Vocabulary

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Vocabulary 1. Ottomans 2. Mehmet II 3.
Janissaries 4. Vizier 5. Suleymaniye mosque 6.
Safavid dynasty 7. Chaldiran 8. Abbas I (the
Great) 9. Imams 10. Mullahs
11. Mughal dynasty 12. Babur 13. Akbar 14.
Sati 15. Taj Mahal 16. Ottomans 17. Shah 18.
Marattas 19. Sikhs
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• I. Alike and Different?
• A. Similarities
• 1. The peak of Islams political and military
  power
• 2. All based on military conquesthence
  gunpowder empires
• 3. All from Turkic nomadic cultures
• 4. All absolute monarchies
• B. Differences
• 1. All were Muslim but Mughals ruled over a
  predominantly non-Muslim populationWHY?
• 2. Ottomans had large Christian minorityWHY?
• 3. Safavids were Shiite (Shia) Muslims

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Muslim Empires
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• II. Rise to Power
• A. Ottoman Turks began to build power on
  northwest corner of the Anatolian
  Peninsula.
• 1. With decline of Seljuk Turks, they
  expanded and founded the Ottoman dynasty
• 2. 1300s Ottomans expanded into
  Balkan Peninsula
• 3. Janissaries young boys taken from the
  Christian population.
• a. Boys were converted to Islam and
  trained as elite soldiers or
  administrators to serve the Sultan
• 4. Ottomans defeated the Serbs at the
  Battle of Kosovo
• a. Controlled the Balkan Peninsula

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• B. Constantinople
• 1. Under the leadership of Mehmet II, the
  Ottomans laid siege to Constantinople
• 2. Fall of Constantinople in 1453 brought end to
  the Byzantine Empire
• a. Immediately began restoring the city.
• 3. The Ottomans made the city their capital
  renaming it Istanbul

Mehmet II enters Constantinople
Mehmet was well known for his crueltysome estimat
es reach 30,000 deaths per year that he
was responsible for!!!
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• C. Continued Ottoman Spread
• 1. The Ottomans took control of Mesopotamia,
  Egypt, and the Arabian Peninsula with holy
  cities of Mecca and Medina
• 2. Ottoman rule spread across North Africa
  though by 1600s this area was semi-independent
• 3. Ottoman attempts to penetrate Eastern Europe
  were stymied by the Hungarians

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4. Greatest threat to Europe came under rule of
greatest of Ottoman rulers, Suleyman I. Under
his leadership, Ottomans seized Belgrade and
won victory over Hungarians and occupied the
country
Suleyman I (Suleiman the Magnificent)
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• D. Ottoman Rule
• 1. The Ottomans copied many aspects of Byzantine
  political structure, especially imperial rule
  
• 2. A strong centralized government was
  established with the sultan at its head in
  Istanbulno clear succession rules.
• a. The position of sultan was hereditaryonce
  in power, a sultan would murder all his
  brothers.
• b. The private domain of the sultan was
  called the harem
• 3. The imperial bureaucracy was controlled by
  the sultan through his chief minister, the
  Grand Vizier
• a. Most high government officials were Muslim
  by birth and many were chosen based on merit
• b. The Ottomans administered their lands
  through local rulers called pashas
• --Pashas collected taxes (giving a
  percentage to the Ottomans) and maintained
  law and order

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• 4. As Caliph, the sultan was the supreme
  religious leader but he delegated many duties to
  the Ulema, who administered the legal system and
  education
• 5. Islamic law applied to all Ottoman territory
• 6. The Ottomans were tolerant of non-Muslimshead
  tax
• a. Non-Muslim religions were headed by an
  official who was responsible to the sultan
• 7. Women had greater freedom under the Ottomans
  than in other Muslim nations
• a. Could own and inherit property, could
  not be forced into marriage, and
  were permitted to divorce

Women in the Ottoman court
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• E. Ottoman Decline
• 1. The Ottomans laid siege to Vienna in
  1529
• 2. Ottoman advance into Mediterranean
  stopped at Lepanto in 1571 by
  Western coalition led by the
  Spanishended Turkish control of the
  eastern Mediterranean
• 3. In 1600s, the Ottomans attempted to
  expand into Europe again
• a. Vienna was besieged again
• b. Combined European force pushed
  Ottomans out of Austria and Hungary
• c. Ottomans would never threaten Central
  Europe again

Siege of Vienna
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Local officials grew stronger!!
Outside challenges increase!!
Portugal makes it to Africa!!!
Ottoman Decline???
Ability of Sultans declined!!
I put this box in to balance the slide
Even with all of these issues, the Ottoman
Dynasty still lasted until after World War I!
No innovations like western Europe!!!
Inflation from new world bullion!!!
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• III. The Safavid Empire
• A. Safavids descended from Turkic tribesmen in
  northern Iranwere Shiite (Shia) Muslims
  
• 1. 1501 seized much of what is today Iran
  Iraq
• a. Sent missionaries into Ottoman lands
• b. Massacred Sunnis when conquering Baghdad
  in 1508
• 2. 1514 Safavids defeated by
  Ottomans with this loss,
  Shiism was stopped from
  spreading westward

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• B. Safavids reach their peak of power under Shah
  Abbas
• 1. Continued to fight with Ottoman Empire for
  many yearsmostly unsuccessful
• 2. After his death (1629), the Safavid Empire
  began its decline.
• C. Safavid Religion
• 1. As the empire adopted more Persian customs
  and used more Persian bureaucrats, the Shia
  ideology was also affected.
• 2. Eventually, most of the empire converted to
  the Shia form of Islam. Most of the worlds
  Shia Muslims are still located in this area
  today.
• D. Trade
• 1. Safavids had vibrant middle class
• 2. Greatest area of productivity in Safavid
  Empire was textiles
• a. Carpets were prized all over the world

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• E. Safavids and Ottomans
• 1. Similarities
• a. Both were originally dominated by warrior
  aristocracies
• b. Workshops produced many productsartisans
  were numerous
• c. Both encouraged international trade however,
  the Ottomans benefited from better outside
  trading contacts than the Safavids
• d. Women lose freedomsimilar to other Islamic
  societies
• --Subordinate to fathers, husbands
• --Lack opportunities for expression

By the mid-1700s the Safavid Dynasty had
collapsed!!!
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• IV. Mughal Empire
• A. 1526Founded by Babur, a Muslim, who claimed
  to descend from Tamerlane and Genghis
  Khan
• 1. Invaded India from Kabul and
  conquered the Delhi Sultanate
• --Using that city as his base, he
  expanded into the
  subcontinent

The Mughals nearly Controlled the
entire subcontinenthadnt been done before.
Babur
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• B. After Baburs death the empire struggled until
  his grandson, Akbar took control. He continued
  the expansion until most of India was under
  his control
• 1. Although his empire appeared highly
  centralized it was in reality a collection
  of semi-independent states held together by
  the emperor
• 2. The Mughal Empire was the greatest empire
  in India since the Mauryans
• 3. Although Muslim, Akbar adopted a policy of
  religious tolerance
• a. Hindus served in lesser positions in his
  court and even Christians were present in
  the form of advisors
• --Eliminated the head tax on Hindus
• b. Akbar even took a Hindu bride

Akbar
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• 4. Akbars Social Reforms
• a. Womens position improved
• --Widows encouraged to remarryattempted to
  prohibit sati
• b. Child marriages discouraged

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5. Akbars Death1605 a. Most reforms were
unsuccessful, but, nonetheless, the empire was
very strong b. Not much new territory was
added by new rulers c. India began to lag behind
Europe in technological innovation d. India
continued to be a vibrant commercial
empireespecially exporting cotton textiles to
Europe most of the trade was handled by
Muslim merchants e. Both peace and political
stability (both during Akbars reign after
it) period of growth in trade and manufacturing
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C. Jahangir (1605-1627) and Shah Jahan
(1627-1658) succeed Akbar 1. Both continue
Akbars policy of religious toleration
2. Both preferred the arts over the military,
which they supported greatly 3.
Womens roles under them a. Upper class
women had better lives, while all other
women lost status and rights b. Child
marriage became more popular and remarriage for
widows decreasedsati increased in the upper
classes
Jahangir
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Shah Jahan
D. Shah Jahans Tribulations 1. In order to hold
power, he had all rivals murdered 2. Shah
Jahans military campaigns and corruption in
his court impoverished the state 3. Shah Jahan
built Taj Mahal for deceased wife 4. His son,
Aurangzeb, killed brother and imprisoned Shah
Jahan
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• E. Aurangzeb Succeeds Shah JahanBeginning of
  the End
• 1. Programs
• a. Wanted to rule all of India
• b. Wanted to cleanse Islam of Hindu taintended
  religious toleration
• 2. By 1707, he controls most of India
• a. Wars are very expensive and distractingtook
  him away from actually running the government
• --Many revolts lead to the autonomy of
  local leaders
• b. Hindus excluded from high office
• c. Non-Muslims taxedespecially hard on the
  poor
• d. Mughals and Hindus create a blended
  societyboth Muslims and Hindus restricted
  women severely
• e. Groups such as the Marattas and Sikhs
  challenged his rule

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F. Arrival of the Europeansthe real end 1. The
Portuguese, Dutch, British, and French all sought
influence in India 2. Cities such as Goa,
Bombay and Calcutta were centers of European
trade. a. Increasing British influence under
the East India Company 3. Industrial Revolution
gave Britain the strength to take control in
India
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