.

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Pol Pot

• Born in 1925 to a wealthy farm family.
• Sent to Phnom Penh in 1935. Lived in royal
  household. Sister was a concubine to the King.
  Attended French schools.
• Won a scholarship to France in 1949. Joined the
  Communist Party.
• Lost his scholarship and returned home.
• In 1963, was elected leader of Khmer Communist
  Party (KCP, aka, Angka). The Khmer Rouge became
  its military.
• In 1965, he traveled to NVN and China.
• In 1975, captured Phnom Penh imposed radical
  agrarian collectivization.

Saloth Sar, aka, Pol Pot or Brother 1
57
Fall of Phnom Penh

• Over 2.5 million persons fled to Phnom Penh from
  the Khmer Rouge. Food and supplies became scarce
  and resupply on the Mekong was blocked.
• After the fall of Phnom Penh, the entire city was
  forcibly evacuated within days including hospital
  patients. Other major cities met the same fate.
  The goal was to create a nation of peasant
  farmers.
• The people were told to leave their homes open
  and that they would only be gone for two or three
  days. Instead, most never returned they were
  worked to death on communal farms.

58
Evacuation of Cities

• The decision to evacuate the cities was secretly
  made before the liberation of Phnom Phenh.
  According to David Chandler
• The capital was genuinely short of food.
• Difficulty was expected in controlling several
  million persons who had not supported the
  revolution.
• DK leaders were fearful for their own security.
• Desire to transform society thru radical
  collectivization and assert the dominance of the
  countryside poor over counterrevolutionary
  cities.
• Wish to create a rice surplus to earn hard
  currency and finance industrialization.

59
Khmer Rouge Rule

• Renamed Cambodia as Democratic Kampuchea (DK) and
  Year Zero declared.
• Attempted to instantly transform country into an
  agrarian utopia of rural collectives.
• Abolished money, private property and religion.
• Tortured and killed all intellectuals the
  educated.
• Totally isolated the country from the outside.

Special prisons were set up to torture and
execute the educated middle classes. 17,000 died
in Toul Sleng (S21), a converted school.
60
The Killing Fields
The remains of 16,000 persons were exhumed from
the killing fields at Choeung Ek in 1980. It was
the first indication of just how terrible the
Khmer Rouge rule had been.
61
Guiding Principals

• One death is a tragedy a million a statistic.
• Joseph Stalin
• Better to destroy ten innocent people than let
  one enemy go free.
• Khmer Rouge slogan

62
Questions

• Q1. Who was Pol Pot?
• A1. Pol Pot, aka, Saloth Sar, aka, Brother 1 was
  the leader of the Khmer Communist Party (Angkar)
  and the Khmer Rouge.
• Q2. What happened to the residents of Phnom Penh
  when the city fell to the Khmer Rouge?
• A2. Phnom Penh and all other major cities were
  totally evacuated in a matter of days. The
  residents were sent into the countryside to work
  as slave labor. About 1.7 million died.

63
More Questions

• Q3. What was Pol Pots principal objective in
  evacuating the cities?
• A3. Pol Pot sought to instantly create an
  agrarian Utopia thru radical collectivization.
• Q4. What groups were targeted for extermination
  by the Khmer Rouge?
• A4. Intellectuals, the educated, professional
  people such as teachers, doctors and lawyers.

64
Cambodian Vietnamese War

• The Vietnamese invasion began on December 25,
  1974 and ended the rule of the Khmer Rouge. The
  Vietnamese withdrew in 1989. Causes of the war
• The ideological split among Communist parties.
• Russia backed Vietnam.
• China backed Cambodia.
• Long existing animosity between Vietnamese and
  Cambodians leading to distrust and suspicion.
• Khmer Rouge demand that the Mekong Delta and
  territorial waters (oil discovered) be returned.
• Khmer attacks on Vietnamese in border areas
  starting with the massacre of civilians on Phu
  Quoc and Tho Chu Islands and subsequent
  counterattacks.

65
Vietnamese Invasion

• Phnom Penh fell to the Vietnamese in January
  1979, two weeks after the invasion was launched
  on December 25.
• The Vietnamese occupied the cities the Khmer
  Rouge controlled the countryside.
• The war deteriorated into a guerrilla action. Pol
  Pot and the Khmer Rouge took refuge in the jungle
  along the Thai border.
• Sihanouk returned to exile in China.

66
Heng Samrin

• Heng Samrin was elected as president of the Khmer
  National United Front for National Salvation
  (KNUFNS) in 1978. It was in the name of the
  KNUFNS that Vietnam justified its invasion of
  Cambodia.
• He was the Khmer Rouge Eastern Zone commander
  until he defected to the Vietnamese and became
  the puppet leader of Cambodia during 1978 1979.

Heng Samrin, born 1934.
67
The Occupation

• Khmer Rouge rule had decimated the Cambodian
  population. Only half of the 10 million persons
  population remained.
• The Vietnamese-installed government took the name
  Peoples Republic of Kampuchea (PRK). Under it,
  a semblance of normalcy returned.
• A market system was reestablished.
• Piped water and electricity were made available.
• Marriage and family restrictions were ended.
• Forced collectives were abolished.
• Schools were opened and universal primary
  education mandated.

68
Hun Sen

• Hun Sen became prime minister of Cambodia in 1985
  and still holds that office.
• Hun Sen had been a Khmer Rouge regimental
  commander in the Eastern Zone when he defected to
  the Vietnamese. He become Foreign Minister of the
  Peoples Republic of Kampuchea in 1979. In 1985
  he became both Foreign Minister and P.M. and was
  a principal negotiator at the Paris Peace Talks
  in 1989-91.

Hun Sen. Prime Minister of Cambodia from 1985 to
present. Born in 1952 to a peasant family.
Joined the Communist resistance as a teenager out
of loyalty to Prince Sihanouk.
69
Western Foreign Policy

• The foreign policy of the U.S. and its allies
  toward the Khmer Rouge during the time of the
  Vietnamese occupation can be summarized as My
  enemys enemy is my friend.
• Supported retention of U.N. seat by the DK.
• Provided aid and training directly and indirectly
  to non-communist and DK forces.

70
Vietnamese Withdrawal

• The Vietnamese withdrew their forces from
  Cambodia in 1989. A civil war followed involving
  four factions.
• a. The Vietnamese-installed government of the
  State of Cambodia (SOC), led by Hun Sen.
• b. The communist Democratic Kampuchea (DK -
  commonly known as the Khmer Rouge).
• c. The noncommunist Khmer People's National
  Liberation Front (KPNLF) led by Son Sann.
• d. The noncommunist United Front for an
  Independent, Neutral, Peaceful and Cooperative
  Cambodia (FUNCINPEC), aka, the Sihanoukists led
  by Prince Ranarridh.

71
Questions

• Q1.What was the principal reason for the
  Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1979?
• A1. Territorial aggression by Cambodia.
• Q2. Why did Vietnam withdraw from Cambodia in
  1989?
• A2. There are many reasons a. Stalemated war b.
  Expected withdrawal of Russian funds c. Interest
  in normalization of relations with the U.S.,
  China and ASEAN.
• Q3. What caused Heng Samrin and Hun Sen to defect
  to the Vietnamese?
• A3. A failed rebellion and threatened purge.

72
More Questions

• Q4. Why was finding qualified officials to run
  the Vietnamese occupation government so
  difficult?
• A4. The Khmer Rouge had killed anyone with the
  qualifications to do so.
• Q5. Why did the U.S. back the Khmer Rouge during
  the Vietnamese occupation?
• A5. A couple of reasons a. Nixons visit to
  China caused a realignment in the Cold War with
  Russia backing Vietnam and China backing the
  Khmer Rouge b. The Khmer Rouge formed a buffer
  between the Vietnamese occupation and Thailand.

73
UNTAC

• A peace agreement was reached in Paris in 1991.
  The four warring Cambodian factions agreed to
  form a Supreme National Council (SNC) for the
  period of the transition to peace. The chairman
  was Prince Sihanouk.
• The SNC delegated to the United Nations
  Transitional Authority (UNTAC) all powers
  necessary to achieve a ceasefire, conduct general
  elections, administer the country, maintain law
  order and repatriate refugees.

An UNTAC peacekeeper in 1993.
74
UNTAC Contingent

• UNTAC mission in Cambodia lasted from 2/92 to
  9/93. The Chief of Mission was Yasushi Akashi
  (Japan).
• Lt Gen John Sanderson (Australia) was military
  commander. 45 nations contributed 15,547 troops,
  893 observers, 3, 500 police, 1,149 civilian
  staff and 465 UN volunteers.
• The operation cost 1.6 billion and 82 lives.

Australia contributed a 502-person Force
Communications Unit plus a unit of 6 helicopters
and 115 troops
75
The Elections

• UNTACs success depended on the voluntary
  cooperation of all factions. It was not
  forthcoming. Yet, the elections were declared
  free and fair.
• The Khmer Rouge refused to disarm, blocked
  inspections of their area, withdrew from the
  election process and renewed terrorist
  activities.
• The cease-fire broke down into low level civil
  conflict.
• The Cambodian Peoples Party (CPP) led by Hun Sen
  and the Sihanoukists led by Prince Ranarridh
  actually conducted an active election campaign.
• 90 of the 4 million eligible voted.

76
Winners and Losers

• FUNCINPEC Sihanoukists won 45 of the vote and 57
  seats in the National Assembly.
• Hun Sens CCP won 38.2 of the vote and 51 seats
  in the National Assembly.
• Prince Ranarridh and Hun Sen were designated
  co-prime ministers after latter threatened civil
  war.
• The Khmer Rouge was kept out of the assembly and
  executive branch.
• Sihanouk was named King once again, but soon left
  the country for cancer treatment.

77
Questions

• Q1. What powers did the Supreme National Council
  (SNC) delegate to the United Nations Transitional
  Authority for Cambodia UNTAC)?
• A1. All powers necessary to achieve a cease fire,
  administer the country, maintain order,
  repatriate refuges and conduct general elections.
• Q2. When did UNTAC withdraw its forces?
• A2. In November 1993, when the elections were
  over and declared free and fair.

78
More Questions

• Q3. What was the principal obstacle to UNTACs
  mission?
• A3. The Khmer Rouges failure cooperate its
  withdrawal from the election process and
  continuing terrorist activities.
• Q4. What was the outcome of the UNTAC supervised
  elections?
• A4. FUNCINPEC received 45 of the vote CPP
  received 38.2. Hun Sen and Prince Ranarridh
  became co- prime ministers. The Khmer Rouge was
  excluded from the government.

79
Hun Sens Coup detat

• The existence of the co-prime ministership led to
  bitter rivalry compounded by continued Khmer
  Rouge terrorism.
• On July 6, 1997, the coup took place. Hun Sen
  replaced Prince Ranarridh while he was out of the
  country with Ung Huot (the foreign minister) as
  co-p.m.
• FUNCINPEC supporters were assassinated or placed
  under house arrest.

80
The End of the Khmer Rouge

• Pol Pot was found in 1997 and tried by a Khmer
  Rouge people tribunal. He was sentenced to
  house arrest and died in 1998.
• The Khmer Rouge had become factionalized and its
  strength dissipated. By 1999, most Khmer Rouge
  leaders had surrendered.
• In 2001, UN demands for trials to deal with war
  criminals eventually overcame Hun Sens
  opposition and the National Assembly agreed to a
  tribunal.

Pol Pot in 1997.
81
Genocide Tribunal

• Establishing a tribunal was a torturous process.
• 1997 The UN recommended an international court
  to conduct genocide trials.
• 2000- The UN and Cambodia agreed on a mixed
  court.
• 2001 Cambodia passed a law giving legal status
  to the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of
  Cambodia (ECCC).
• 2002 The scope of the trials were limited to
  senior Khmer leaders and crimes committed between
  1975 and 1979.
• By 2006, a total of 12 foreign judges
  prosecutors were selected plus 17 Cambodian
  judges prosecutors.
• 2007 The first actual trial commenced.

82
Duch, aka, Kang Dech Eav

• Duch was the first defendant before the mixed
  tribunal in 2007.
• Duch was the commandant of the Toul Sleng prison
  complex. He was responsible for the torture,
  mutilation and death of 14,000.
• In 1996, Duch was drawn to a missionary church
  and in 1999 accepted Christ. Why?

83
Others Facing Genocide Trials

• Ieng Sary and his wife were arrested in 2007 on
  charges of crimes against humanity. They are
  scheduled to face the tribunal in 2008.
• Ieng Sary was Pol Pots brother-in-law. They
  studied in France together and joined the French
  Communist Party.
• He was granted a pardon by Sihanouk in 1996 and
  lived very comfortably in Phnom Penh.

Ieng Sary, former DK Foreign Minister
84
Questions

• Q1. How did Hun Sen become sole Prime minister of
  Cambodia?
• A1. He staged a coup in 1997 while Prince
  Ranarridh was out of the country.
• Q2. What organization tried Pol Pot for his war
  crimes?
• A2. The Khmer Rouge in 1997 under Ta Mok, who had
  been his chief of staff.
• Q3. Who was the first person to be tried before
  the Extraordinary Chambers of the Courts of
  Cambodia?
• A3. Duch, aka, Kang Dech Eav in 2007.

85
The Future

• Positive Factors
• Newly discovered oil and gas reserves.
• Estimated income of 1 Billion per year starting
  in 2009/2010.
• Tourism and Casinos
• Garment Industry
• Stable foreign relations
• Negative Factors
• Tradition of graft and corruption
• Loss of a generation.
• Few educated leaders and professionals.

86
The End

• Newly married couple. Life goes on.